m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg

m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg wøzxq el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1412, Ryb 2005

evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx m úv`kxq cwil` mfvcwz I m úv`k wbe vnx m úv`k m`m : Avey nvwg` jwzd : kwddj Avjg : ggzvr Rvnvb k vgjx AvKei we ekvb ` nvijv`vi cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-2, number-1, edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED). 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone 9668593, E-mail: bafed@bangla.net, Website: www.bafed.org Printed by Arka, 6/11 Eastern Plaza, Hatirpool, Dhaka-1205, Phone: 9661129 Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

m~wp wk vi ^iƒc A š^lv: mkvj-gkvj Avey nvwg` jwzd 5-12 AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q eª vk cövk-cöv_wgk MÖvRy qu `i g~j vqb nvm b Aviv emg, ivrx wbjydvi Bqvmwgb I wgr v gv. kvnrvgvj 13-22 gvbmn mgzv: cöv_wgk G RÛv GWy Kkb IqvP 2003 I 2004 - Gi g~j cöwz e` bi mvi ms c gbryi Avng`, mgxi iäb bv_ 23-42 wøzxq cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kvh µg Zvbfxi Avn g`, W. wqwïkzi ingvb 43-47 cö_g kªyxi ÔAvgvi evsjv ebõ (2002) m úwk Z hšw³k g~j vqb cöwz e` bi mxgve Zv m ^ Ü gzvgz gbmyi gymv 49-60 MÖš v jvpbv cöm½: evsjv ` ki DcvbyôvwbK wk v k vgjx AvKei 61-62

m úv`kxq gvbemf Zvi m~pbv _ K bvbv Kv j, bvbv ` k, bvbv gbxlx mgq cwiµgvi bvbv euv K wk vi cök Z iƒc, aib, KvVv gv I hy Mi m ½ msmwzc~y wk vi K_v fvev`k I mvgvwrk cö vc U f e Avm Qb GB fvebv wbiš i cöevwnz, KviY gvby li Rxeb I wpš v hgb cöevwnz, Zgwb wk vi Pvwn`vI mv úöwzk Kv j wk vi `ywu welq mviv we k Av jvwpz n Q - Gi GKwU gvbm Z wk v - we klz wk vi wfz cöv_wgk i, Ab wu wkïi cövk&-ˆkke I ˆkkeKvjxb wk v Avgv `i ` k Avwki `k K me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v, AZ:ci eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wk v I beÿb qi `k K hvm ZvwfwËK Avek Kxq wklbµg Pvjy n ji wewfbœ M elyv _ K `Lv M Q, cöv_wgk wk v i wk vi YMZ gvb AZ š nzvkve ÄK mikvwi we` vjq I emikvwi ms v cwipvwjz wk v cöwzôvbmn cövq PŠÏ ik gi cªv_wgk wk v cöwzôv b wk vi g a i q Q bvbv ni di I YMZ ZviZg Ab w` K Pj Q bvbv mikvwi cöqvm - GiKg mv cöwzk GKwU cöqvm wøzxq cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kvh µg Ic ii G welq jv wb q Gev ii evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx Z jlv Aš fy ³ Kiv n q Q Avgv `i Avkv, G Z ` ki wk vmswk ó Rb I wk vwpš K `i g b wkqyuv n ji fvebvi D `ªK n e wk vi m ½ `vwi`ª we gvpb, AvZ -Kg ms vb, g~j ev ai wekvk, ^v, ms wz, MYZvwš K cwi ek BZ vw` welqi Awew Qbœ, G jvi mvgvwrk Dbœq bi i Z c~y Avavi AwZm cöwz cöv_wgk i fvlvwk v wel q, we klz gvz fvlv wk vi c wz, cvv mvgmöx, evk MVb, kãm vi BZ vw` wb qi wk K-wk vwe` I M elk `i g a bvbv wezk n Q Avgiv ÁvbPP vi G welq jv wk v M elk `i wpš vq mâvi Ki Z PvB Ôevsjv `k wk v mvgwqkxõi cö_g el cö_g msl vq Avgiv e jwqjvg - ev dw-gi GB gylc Î Dc vwcz jlv jvi gva g wk v welqk bvbv fvebv ` ki wk v-mswk ó mk ji g a we iy Ki Z PvB evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkxi wøzxq el cö_g msl v GB cöz vkv wb q cökvwkz nj

wk vi ^iƒc A š^lv: mkvj-gkvj Avey nvwg` jwzd * mkvj mb AvovB nvrvi eqi Av Mi wmök mf Zvi mkvj _ K GKwesk kzvãxi GKvj ch š wk vi ^iƒc A š^lv Ae vnz i q Q wmök mf Zvi kªô gbxlxiv - m µwum, c Uv, A vwi Uj - wk vi Ici wecyj i Z v ivc K iwq jb m µwu mi g Z wk v nj wrávmvi gva g m Z i müvb; GB mz D`&NvU b wk K I wk v_ x GKB c _i mnhvîx Avi gvbyl Zv Kej mvgvb e w³gvî bq, m nj gvbe RvwZi mvgwmök mëvi Awe Q` Ask wb Ri Rxeb w` q Ø Øg~jK wrávmv-cöwzwrávmvi h hyw³wfwëk c wz m µwum cöwzwôz K i M Qb Zv AvRI ÁvbvbymÜv bi GKwU cöavb wfwë e j we ewpz m µwu mi Ab Zg wkl c Uv ÁvbPP vi dj wn m e ` L Qb Av Z vcjwä Avi Zvi gva g e w³mëvi mymgäm wekvk, e w Avi mycwiywz wzwb GB ÁvbPP vi c _ PviwU ch vq ev ii K_v e j Qb : cö_g i i q Q Rvbv, wøzxq i Av v, Z Zxq i ^iƒc-a š^lv, PZy_ i mgvavb I wbðqzv Ávbmvabvi Î c Uvi miv wkl A vwi Uj-Gi Awe iyxq cöfve `y nvrvi eqi a i wqj AcÖwZnZ A vwi Uj wk v K ` L Qb gvby li myß kw³i wekvk 1 mva bi cš v wn m e cövpxbkv j wk vi cöavb j wqj e w³i cök wz I ^fve Abyhvqx Zvi Af š ixy m vebv wj K wekwkz Kiv mgvr- PZbv ev mvgvwrk Rxeb ZLbI wk vi j n q I V wb ga hy M wk vi Av` k nj - ag vbykvmb gvby li Rxe b mvgvwrk, ešw K, ˆbwZK I Ava vwz K - me w`kb K Vvi 2 wbqš Y ivlv n qwqj cövpxb fvi ZI AvkªwgK I AvevwmK wk v e e v ZI e w³ ^vzš ev `i cöfve j Yxq ÔAvZ vbs wew Õ A_ vr AvZ Ávb ev AvZ -Dcjwä Ñ GB wqj wk vi GKgvÎ j wk v wqj AvZ Kw `ªK, FwlMY wk vi Î mgvr-rxeb K Zgb i Z cö`vb K ib wb gbxlx Uj qi wk v `k bi mvik_v: wk v gv b m ú~y Rxe bi me v½xy cö wz Aóv`k kzvãx Z Ru-RvKi mv cöpwjz wk v e e vi mgv jvpbv K ib wk v m ú K Zuvi g~j aviyv nj wbqgzvwš KZv, wewa-wb la I kvm bi mg e e v K wemr b w` q gvbewkï K m ú~y gy³ cwi e k cök wzi mvwbœ a wekwkz Ki Z n e wk v`v bi c wz K bzybfv e mvrv Z n e ciez xkv j i mvi fvewkl c vjrwm PvB jb wk v K g bv eávwbk wfwëi Ici cöwzôv Ki Z wkïi mnrvz kw³-m vebvi mylg I cwic~y wekvkb nj wk vi j Rvg vb `vk wbk nvevu ˆbwZK PwiÎ MVb KB wk vi j e j NvlYv K ib `vk wbk d«v qej wkïi kw³i m vebvi µg D b l K wk vi j e j AwfwnZ K ib * Aa vck I cwipvjk (AemicÖvß), wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq I mfvcwz - ev dw evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 05

Kwe i iex `ªbv_ wk v K ` L Qb e vckzg A _ ; cök Z wk v Kej gavi wekvk mvab bq ü` qi wekvk mvabi e U, hv gvby li mvgwmök mëvi wekvk NUvq ZvB nj mywk v Avi GB mywk vi j Y nj: ÔZvnv gvbyl K Awff~Z K i bv, Zvnv gvbyl K gyw³ `vb K iõ Zuvi wk v nj Ggb wk v hvi cök Z j gvbyl K m Z i müvb `Iqv: ÔAvgv `i wk vi g a Ggb GKwU m ú` _vkv PvB hv Kej Avgv `i Z_ `q bv, mz `q; hv Kej BÜb `q bv, AwMœ `qõ Zuvi Gme gzvg Zi m ½ cvðvz RM Zi miv wk vzë we` i mv, nvqvbu nw, evuª vû iv mj, Rb wwdb 3 cögy Li gzvg Zi wgj Lyu R cviqv hvq iex `ªbv_ Ab Î e j Qb, ÔRxe bi hv Av`k, wk vii Av`k ZvB wk v wrwbmuv Zv Rxe bi m ½ msmwznxb GKUv K wîg wrwbm b n Avgiv Kx nbe 4 Ges Kx wkwle, G `ywu K_v G Kev i Mv q Mv q msjmœõ iex `ªbv _i we epbvq wk vi j n e: gbyl Z i m ú~y D b vpb, e w³i mkj ïf m vebvi ù iy, e w³i m ½ mgv Ri hvm, gvby li m ½ cök wzi hvm, wkw Z-Awkw Zi ˆelg we gvpb, AvwZ K I e envwi Ki g a mgš^q, Ávb eva, Kíbv I mš `h - PZbvi Kl Y I wekvk, K g Áv bi wb qv Mi Øviv Rxe bi m úbœzv I mg w AR b, m RbkxjZvi mvnv h gbyl Z i cwiph v Ges cömvi úózb iex `ªbv _i wk vwpš vi K `ª wqj GK Rxeb-jMœ mgvr-jmœ Ges wek -jmœ hyw³-kíbv I cöv qvwmk kw³ Z `, c~y -wekwkz Ges 5 weewz Z gvbyl qy iv c iu bmuvm, widi gkb I GbjvB Ub g Ui gva g gvby li be-rqhvîv ïi nq bervmiy Av `vj bi djkö wz nj Ñ gvby li mvwe K gyw³, bzyb wk v`k, wpš vi ^vaxbzv, hyw³ev` I gvbezvev` wk v n q DVj gvbwekzvev `i evnb AvaywbK Awfavq wk v ej Z hv evsvq Zvi wkko GbjvB Ub g Ui g a cövw_z AwfavwU GiKg: wk v n Q AvbyôvwbK I D Ïk AwfgyLx GKwU cöwµqv hvi gva g mgv Ri mvs wzk I ^Kxq gvb` Ûi HwZn cörb ci úivq mâvwiz Ges ˆeÁvwbK Avwe vi Øviv mb HwZn mg nq AvaywbK Kv ji yj-k jr, hvi Ab Zg GKwU KvR n Q cömwzi c _ Pjv, Zv `i c~e m~ixiv GbjvB Ub g Ui hy MB cöwzwôz 6 nq eûkvj Av M _ KB g b Kiv nõz h wk vi m ½ A_ bwzk AMÖMwZi GKUv m úk Av Q Bsj v Û wkíwec ei Kv j G wb q wezk Pj Z _v K wkíwec ei MwZ e w i mv _ mv _ Bsj v Û wk ve e vi m cömviy I Dbœq bi Rvi `vwe I V Z e, weª U b wk vi cömvi wkíwec ei mydj, wk vi mydj wkíwec e bq G Î Px bi `vk wbk I gbxlx Kbdywmqv mi wpš vaviv D j L hvm : If you plan for a year, plant a seed. If for ten years, plant a tree. If for a hundred years, teach the people. When you sow a seed once, you will reap a single harvest. When you teach the people, you will reap a hundred harvests. (K'uan-Tzu, 551-479 BC) Kbdywmqvb wpš vavivq wk vi cöwz GB h i Z v ivc Zv Pxb ` ki ms wzi Awe Q` Ask wn m e cwimwyz n q Q Gwkqvi A bk `k hgb Rvcvb, wm½vcyi, `w Y Kvwiqv Ges ZvBIqvb GB Kbdywmqvb wpš vavivq cöfvwez n q gvbem ú` Dbœq b cöpyi m ú` wewb qvm K i Dbœqb 06 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

7 Z ivwš^z K i Q Aóv`k I Dbwesk kzvãxi mvgvwrk I cöhyw³mz cwiez bi mg q wk vi f~wgkv Lye GKUv úó wqj bv GB mgq wk v cöwzôv bi f~wgkv cöavbz e w³ we k li Î cö hvr wqj, mgv Ri mvwe K cwiez b wksev Dbœq b yj-e e vi ev wk vi GKUv mwµq f~wgkv i q Q muv Zgb cwi vifv e cöwzfvz nq wb GKvj wk v m ú K GKwU aviyv n Q: Ôwk v wk vi Rb Õ A_ vr wk vi Aš wb wnz g~j i q Q, wk v eyw PP vi bvgvš i wk vi gva g gvbyl Ávbiv R Aev a wepiy Ki Z cv i A b K wk vi GB aviyv K ÔD`vi wk võ (liberal education) e j AwfwnZ K i Qb wkš ez gvbkv j wk vi GB aviyv A bkuv e` j Q, Kbbv GwU wk vi ÔAwfRvZÕ GKwU aviyv e j g b Kiv nq hyw³ `Lv bv nq h, wk vi kl wk v ZB bq, wk v e w³ I mgv Ri Kj v Y e eüz n Z cv i ÔEducation 8 is not an end in itself, but can be for the good of the indivitual and/or societyõ. wk v m ú K wk v g bvweáv b e j, wkï Rb m~ ÎB KZ wj ^vfvwek cöeyzv Ges ˆewkó wb q c w_ex Z Av m G jvi wekvk I e w B wk võ h nzz g bvrm ZB mxwgz mrb g bvweávbxmy AviI e j _v Kb, ÔAwfÁZvi d j gvby li AvPi Yi cwiez bb wk võ g bvweáv bi ` wó Z e w³mëvi DbœqbB Avmj wkš Avgiv Rvwb gvbyl ÔmvgvwRK RxeÕ mrb mgvrweávbxmy bzyb cör b i ÔmvgvwRKxKi YiÕ Ici i Z v ivc K ib Zuviv e jb: ÔEducation is the influence excercised by adult generation on those who are not yet ready for social life. Its object is to arouse and to develop in children those physical, intellectual and moral states which are required of them both by their society as a whole and by the milieu for 9 which they are especially destinedõ. mgvrweávbxmy AviI e j _v Kb, Ôwk v mgvr K Pjgvb ivlvi GKwU cöwµqv we klõ A_ vr mgv Ri mwâz Ávb, HwZn I ms wz K fvex bvmwik `i g a mâvj bi bvg wk v wk v mgv Ri GKwU m PZb cöqvm Ges wbtm ` n D Ïk gylxb GK cöwµqv RvwZi mkj a vb aviyv, ^cœmvabv ev evwqz nq wk vi gva g, wk vi Øviv e w³ I mgvr Df qi Kj vy mvwaz nq e w³i Ávb wekv k, bvbvwea ` Zv AR b, g~j eva RvMÖZ Ki Z Dchy³ cöwzb vm MV b wk vi Abb f~wgkv i q Q RvwZi mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I ˆelwqK iƒcvš i wk v GKwU PvwjKv kw³ wk v I mgvr ci úi GK A Q` eü b Ave G Ki cwiez b Aci K cöfvwez K i Ges 10 G K Aci K cwicywó `vb K i wek kz Ki `vk wbk I wk vzë we` Avj d«w b_ nvqvbu nw I evuªvû iv mj AwfÁZvwfwËK wk v, mgvrgylx I cö qvmgylx wk vi Ici Rvi w` q Qb wk v_ xi GKwU fšz I gvbwmk Dcv`vb Av Q GKwU w wzkxj e w³z M o `y qi g a fvimvg m wó Kiv cö qvrb ms c nvz I gw HK e fv e KvR Ki e cöhyw³ I cöv qvwmk wk vi m ½ gvbwek wk v K mshy³ Kiv ZvB AZ š evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 07

i Z c~y wesk kzvãxi Õ50-Gi `kk I Õ60-Gi `k Ki cö_gv a ivrbxwzwe`, wk vwe`, mvgvwrk cwikíbvwe` I weø¾ biv GKUv mvaviy HK g Z cušqvb h mvgvwrk AMÖMwZ I avivevwnk Dbœq b wk v GKwU gyl cwiez b mvak cwiez b I Dbœq bi m ½ wk vi mivmwi m úk _vkvi welqwu wkqy ZvwË K KviY I wkqy cöv qvwmk D`vni Yi Rb MÖnY hvm Zv jvf K i G `i g a GKwU n Q LyeB mvaviy wek vm h AvaywbKvqb I wkívq bi Rb mv izv GKvš Acwinvh we kl K i Dbœqbkxj ` ki Rb mrb wøzxq gnvhy vëikv j wek e vcx wk vwe vi I wk ve q e w c Z _v K Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z GKUv mv i RbmgvR M o Zvjvi Rb A bk ` kb me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kg KvÊ GKUv i Z c~y Kg m~wp wnmv e we ewpz nq 1960 mv j w_i Wvi ïjr Av gwikvi A_ bxwzwe` mwgwzi mfvcwz wn m e Ôgvbe cyuwri Rb wewb qvmõ wk ivbv g Zuvi cöe Ü me cö_g GB Z Ë i mymse e vl v cö`vb K ib eûj cöpvwiz GB fvl Y ïjr e jb h, wk v m ^ Ü wpivpwiz ` wófw½ cvëv Z n e wk v K ïay fv Mi e wn m e bv ` L wk v K `L Z n e Drcv`bkxj wewb qvm wn m e wzwb hyw³ `Lvb h, wk v Kej e w³ we k li DbœwZi mnvqk bq, wk v Ggb GKUv Rb Mvôx ˆZwi K i hv wkí mg w I A_ bwzk cöe w i Rb GKvš cö qvrb GB Z Ë i d j DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj `k wbwe k l wk v Î D j L hvm wewb qv Mi hyw³mövn KviY Lyu R cviqv hvq wk v Î A_ bwzk wewb qv Mi jvf e w³ I mgwó ch v q cviqvi wbðqzv cö`vb K i e j GB ZË mnmv MÖnY hvm n q I V B Zvg a ^xk Z cöwzcv` wu n Q: gvby li mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, mvs wzk I ivr bwzk Dbœq b gvbem ú` Dbœqb Zvrch c~y Ae`vb iv L A_ bwzk Dbœq bi Rb gvbem ú` Dbœq bi gva g gvbecyuwr MVb GKwU cöwzwôz cš v ev KŠkj myzivs GKwU ` ki mvgwmök Ges eûgvwîk Dbœqb Kg Kv Êi i Z c~y Ask n Q gvbem ú` Dbœqb gvbem ú` Dbœq bi cöavb KŠkj n Q wk v I cöwk Y GRb h-e q Kiv nq Zv m e vrk ó `xn gqvw` wewb qvm wn m e we ewpz GKRb wbi i e w³ mew`k w` q AmyweavMÖ Ges AvaywbK mgvr _ K wew Qbœ m Rb cöv_wgk wk v hv ciez x wk vi eywbqv` M o Zv j, Zv me Rbxb I eva Zvg~jK Kiv h Kvb ` ki mikv ii cöavb `vwqz GB wk vi Ici wfwë K i YMZ gvbm úbœ gva wgk, KvwiMwi I Ab vb wk v Kvh µg M o IVv DwPZ ïay AvbyôvwbK wk v bq, DcvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK wk vi my hvm-myweav m cömviy cö qvrb mgvr cömwzi BwZnv m we kl K i A_ bwzk cöe w I Dbœq bi m ½ wk vi m úk `y w` K aviv jv GKwU A i gz Kv bv Kv bv Î wk v m `nvzxzfv e Dbœq bi Pvjb-hš G cwi cöw Z gvbecyuwri cöe³vmy gvbem ú` Dbœqb I Drcv`bkxj Kv R Zv `i wb qvwrz Kivi h ZvwM` w` q Qb Zv LyeB hyw³m½z I Zvrch c~y Aci c ejv hvq Zvu `i wb ` kbv m ú~y mwvk bq G Kvi Y h, wk vi mxgve Zv m ú K Zvi u v mzk evyx D PviY K ib wb wk vi mgm v n Q welqwu mgvr KZ K wba vwiz nq, Avevi GwU mgv Ri wba vik wnmv ei KvR K i BD b vi GKwU wi cv U (1997) ejv nq: That education is Ôthe means for bringing about desired changes in behaviours, values and life styles, and for 08 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

promoting public support for the continuing and fundamental changes that will be required if humanity is to alter its course. Education, in short, is humanity's best hope and most effective means to the quest to achieve sustainable human developmentõ. mgvr cwiez b, A_ bwzk Dbœqb I ivr bwzk ms wz M o Zvjvi Î wk v h GKUv Amvgvb f~wgkv cvjb K i G wel q m ` ni Kvb AeKvk bb wkš GB hvmm~î jv wpwýz Kiv Ges cögvyvw`mn Zv Dc vcb Kiv GKwU `yiƒn KvR Ges Kv bv Kv bv Î Zv cövq Am e 1970-Gi `k Ki ïi Z BD b v KZ K MwVZ Avš R vwzk wk v Kwgk bi mfvcwz divwm ` ki wewkó eyw Rxex G`Mvi dõ i (Edgar Faure) - Gi bz Z Kwgkb h wi cvu (1972) 11 cöyqb K ib Zv Z GKv ji wk vi K qkwu wewkó Pvwi Î i K_v D j L K iwq jb Gfv e: 1. BwZnv m GB cö_g wk vi AMÖMwZi dj wn m e A_ bwzk AMÖMwZ NU Z `Lv hv Q Rvcvb, mvwf qz BDwbqb I gvwk b hy³iv óª M elyv _ K Ggwb dj cviqv wm q Q A bk Dbœqbkxj `k h _ó A_ bwzk Z vm ^xkvi K i n ji GB c_ AbymiY Kivi Póv Ki Q 2. BwZnv m GB cö_g wk ve e v wk v_ x `i Ggb GK ai bi mgv Ri Rb cö Z Kivi Póv Ki Q hv GL bv AbvMZ cövpxbkv j `xn Kvj a i mgv Ri h w wz `Lv hz AvR `ª Z mvgvwrk iƒcvš ii d j Zvi Aemvb N U Q Gi d j wk ve e vi Ici AfvweZc~e Pvc m wó n Q 3. BwZnv m GB cö_g cövwzôvwbk wk ve e v _ K DËxY A bk wk v_ x K mgvr Zvi cö qvr bi Rb Abyc hvmx we epbv Ki Q úózb mgv Ri Pvwn`v `ª Z e` j hv Q Ges wk v cöwzôv bi wk vµg Zvi m ½ Zvj i L Pj Z cvi Q bv BD b vi gnvcwipvjk Avevi beÿb qi `k Ki ïi Z (1993) wewkó divwm eyw Rxex RvK `ji (Jaques Delors) K mfvcwz K i wb qvm Ki jb ÔGKzk kz Ki wk vi Rb Avš R vwzk KwgkbÕ GB Kwgkb Zuv `i wi cv U i (1996) bvg w` q Qb Learning: The Treasure Within (wklb: Aš wb wnz m ú`) GB Kwgkb h- Kv bv wk ve e vi PviwU cöavb wb ` k K i Qb: 1. Rvb Z klv (learning to know), 2. euvp Z klv (learning to live), 3. wg jwg k emevm Ki Z klv (learning to live together) Ges 4. wekwkz niqvi Rb klv (learning to be). Kwgk bi e³e n Q GB PviwU wf Zi Ici cö Z K gvbyl K mvivrxeb a i wk L h Z n e BD b v KZ K MwVZ cö_g wk v Kwgk bi GKwU i Z c~y mycvwik ÔRxebfi wk võ ev ÔRxebe vcx wklbõ (lifelong learning) 1970-Gi `k K wk v Î cöpvi jvf K i ejv nq Ñ cwic~y gvbyl nevi Rb PvB ÔRxebfi wk võ G`Mvi d i Kwgk bi (1972) g Z AvMvgx w` bi mgvr n Z n e ÔRxebfi klviõ mgvr, hlv b yj-k jr hgb Zgwb mgv Ri bvbv cöwzôvb/ms v K me gvby li wk vi Av qvr b Ask wb Z n e `yb hym c i BD b v KZ K MwVZ evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 09

ÔGKyk kz Ki wk vi Rb Avš R vwzk KwgkbÕ-Gi wi cv U (1996) we kl K i Rvi `Iqv n q Q cö Z Ki wb Ri wb Ri klvi Ic i klvi e vcv i we` vj q wk Ki GKUv f~wgkv Aek B _vk e, wkš Avmj klvuv NU e wk v_ xi wb Ri Póvq Avi m klv h ïay Zvi e w³mz 12 Ávb Avi ` wófw½ M o Zyj e Zv bq, m wó Ki e Zvi we k ly gzv Avi KvR Kievi gzvi GKyk kz Ki wk vi ^iƒc wbg vy Ki Z wm q Kwgkb AviI ej Q: 'The concept of learning throughout life is the key that gives access to the twenty first century. It goes beyond the traditional distinctions between initial and continuing education. It links up with another concept, that of the learning society, in which everything affords an opportunity for learning and fulfilling one's potential'. Ab me hy M e Avi kªg wqj m ú` m wói cöavb Dcv`vb; ZvB e Avi kªgm ú `i Ici hviv AvwacZ we vi Ki Z cviz ZvivB nz gzvevb ez gvb hy M Ávb, Z_ I hvmv hvm e e v m ú` Avi gzvi g~j Drm n q `uvwo q Q Ávb hw` nq gzvi cöavb Drm Zv n j mevb K gzvevb nevi Rb ewk K i Ávb AR b Ki Z n e Avi GRb ÔRxebe vcx wklbõ ev ÔRxebfi klviõ avivevwnkzvq ÁvbcÖqvmx mgvr (learning society) M o Zvjv Avek K gšwjk wk vi AZ vek Kxq Ask wn m e mv izvi mv _ ÔRxebe vcx wklbõ ev ÔRxebfi klviõ aviyv GKwesk kzvãxi P v jä gvkvwejvq AZx Zi P qi ewk cövmw½k mgv Ri me ii gvbyl Ges bvix-cyi l f ` mevi Rb Rxebe vcx wk vi Av qvrb Avek K ÁvbcÖqvmx mgvr wewbg v Y Rxebe vcx wk vi Kvb wekí bb Rxebe vcx wklb I ÁvbcÖqvmx mgv Ri ^vfvwek cwiywz n Q ÔÁvbwfwËK mgvrõ (knowledge based society) DbœZ we k GLb Áv bi h mâq Av Q cöwz cuvp eq i Zv wø Y n Q cök Zc AvaywbK mgv R h wecyj msl K bzyb ckv M o D V Q Zv Z Áv bi MfxiZvi mswk ózv i q Q GLb gzv hv Q Ávb-kw³m úbœ ỳ ª MÖ ci nv Z mgv Ri gzvi fi K `ª GB cwiez bi KviY nj Ávb GLb n q D V Q gvbemgv Ri mdj Kvh µ gi e MZ wfwë I cwipvjbvi bxwz- KŠkj Ab K_vq ejv hvq, GLb mgv Ri ev e RxebhvÎv K AwaMZ Áv bi wfwë Z web Ki Z cviv hvq mrb me ` ki wk ve e v K Ggbfv e ms vi Kiv `ikvi hb mgvr µ g µ g wbiwew Qbœ klvi i cšuq Z 13 cv i GKv j wek vqb GKwU ev e NUbv wek vq bi d j A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk e e v ZI bvbv Uvbv cv ob m wó n Q, d j gvby li Rxeb I RxweKvq Gi cöfve co Q GB bzyb cwiw wz gvkv ejv Kivi Rb h Ávb, Z_ hvmv hvm cöhyw³ I mswk ó ` Zv, g bvfw½ I g~j eva AvqË Kiv cö qvrb Zvi A bk wkqy cöpwjz wk v e e vq we` gvb bq mrb Ávb, wk v I wkl bi bzyb cybwe b vm cö qvrb D j L, Z_ I AvaywbK hvmv hvm cöhyw³ e env ii Rb cö qvrbxq Ávb I ` Zv AvqË Ki Z n j Zv Ki Z n e mbvzb AvbyôvwbK wk v cöwzôv bi evb i GQvov Kg Î Ges GKB Kv R wb qvwrz `yb KwgDwbwUi g a cvi úwik mn hvwmzvi gva g Gme klvi my hvm evo e cök Zc Ávb-wfwËK mgvr wewbg v Y cö Z K ` k wk ve e vi cyywe b vm n j GB bzyb KvVv gvq wek vq bi cwi cöw Z Ávb, wk v I wklb -Gi welq jv Aek B Zv Z Aš f y³ _vk Z n e 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

GKwesk kzvãxi cövk&kv j ( m Þ ^i 2000) RvwZmsN NvwlZ wg jwbqvg wwk v ikb ev mnmªv ãi NvlYv _ K D Z wg jwbqvg W fjc g U Mvj (MDG) ev mnmªv ãi Dbœqb j i 8wUi g a 2wU j mivmwi Ges Ab 1wU c iv fv e wk vi mv _ RwoZ wg jwbqvg W fjc g U - Gi 2 bs Mvj (goal): me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v Ges Gi j n Q 2015 mv ji g a me Î evjkevwjkv mk ji cöv_wgk ch v qi wk vpµ mgvß Kiv 3 bs Mvj: RÛvi mgzv I bvixi gzvqb Ges Gi j n Q 2005 mv ji g a cöv_wgk I gva wgk Ges 2015 mv ji g a mkj ii wk vq RÛvi ˆelg `~ixkiy GQvov 1 bs Mvj : Pig `vwi`ª I yav `~ixkiy c iv fv e wk v I cöwk Yi mv _ hy³ `vwi`ª `~ixki Yi GKwU Dcvq gvby li m gzv e w gvbm úbœ wk v I cöwk Yi gva g gvbyl m gzv jvf Ki j m GKRb DcvR bkvix gvbyl wn m e `wi`ªzv _ K gyw³ cv e Ges Zvi Ae vi cwiez b Avb Z cvi e cwi k l ejv cö qvrb h, wk v I ms wz A½v½x RwoZ ms wzwenxb wk v LwÊZ, c~y bq wkw Z e w³ gvîb ms wzevb gvbyl GgbUv fveevi Kvb KviY bb wk vi gz ms wzi PP vi welq wkš Av c K i ejv n q Q, AvaywbK wk v _ K GKUv wrwbm Kgb K i öwjz n q c o Q, m n Q ms wz wp Ëi Hk h K AeÁv K i Avgiv RxebhvÎvi wmw jvf KB GKgvÎ cövavb w` qwq wkš ms wz K ev` w` q GB wmw jvf wk KL bv h_v_ fv e m ú~y n Z cv i? ms wz mgmö gvby li wpëe wë K MfxiZi i _ K mdj Ki Z _v K Zvi cöfv e gvbyl Aš i _ K ^ZB me v½xy mv_ KZv jvf K i Zvi cöfv e wb vg ÁvbvR bi AbyivM Ges wbt ^v_ 14 Kg vbyôv bi Drmvn ^vfvwek n q I V `yt Li welq, h- Kvb Kvi YB nvk evsjv ` ki wk ve e vq wk vi mv _ ms wzi gjeüb N U wb GUv Avgv `i wk ve e vi GKUv NvUwZ d j ms wz PP v c _K GKwU Î wn m e wpwýz n q Q Avgv `i wk ve e vq ms wzi PP vi Aš fy w³ GKwU Avï we ep welq Zv bv n j wwwmöavix gvbyl cviqv hv e wkš cök Z wkw Z I gvbwek g~j evam úbœ gvbyl M o Zvjv m e n e bv Z_ m~î 1. Ave`yj vn Avj-gyZx, Avgv `i wk v Kvb c _, BDwbfvwm wu cöm wjwg UW, XvKv, 1996, c : 132-34 2. cöv ³, Avgv `i wk v Kvb c _, c : 43 3. Ave`yj vn Avj-gyZx, iex `ª fvebvq wk v I weávb, wk vevz v (1987-1997), wk vevz v cwi ekbv, XvKv, c : 191 4. iex `ªbv_ VvKyi, wk v, wek fvizx, KwjKvZv, 1397, c : 71 5. W. Lvb mviiqvi gyi k `i GKwU wbeü _ K D j wlz 6. Avey nvwg` jwzd, wk v Dbœqb cwikíbv, c vwcivm, XvKv,2003, c : 27 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

7. cöv ³, c : 33 8. James Tooley, Reclaiming Education, New York, Cassell, 2000, P. 28. 9. Emile Durkheim, Education and Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1956, P. 71. 10. Aa vck Nvl I ivq, wk v weávb, KwjKvZv, e vbvr x cvewjkvm, 1987, c : 36 11. cöv ³, Avgv `i wk v Kvb c _, c : 43 12. cöv ³, Avgv `i wk v Kvb c _, c : 43 13. g. nvweeyi ingvb, cöavb m úv`k I Ab vb m úv`ke `, wk v Kvl, wk vi Rb bvmwik mgvr, XvKv, 2003, c : 278, 293 14. iex `ªbv_ VvKyi, Ôwk v I ms wzõ, iex `ª ipbvejx, lvok LÊ, wek fvizx, KjKvZv, 1407, c : 334-337 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q eª vk cövk-cöv_wgk MÖvRy qu `i g~j vqb nvm b Aviv emg, ivrx wbjydvi Bqvmwgb I wgr v gv. kvnrvgvj ** * cövk-cöv_wgk wk v cövk-we` vjq Ges cövk ˆkke wk v (ECE) bv g AwaK cwiwpz G aviyvwu mvaviyz Rb _ K AvU eq ii ga Kvi wkï `i wk vi Î e eüz nq cövk ˆkke wk v wkûvi Mv U b 1800 kzvãx _ KB we` gvb n ji MZ K qk `k K Gi Ici AwaK i Z `Iqv n q Q Ges G Î e vck Dbœqb I cömvi N U Q ( eª W K v ú Ges Ab vb, 1992) GUv K GKUv wkïi cövwzôvwbk wk vi c~e kz wn m e MY Kiv nq, hv cöv_wgk wk v bv g cwiwpz Ges GUv ïi nq cvup A_ev Qq eqi eq m (evsjv ` k cöv_wgk wk v ïi i eqm 6+) GKUv bzzb cövwzôvwbk cwi ek wn m e cöv_wgk we` vj q mvaviyz wkï `i Rb Lvc LvIqv bv KwVb ewkifvm Î wkïiv z j mnvbyf~wzkxj cwi ek cvq bv hvi d j we` vjq Ges wk v m ú K Zv `i g b weiƒc cöwzwµqvi m wó nq Gme Kvi Y evsjv ` k cövwzôvwbk cöv_wgk we` vj qi cö_g I wøzxq kªyx Z S i covi nvi Lye ewk ZvB wkï `i cövwzôvwbk we` vj qi Î cö wzg~jk c` c wn m e ÔcÖvK-we` vj qiõ aviyvwu m cöwz e vck RbwcÖqZv cv Q jrvi Ges WviwjsUb (1982) civgk w` q Qb h, cövk wk vi AwfÁZv wkï `i wbw Œq _ K mwµq wk v_ x Z DbœxZ K i Gi c e vck hyw³ Av Q h, hw` mzk Zvi mv _ wkïi cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`v bi K_v gv_vq i L cwikíbv Kiv hvq Ges Zv h_vh_fv e ev evqb Kiv hvq Z e cövk-we` vjq Kg m~wp Z Aš f y³ wkïiv we` vjq Mg bi gšwjk cö qvrbxq ` Zv AR b K i wkïiv I Zv `i cwievi DfqB Zv `i AMÖMwZ m ú K fvj aviyv iv L Ges cwievi wkïi fwel r m ú K D Pvkv cvly K i (AvBweAvBwW) DbœZ we k i wk v m úwk Z mvwnz ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq, myweavcövß I myweavewâz wkï `i cv_ K NvPv bv cövk-we` vjq Kg m~wpi Ab Zg D Ïk hv nvk, wewfbœ cövk-we` vjq Kvh µ gi wewfbœ cöfve Av Q DbœZ we k i mvwn Z Gi mc Rviv jv cögvy cviqv M Q h, wewfbœ cövk-we` vjq cvv m~wp ciez x Rxe b wkï `i wewfbœ AvPiY wk v `q evsjv ` ki mikvwi wk v e e vq GLbI c wzmz Kvb cövk-we` vjq Kg mw~p Pvjy nq wb 1980 Gi `kk n Z emikvwi e e vcbvq wkï `i Rb cövk-we` vjq (wkûvi Mv U b) c wzi cöez b Kiv nq cövk-cöv_wgk/cövk-ˆkke wk vi i Z I cö qvrbxqzv Dcjwä K i eª vk wk v Kg m~wp * cöeüwu evsjv `k GWy Kkb Rvb vj (LÛ-3, msl v-2, ww m ^i 2004) cökvwkz M elyv c Îi fvlvš i fvlvš i K i Qb i ekv myjzvbv, BÝ c±i, Dc Rjv wi m vm m Uvi, igbv, XvKv ** M elyv c Îi jlke ` h_vµ g mn hvmx Aa vck, wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq I mn hvmx M elk, M elyv BDwbU, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

(webwc) 1998 mvj _ K evsjv ` ki wkï `i Rb cövk-cöv_wgk (wcwc) wk v Kg m~wp cöez b K i GK eqie vcx GB Kg m~wp Z wkïiv ˆ`wbK `yb wk Y-wkLb NÈv wnmv e mßv n 6 w`b AskMÖnY K i cö Z K cövk-cöv_wgk (wcwc) ` j 25-30 Rb wkï _v K hvi g a g q wkï lvu fvm ev Zvi ewk cövk-cöv_wgk wk v k l, GB wkïiv wbkuezx cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz nq GB Kg m~wpi cöavb cöavb D Ïk nj: 1. wkï `i K AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj qi Rb DØy I cö Z Kiv, 2. cövk-cöv_wgk wk vpµ kl Ki Z wkï `i mnvqzv Kiv, 3. wkï `i j¾v I fq Kgv bv, 4. cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q wk K wn m e wb qv Mi gva g AvBwRG _ K ïi K i vbxq wk kvix `i Rb my hvm m wó GB wbe Ü deª qvwi 2004 - g 2004 ch š eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm KZ K eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wpi Ici Kiv M elyvi djvdj wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Dchy³ M elyvq eª vk Gi cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µg cövwzôvwbk cöv_wgk we` vjq Mg bi Rb wkï `i cö Z Ki Z KZUv Ae`vb iv L muv Lyu R `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q Avm j cövk-cöv_wgk wk v cöv_wgk we` vj q Zv `i wkl b Kvb mnvqk f~wgkv iv L wkbv G M elyvi gva g Zv Luy R ei Kivi Póv Kiv nq G M elyvq eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cövk-cöv_wgk wk v mgvßkvix `i AR b, AvPiwYK Ges ` wófw½i cöw Z K we epbvq Avbv nq GQvov M elyvq cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi cöfve `Lvi Rb G Kvh µ gi AvIZvaxb wkï Ges mvaviy wkï `i g a GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q c wz G M elyvwu Z ˆ`ePq bi gva g 100wU zj evqvb K i 2522 Rb wk v_ x K (1946 Rb cö_g kªyx + 576 Rb wøzxq kªyx) bgybv wn m e biqv n q Q wewfbœ kªyxi wk v_ x, evjk, evwjkv, cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi Aš f y³ I ewnf ~Z wk v_ x `i evqvb Kiv n q Q GQvov wk K, gvzvwczv I mgv Ri jvk `i mv vrkvi biqv n q Q Ges kªyxk I wg_w Œqv cöwµqv ch e Y Kiv n q Q 1 bs mviyx Z wewfbœ kªyxi bgybv I Zv `i msl v `Iqv n jv: mviyx 1 bgybvi kªyx I AvKvi bgybv kªyx bgybvi AvKvi we` vjq 100 wk v_ x 1g kªyx + 2q kªyx 1946 + 576 ch e YK Z kªyxk 1g kªyx + 2q kªyx 196 + 104 cööavb wk Ke ` cöö Z K evqvbk Z we` vjq 100 kªyx wk K 1g kªyx + 2q kªyx 98 + 51 gvzvwczv 1g kªyx + 2q kªyx 1945 + 686 we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m 51 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbw` ó i _ K GB bgybv biqv n q Q wewfbœ Drm _ K Z_ msmö ni Rb wewfbœ ai bi KŠkj/c wz e envi Kiv n q Q hgb, cö_g I wøzxq kªyxi wk v_ x `i `ywu K wzz Afx v; wkï `i cöeyzv I AvPiwYK ` Zv hvpvb qi Rb kªyxk ch e Y PKwj ; wk K, gvzvwczv Ges we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m `i Rb mv vrkvi Abym~wP D³ DcKiY jv P~ovš fv e M elyvq e env ii c~ e cvbjwus Gi gva g cö qvrbxq ch v jvpbv I cwiez b Kiv nq RvZxq wk vµg I cvv cȳ K evw (GbwmwUwe) - Gi wk vµg K wfwë K i `ywu AR b Afx v ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges evsjv, MwYZ I cwi ek weávb welq n Z cökœ wb q G Afx v cöyqb Kiv nq Bs iwr welq Kej wøzxq kªyxi Rb Aš f y³ Kiv nq Afx v jvi gva g wkï `i ejv I jlv `ywu ` ZvB cwigvc Kiv nq wkï `i wklb K mwvkfv e cwigv ci Rb Afx v jv wk v_ x `i Ici GKKfv e cö qvm Kiv nq cö Z K DËi wø-gvwîkfv e g~j vqb Kiv nq mwvk DË ii Rb c~y b ^i (GK) Ges cöwzwu fyj DË ii Rb k~b b ^i `Iqv nq A_ vr fyj DË ii Rb Kvb b ^i KvUv nq wb ARb Afx vq cvö K-cvÖ _wgk wk vi Aš f³y Ges ewnfz~ wkï `i ` Zv, kyª xk wk Y-wkLb Kvhµ g AskMnÖ Y, kyª xk AvPiY Ges cvö K-cvÖ _wgk wk v m úbkœ vix wkï `i m ^ Ü wk K I mgv Ri mvaviy gvb y li `w ófw½i Ici wfwë K i cvö K-cvÖ _wgk wk vi cfö ve K e vl v Kiv n q Q M elyvi cöavb djvdj G Aa v q cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi Aš f y³ Ges Gi evb ii wkï `i ` Zv m ú K GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbv Kiv nj AR b Afx vi djvdj Ges kªyxk i wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi Ici wfwë K i GB wfbœzv ch e Y Kiv nq GQvov, eª v Ki cövk-cöv_wgk wk v Kg m~wpi Ae`vb m ú K wk K Ges mgv Ri ` wófw½i we k ly Kiv nq AR b Afx vq wkï `i ` Zv AR b Afx vq cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix I G Kvh µ gi evb ii wkï `i cövß Mo djvdj K we k l Yi gva g GB `y ` ji Zzjbv Kiv nq Afx v jv ˆZwi Kiv nq wewfbœ wklb-` Zv; hgb kvbv, cov, Rxeb-` Zv, jlv Ges MYbvi Ici wfwë K i Afx vi vi cö_g kªyxi A a Ki KvQvKvwQ (49%) Mo v ii P q ewk vi K i Q Zv `i g a `yb Z Zxqvsk (65.3%) wqj cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš fy ³ cövk-cöv_wgk wk v ewnf~ Z (wcwc) Ges GK Z Zxqvsk (34.7%) wqj (Gbwcwc) wkï myzivs `Lv hv Q, vi web vm wqj ayvz K A_v r, web vm DuPz v ii w` K K `ªxf~Z wqj Ab w` K, wøzxq kªyx Z A a Ki ewk wcwc wkï (52.60) Ggb vi K i Q huv Mo vi 26.40 Gi P q Kg, Ab w` K wvk A a K Gbwcwc wkï (50%) Mo v ii P q ewk vi K i Q (mviyx 2) wkï `i Mo vi/b ^i : 1g I 2q kªyx cö_g kªyx Z cövk-cöv_wgk wk vq Aš f y³ wkïiv Gbwcwc wkï `i Zzjbvq AR b Afx vq Zvrch c~y fv e fvj dj K i Q wj½ ( Q j ev g q), we` vjq (mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq Ges wbewüz emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq), vb (cöv_wgk we` vj qi wbkuezx ev `~iezx ), AvswkK ev c~y cv Vi ` Zv ( kvbv, cov, jlv) cöf wz f ` cövk-cöv_wgk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

wk vi Aš f y³ wkïiv G Kvh µ gi evb ii wkï `i P q fvj dj K i Z e cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš M Z I ewnf ~Z wkï `i g a Q j I g q f ` cwimsl vwbkfv e Zvrch c~y Kvb cv_ K cviqv hvq wb (mviyx 2, mviyx 3) mviyx 2 wøzxq kªyxi wkï `i AR b dj Abyhvqx fvm wkï `i aib Mo v ii wb P Mo vi (26.40) Mo v ii ewk gvu wcwc wkï f(%) 180 (52.60) 11 (3.20) 151 (44.20) 342 (100.00) Gbwcwc wkï f(%) 111 (47.40) 6 (2.60) 117 (50.00) 234 (100.00) Dfq wkï f(%) 291 (50.50) 17 (3.00) 268 (46.50) 576 (100.00) mviyx 3 cvv ` Zv Ges m e vcwi cix v Øviv 1g kªyxi wcwc Ges Gbwcwc wkï `i Mo vi cvv ` Zv Mo vi Zvrc h i gvîv wcwc wkï Gbwcwc wkï kvbv 2.1 2.0 wc < 0.01 Rxeb ` Zv 5.3 5.0 wc < 0.001 cov 1.2 1.0 wc < 0.001 jlv 2.4 1.6 wc < 0.001 MYbv 5.0 4.1 wc < 0.001 gvu 16.1 13.4 wc < 0.001 wøzxq kªyxi wk v_x `i g a, Gbwcwc wkïiv wewfbœ Avw½ K hgb, wj½ (evwjkv ebvg evjk), Ae vb (cöv_wgk we` vj qi wbkuez x A_ev `~iez x), m e vcwi Ges c _K cvv ` Zvq ( hgb, kvbv, cov, jlv BZ vw`) cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix `i Zzjbvq fvj dj K i Q Z e Bs iwr Qvov Ab vb wel qi djvd j cwimsl vwbkfv e D j L hvm Kvb cv_ K wqj bv Bs iwr Z, cövk-cöv_wgk wk v ewnf ~Z wkïiv we kl K i evj Kiv cövk-cöv_wgk wk vq Aš f y³ evjk `i P q Zvrch c~y fv e fvj dj K i Q (wc <0.05) {mviyx 4 Ges mviyx 5} mviyx 4 1g kªyxi wcwc Ges Gbwcwc evjk evwjkvi wewfbœ cvv ` Zvi Mo vi cvv ` Zv evjk `i Mo vi Zvrc h i gvîv evwjkv `i Mo vi Zvrc h i gvîv wcwc wkï Gbwcwc wkï wcwc wkï Gbwcwc wkï kvbv 2.1 2.0 wc < 0.01 2.1 2.0 Zvrch c~y bq Rxeb ` Zv 5.4 5.0 wc < 0.001 5.3 5.0 wc < 0.001 cov 1.2 1.0 wc < 0.001 1.2 1.0 wc < 0.001 jlv 2.4 1.6 wc < 0.001 2.5 1.6 wc < 0.001 MYbv 5.1 4.3 wc < 0.001 5.0 4.3 wc < 0.001 gvu 16.1 13.6 wc < 0.001 16.0 13.2 wc < 0.001 bvu: GbGm = wc < 0.05 Zvrch c~y bq 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

mviyx 5 2q kªyxi Q j g q `i wfbœ cvv ` Zv Ges wk v_ xi aiy Abyhvqx Mo vi cvv ` Zv wcwc Q j g q Gbwcwc Q j g q Zvrc h i gvîv kvbv 4.1 4.2 GbGm ejv 2.5 2.6 GbGm jlv 2.0 2.0 GbGm MYbv 9.7 9.9 GbGm Rxeb ` Zv 4.1 4.2 GbGm Bs iwr 3.6 4.2 wc < 0.05 m e vcwi 25.9 27.1 GbGm bvu: GbGmwc <0.05 Zvrch c~y bq mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q 2q kªyxi cövk-cöv_wgk wk v ewnf ~Z wkïiv cövk-cöv_wgk wk vq Aš f y³ wkï `i P q Zvrch c~y fv e fvj dj K i Q Ab w` K wbeüxk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi Î, cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš M Z ev ewnf ~Z wkï `i g a Zvrch c~y Kvb cv_ K cviqv hvq wb mviyx 6 2q kªyxi evjk-evwjkvi wfbœ cvv ` Zvi Mo vi cvv ` Zv Q j wkï `i Mo vi Zvrc h i gvîv g q wkï `i Mo vi Zvrc h i gvîv wcwc wkï Gbwcwc wkï wcwc wkï Gbwcwc wkï kvbv 4.2 4.4 GbGm 4.0 4.0 GbGm ejv 2.6 2.8 GbGm 2.4 2.5 GbGm jlv 1.9 2.2 GbGm 2.0 2.0 GbGm MYbv 10.0 10.3 GbGm 9.4 9.9 GbGm Rxeb ` Zv 4.1 4.3 GbGm 4.0 4.0 GbGm Bs iwr 4.0 4.7 wc < 0.05 3.3 3.6 GbGm m e vcwi 26.9 28.7 GbGm 25.2 25.4 GbGm bvu: GbGm = wc < 0.05 Zvrch c~y bq 2q kªyxi evjkiv evwjkv `i Zzjbvq Zvrch c~y fv e fvj dj K i GB djvdj cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš f y³ Ges ewnf ~Z Dfq evjk evwjkv `i Rb cwimsl vwbkfv e Zvrch c~y kªyxk wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g wkï `i AskMÖnY kªyxk wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi Î cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš f y³ wkïiv (wcwc) cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi ewnf ~Z (Gbwcwc) wkï `i P q AwaK mwµq wqj wkqy wkqy Î cövkcöv_wgk wk vq Ask biqv cö_g kªyxi wk v_ x `i kªyx wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi nvi wqj cövk-cöv_wgk wk vq Ask bv biqv wkï `i Zzjbvq Zvrch c~y fv e ewk Gme Kvh µ gi Aš f y³ wqj wk Ki wb ` kbv gb w` q kvbv, Awc Z KvR wj L biqv, wk Ki cö kœi DËi `vb, evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

wk Ki wb ` kbv Abyhvqx wewfbœ Kv R AskMÖnY, mncvv µwgk Kvh µg Ges cvv k l cö kœi DËi `vb wøzxq kªyxi wewfbœ wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ gi GKB aviv cwijw Z nq Zvi gv b, cövkcöv_wgk wk v Kvh µ g AskMÖnYKvix wk v_ x `i wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi nvi wqj Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk wk Ki wb ` k kvbv, covi KvR, Ges cvv k li cö kœvë ii g Zv i Z c~y Î AskMÖn Yi GB nvi wqj Zvrch c~y fv e ewk Av_ -mvgvwrk ˆewkó Ges wkïi AR b cwiev ii Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi mv _ K wz Z i Kvb m úk Av Q wkbv GB M elyvq mw` K j Kiv nq cwiev ii Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v wkïi wklb K cöfvwez K i wkbv Ges Ab vb cöfvek we kl K i Av_ -mvgvwrk Dcv`v bi cöfve n«vm Kivi Î cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Kvb f~wgkv Av Q wkbv GB M elyvi gva g Zv D`&NvUb Kivi Póv Kiv nq hme ˆewk ó i cöfve K GLv b we epbv Kiv n q Q Zvi g a i q Q wkïi eqm, wczvgvzvi wk v, wkïi Rb wczvgvzvi e wqz mgq, evwo Z AwZwi³ wk Ki mvnvh, cvwievwik A_ bwzk Ae v, cvwievwik Av qi aiy, Drm, cwigvy, cvwievwik Avevmb e e v BZ vw` mvaviyfv e, GB M elyvq hme Dcv`vb wb q KvR Kiv n q Q Zvi AwaKvskB cö_g kªyxi cövkcöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wk v_x `i cövwzôvwbk wk vq Kvb cöfve d j bv e j cözxqgvb nq Z e cövk-cöv_wgk wk v ewnf ~Z wk v_x `i Î Gme Dcv`v bi cöfve j I Kiv hvq Ab w` K wøzxq kªyxi wkï `i wkl bi Ici mvgvwrk Dcv`v bi e vck cöfve cwijw Z nq Ges muv cövkcöv_wgk wk vi my hvmcövß Ges my hvmewâz Df qi Î cö hvr Ic ii djvdj _ K GB wm v š Avmv hvq h, cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi cöfve GZUvB kw³kvjx h Zv GB my hvm cövwßi wvk cicib Zv `i wkl bi Ici Ab vb Dcv`v bi cöfve K Kwg q w` Z m g nq, hv Avgiv cö_g kªyxi Î `L Z cvb GQvov G djvdj _ K AviI wm v š - Avmv hvq h, ax i ax i wkïi Ici cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi cöfve K g Av m Ges Ab vb Av_ -mvgvwrk cöfve kw³kvjx n q I V cövk-cöv_wgk wkï Ges wk v m ú K g bvfve GB Aa v q cövk-cöv_wgk wk v Ges GB Pµ m úbœkvix wkï `i m ^ Ü wk K, gvzvwczv, we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m e `i gzvgz Zz j aiv nj : wkï `i AvPiY AwaKvsk kªyx wk K I cöavb wk K cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi Aš f y³ I ewnf ~Z wkï `i g a wk v m úwk Z (academic) Ges wk v ewnf ~Z (non-academic ) ( hgb-avpiy, g bvfve BZ vw`) wel q cv_ K i K_v e jb Zviv g b K ib cövk-cöv_wgk wk v m úbœkvix wkïiv G cöwµqvq hviv AskMÖnY K i wb Zv `i Zzjbvq wkqy wkqy Î fvj Ki Q hgb - we` vj q wbqwgz I mgqgz Avmv, kªyx wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g AskMÖnY, kªyx Z covi wel qi Rb cö wz MÖnY, wk Ki wb ` kbv kvbv, Ljvayjv I Ab vb mncvv µwgk Kvh µ g AskMÖnY BZ vw` Zviv AviI g b K ib h, cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkïiv Ab `i Zzjbvq kªyxk cwi vi ivlv, kªyxk i k Ljv ervq ivlv cöf wz KvR jv Z Zzjbvg~jK fvj Ki Q Gfv e kªyx wk KMY cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i e vcv i Ab `i Zzjbvq abvz K g bvfve cvly K ib wk KMY AviI 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

j K ib h, eq ii GK`g ïi Z `y `j wk v_ xi g a e vck cv_ K we` gvb _vk ji Zv Av Av K g Av m wk Kiv g b K ib cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix `i KvRKg I AvPi Yi cöfv e Ab `i AvPi Yi G Dbœqb N U cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi cö qvrbxqzv cövq me wk KB g b K ib, cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz niqvi Av M mkj wkïib cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ Zvu `i g Z cövk-cöv_wgk wk v i GKwU i Z c~y i hlv b wk v_x iv evwo _ K we` vj qi bzzb cwi ek I Kvh µ gi mv _ Lvc LvIqv bvi GKUv my hvm cvq GQvov cövkcöv_wgk wk v wkï `i K Ggb wkqy wkl Z I AvPiwYK ` Zv AR b mnvqzv K i hv Zv K we` vj q cö_g kªyx Z covi Dchy³ K i Zv j Zviv AviI e jb h, cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkïiv AwaK eyw gvb I PUc U nq, K_v ejvq cvi`kx nq Ges wb R K fvjfv e Dc vcb Ki Z cv i Zviv we` vj qi wbqg Kvbyb m ^ Ü AwaK AewnZ _v K Ges wbqg g b Pjvi cöeyzvi Zv `i g a ewk _v K DcwiD³ Kvi Y wk KMY cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i cov Z ewk ^v Q ` eva K ib DËi`vZvMY AviI g b K ib h, eª vk cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q Abym Z wk Y-wkLb Kvh µg wkï Kw `ªK EËi`vZvMY cövk-cöv_wgk wk v Ges G Kvh µ g AskMÖnYK Z wkï `i wb q Avjv`v K i Kvb mgm v gvkvwejv K ib wb wk KMY cö_g kªyx Z fwz K Z wkï `i g a cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i Ab `i Zzjbvq AMÖMvgx `L Z cvb Gi d j `yb kªyxi wkï `i kªyx-avpi Y cv_ K cwijw Z nq cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ g AskMÖnY K i wb Ggb wkï `i cöwz wk KMY K AwaK g bv hvm w` Z nq Av jvpbv Ges Dcmsnvi GB M elyvi cöavb cökœ wqj eª vk wk v Kg m~wpi cövk-cöv_wgk wk v GB wk v mgvcbv š AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q wkïi wkl b Zvrch c~y Kvb cöfve ivl Z cv i wkbv cövk-cöv_wgk wk vq AskMÖnYKvix wkï `i ` Zvmg~n K Ab wkï `i ` Zvi mv _ Zzjbv Kiv nq G Î `y ai bi bgybv wbe vpb Kiv nq - cö_g kªyx Z Aa qbiz wk v_ x hviv `y-gvm AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q AwZevwnZ K i Q Ges wøzxq kªyx Z cvviz wk v_ x hviv GK- eqi AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q AwZevwnZ K i Q ZvQvovI cöv_wgk wk vi myweav MÖnYKvix wewfbœ Mvôxi gzvgz K we k ly Kiv nq M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq, cövk-cöv_wgk wk v m úbœkvix cö_g kªyxi wk v_ xiv GKv WwgK djvdj, kªyx I mvgvwrk AvPi Yi Î jv Z Ab wkï `i P q fvj K i Q Ab w` K 2q kªyx Z Dfq ai Yi wk v_ x `i g a Zvrch c~y Kvb cv_ K aiv c o wb 2003 mv ji GKwU M elyvi djvdj n Z Rvbv hvq, 2q kªyxi wk v_ x `i (ZLb Zviv cö_g kªyx Z wqj) g a hviv cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnY K iwqj Zviv Ab `i Zzjbvq D j L hvm ikg fvj K iwqj H M elyvi djvdj Abyhvqx wbw` ó wkqy Av_ -mvgvwrk Dcv`vb ( hgb gvzvwczvi wk v, gvzvwczvi hzœ, Lv` wbivcëv cwiw wz, cvwievwik Av qi Drm, Pvlvev` hvm Rwg, evwon ii Ae v) BZ vw` cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i Ici D j L hvm Kvb cöfve evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

dj Z cv i wb Ab w` K Ic ii me jv Dcv`vb hme wkï cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnY K iwb Zv `i cvidi gý K cöfvwez K i we kl K i cö_g kªyxi wk v_ x `i Rb G jv mz wqj cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖnYKvix wøzxq kªyxi wk v_x `i Zvrch nxb ` Zv K `ywu wfbœ Dcv q e vl v Kiv hvq GB M elyvi mg q cövk-cöv_wgk wk v MÖn Yi c i wøzxq kªyxi wkïiv cy iv GK eqi cvi K i Q, hlv b cö_g kªyxi wkïiv gvî 2/3 gvm AwZevwnZ K i Q we kl Kvh µ gi c i Zzjbvg~jKfv e ewk mgq cvi niqvq 2q kªyxi wk v_x `i Ic i we kl Kvh µ gi cöfve K g G m Q GQvov 2q kªyxi wkïiv mvaviy kªyxk i cwi e k AwaK Af n q c o hv cövkcöv_wgk wk v n Z ewk gvîvq wk K Kw `ªK Gi d j wkï cöpwjz wklb c wzi Øviv ewk cöfvwez nq GQvov c wzmz wfbœzvi Abykxjb Ges Ab AviI A bk Dcv`vb cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi cöfve K `ye j K i `Iqvi wcq b f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Avevi GgbI n Z cv i cövkcöv_wgk wk v ewnf ~Z wkï `i K H wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i mgch v q wb q Avmvi Rb wk K Zv `i cöwz AwaK g bv hvm `Iqvq GB wk v_ x ` ji wklb ` Zv e w c q Q hvi d j Dfq `j gvuvgywu GKB ikg dj K i Q G Av jvpbv eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wp (webwc) KZ K cwipvwjz cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi j, D Ïk Ges mb mv _ wk vµg ms v ii cö qvrbxqzv Zz j a i webwc cövk-cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µ gi cöavb D Ïk nj wkïevüe wklb cwi ek m wói ga w` q wkï `i K cövwzôvwbk cöv_wgk wk vi Rb cö Z K i Zvjv Gi AviI mywbw` ó j nj wkïi kvbv, ejv, cov I jlv ` Zvi wekvk mvab, we` vj q fwz Ges Dcw wzi nvi evov bv BZ vw` ZvB Abygvb ( h nzy webwcõi cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi wk Y-c wz we k ly Kiv nq wb) Kiv hvq h, D j wlz D Ïk AR bi Rb, wkï `i AwaKZi Ávb AR bi wbwg Ë mvnvh Kivi Rb, cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g DbœZZi ` Zv I GKB Abykxj bi Ici AviI Rvi w` Z n e wewfbœ wkï `i Ici myweav MÖnYKvix `i Ici wewfbœ wk vµ gi wewfbœ cªfve i q Q d«q ewjqvb `k b I mvwnz Abymv i, bvm vwi I cövk -ˆkke wkï wk vi D Ïk Ávb I Af v mi Dbœqb bq eis wkï `i ^vfvwek wekv k mnvqzv Kiv cövk-we` vj q wkï `i Ávb I Z _ i Ici ewk Rvi bv w` q KvRKg I AwfÁZvi Ici ewk Rvi `Iqv nq cöv_wgkfv e wk Ki D Ïk n e wkïi ^vaxbzv, myl Ges e w³ ^vzš K DÏxß Kivi ga w` q Zvi ^vfvwek Yvewji ^Z:ù Z wekvkmvab, hv K qk c ôvi kã ˆZwi ev evbvb wk vi eb qi Zzjbvq A bk ewk i Z c~y wkï K Kej wk K wb ` wkz Kvh µ gi Ici Q o `Iqv DwPZ bq wk Y-wkLb cöwµqvq AwaK Kg ZrciZvi e e v _vkv DwPZ, hv wkïi Rb MZ ` Zv wekv k mnvqzv K i Ges wb ` k gvzv ek KvR Kivi evsv n Z wkï K gy³ iv L (WªygÛ 1990, BbUzB j 1990) wmjfv Ges Ab vb (1980) e jb, GKUz eqmx wkïiv (5+ eqmx) Zv `i wkl b m e v P i cšqvq hlb Zviv eq `i mv _ Ges QvU (4+ eqmx) wkï `i mv _ g k GQvov wzwb wkí, MVbg~jK KvRKg Ges KvVv gvmz wewfbœ KvR K wk vµ g Aš f y³ Kivi Ici Rvi `b hv wkï K Zvi eyw e wëq wekv ki m e v P ch v q wb q hvq M elyvi djvdj n Z `Lv hvq cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi mvdj A bklvwbb wbf i K i 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

gvzvwczvi AskMÖn Yi Ici wkïi cöwzfv, wkïi AMÖMwZi e vcv i Zv `i AvMÖn Ges wkïi AR bi ga Kvi m úk wb q cwðgv we k A bk mywjwlz mvwnz i q Q (GbUzB j 1990) DbœZ we k i M elyvi djvdj Abyhvqx cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi mvdj A bkuvb wbf i K i wkïi evwo Z G e vcv i KZUv abvz K g bvfve cvly Kiv nq Zvi Ici AviI `Lv hvq h, mme wkïivb cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µg n Z me P q ewk DcK Z n q Q hv `i gv qiv Zv `i K Nwbôfv e mgq w` q Q GLv b D j L Kiv cö qvrb h, gvzvwczvi mswk ózv GKwU RwUj I eûgylx cöwµqv Ges GwU wewfbœ eqm i wewfbœ ikg myzivs cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi Kvh KvwiZv A bkuvb wbf i K i cwievi, evwo I gvzvwczvi f~wgkvi Ici cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk v_ x `i `xn gqvw` wkl bi Rb gvzvwczv `i ïay AskMÖnYB h _ó bq eis wkï I Zvi cwiev ii g a cvi úwik abvz K m ú K i g a gvzvwczv K wklb-mnvqk kw³ wnmv e we epbv Kiv nq Ges wkïi eyw e wëq wekvk Ges cölyv e w Z Zv `i D j L hvm f~wgkv i q Q ( ei GUv K g U, 1985 Ges GbUzB j, 1990) e j wek vm Kiv nq myzivs cövk-we` vjq Kvh µ gi Kvh KvwiZv hvpvb qi Rb cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi ˆewk ó i mv _ mvgvwrk cuf~wg Z_v cwievi I we` vjq cöwµqv wgwj q `Lv `ikvi Ges mb mv _ B Uvi fbkb PjvKvjxb Ges ZrcieZ xkv j wkïi Ae vi we epbvq biqv `ikvi (DW nw, 1985 Ges GbUzB j, 1990) me wgwj q ez gvb M elyvi djvd ji wfwë Z GB Dcmsnv i Avmv hvq h, wkïi wkl bi Ici cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi GKwU abvz K cöfve c o; Z e GB cöfve Y vqx nq; hgb wkïiv AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz niqvi c i cö_g kªyx ch š - GB cöfve Kvh Ki _v K B Uvi fbkb PjvKvjxb Ges B Uvi fbkb ciez xkv ji g a e eavb evovi mv _ mv _ wkïi Ici Gi wk vg~jk cöfve Kg Z _v K AvbyôvwbK we` vj qi cöpwjz wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ gi cöfv e cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi cöfve Av -Av -Kg Z _v K Avgiv hw` cövk-cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µ gi D Ïk jv cybtbxwi v Kwi Zvn j `Le cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi Aš f y³ Ges ewnf~ Z wkï `i cö_g I wøzxq kªyx Z Zzjbvg~jK AR b cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi g~j j i mv _ wg j hvq GRb GB Kg m~wp c~ e D j wlz D Ïk ewj AR b mg_ nq hv nvk, we` vjq n Z S i cov Ges cöv_wgk wk v kl Kivi nvi e w i g Zv D Ïk jv GL bv AR bi A c vq Ic ii Av jvpbv n Z GB Dcmsnv i Avmv hvq h, cövk-cöv_wgk wk v cövwzôvwbk ch v q we` vj q Ges mgv R Dfq mevmönxzvi Kv QB MÖnY hvm Zv c q Q Gi Øviv evsv hvq h, hv `i Rb GB Kg m~wp M nxz nq A_ vr wkï `i Ici cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi abvz K cöfve i q Q Ges mb mv _ mswk ó e w³ `i Ici hgb wk K, gvzvwczv Gfv e, GKwU vqx cövk-cöv_wgk Kg m~wpi Rb wewfbœ e e v MÖnY Kiv Ri wi we ep welq 1. `xn vqx M elyvi gva g wk vµg Ges wk Y-wkLb Kvh µ g A_ evak cwiez b Avbvi ga w` q G Kg m~wp K AviI kw³kvjx Kiv h Z cv i GRb cövk- kke Kvh µ g wbhy³ wk K `i wkï `i cövk- kke wekvk m ^ Ü wbweo Ávb _vkv `ikvi Ges GB Ávb kªyxk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

wewfbœgylx e env i Zv `i K cvi`k x n Z n e 2. cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q AwaKZi hvm Zvm úbœ wk K wb qvm Kiv `ikvi wk K wb qv Mi Rb mywbw` ó bxwzgvjv cöyqb Kiv h Z cv i wkï g bvweávb, cö wz, wk Y-wkLb DcKi Yi Kvh Ki e envi KŠkj, wg_w Œq wk Y-wkLb cöf wzi Ici wk K `i cöwk Y cö`vb Kiv `ikvi cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk K `i Rb wbqwgz mäxebx Kv m i e e v ivlv Ri wi 3. gvzvwczvi AviI Kvh Ki AskMÖnY wbwðz Kiv `ikvi Zv `i ïay Dcw wz Lye GKUv dj`vqk bq mš v bi wk v Kvh µ g gvzvwczvi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n e ckvrxex, wk K Ges gvzvwczv GKmv _ KvR Ki Z cv ib gvwmk mfv ev IqvK k ci gva g gvzvwczvi AskMÖnY wbwðz Kiv hvq 4. ` e w³ `i Øviv AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk we` vjq ch š GKv WwgK ZË veavb wbwðz Kiv `ikvi 5. AvbyôvwbK we` vj qi cöavb wk K Ges kªyxwk K `i K GB cöwµqvq kvwgj Ki Z n e, hv Z Zviv cövk-cöv_wgk wk v m ^ Ü Rvb Z cv i Ges wbqwgz cövk-cöv_wgk kªyxk cwi`k b K i GB M elyvi djvdj cö qvrbxq welq jv K Av jvpbvi K `ªwe `y Z wb q G m Q mwz wkš wvk wk wk e e v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ GUv wba viy Kivi Rb YMZ I cwigvymz Dfq c wz Z AviI e vck ai bi M elyvi cö qvrb i q Q Ges mlv b RwUj wklb Î K we epbvq Avb Z n e 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

gvbmn mgzv: cöv_wgk G RÛv 1 GWy Kkb IqvP 2003 I 2004 - Gi g~j cöwz e` bi mvims c gbryi Avng`*, mgxi iäb bv_** cöv_wgk wk v nj RvZxq wk ve e vi ^i~c Ges Gi Ici wfwë K ib ˆZwi nq RvwZi wk vi mša GiB gva g e w³i ciezx wk vi cöqvm I Rxe bi m vebv c~y Zv c Z cv i bvbv ikg cöwzk jzv m Ë I wemz c bi eq i evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vq h AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q, Zv K wk vi AMÖMwZ Z GK D¾ j Av jvkiwk e j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq wemz GK `k K cöv_wgk wk v Î GKwU eo AMÖMwZ nj cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i Î wj½mgzv AR b Ab vb D j L hvm mvd j i g a Av Q MÖm I wbu& fwz i nvi e w, S i covi nvi K g hviqv Ges cöv_wgk wk vpµ mgvwßi nvi e w wk vi wewfbœ D ` v Mi dj wnmv e GB mvdj G m Q GB me D ` v Mi g a i q Q webvg~ j cvv cȳ K weziy, wk vi wewbg q Lv` Kg m~wp, `wi`ª wk v_x `i Rb e wëi e e v, gva wgk i MÖvgxY `wi`ª g q `i Rb wk vi LiP gikzd Ges Zv `i Rb e wë wk vi YMZ gvb e w i D Ï k cöv_wgk wk vi Rb hvm ZvwfwËK wk vµg cöyqb Kiv n q Q we` vjqewnf ~Z wk v_x `i Kv Q wk v K cuš Q `Iqvi Rb emikvwi ^ Qv mex msmvb jv (GbwRI) mdjzvi mv _ wekvj AvKv ii wk v Kg m~wp ev evq b cw_k r wn m e KvR Ki Q cöv_wgk wk vi Dbœqb Kg KvÊ K Z ivwš^z Ki Z wk vlv Z RvZxq ev RU eivï e w Kiv n q Q Ges mv _ mv _ ˆe `wkk mvnvh I D j L hvm cwigv Y msmön Kiv n q Q evsjv `k Ômevi Rb wk võ I ÔWvKvi Kg KvVv gvõ Ges 2015 mv ji Rb wbav wiz RvwZmsN mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîvõ AR b A½xKvive ` ki RvZxq Dbœqb j Ges cwikíbvi cöavb D Ïk `vwi`ª `~ixkiy I gvbe Dbœqb G Î wk v, we klz gšwjk ch v qi wk v, i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i cöv_wgk wk v Î RvZxq j gvîv Ges cöwzkö wzmg~n wøzxq cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kg m~wp Z (wcbwwwc-2) cöwzdwjz n q Q GwU Dbœqb mn hvmx cöwzôvbmg~ ni mnvqzvq cwipvwjz GKwU DcLvZ Kg m~wp cöv_wgk we` vj q Avek Kxq YMZ gvb wbwðzki Yi Rb GB Kg m~wpi cöavb D Ïk nj cöv_wgk wk vq mkj wkïi cö ek I Zv `i AskMÖnY Ges Zv `i Rb gvbm Z wk vi evav jv `~i Kivi e vcv i Zrci niqv Reaching Out of School Children (ROSC) cök íi gva g we` vjq ewnf ~Z wek j wkï K wk v mev `Iqvi Rb DcvbyôvwbK wk v K `ª * AvnŸvqK - ÔGWy Kkb IqvPÕ, I cwipvjk, eªvk wek we` vjq wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv * * eª vk M elyv wefv Mi wk v BDwb Ui cöavb M elk mn hvmxe ` - AvjZvd nv mb, gv: gvneyeyj Kwei, gv: Aveyj Kvjvg, wgr v gv: knrvgvj, ivrx wbjydvi Bqvmwgb I ZvZv Rvdi evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

ˆZwii cwikíbv MÖnY Kiv n q Q wcbwwwc-2-gi cwic~ik wn m e D³ cwikíbv ev evwqz n e e j Avkv Kiv hvq KviY wcbwwwc-2 Gi Kvh µg cöv_wgk wk vi mikvwi AvbyôvwbK Lv Zi g a B mxwgz ivlv n q Q ROSC cök íi GKwU D j L hvm ˆewkó nj - Gi gva g AvbyôvwbK we` vj qi GKwU m ú~ik aviv wn m e GbwRI cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µ gi cö qvrbxqzv g b biqv n q Q Ges GB Kvh µ gi GKwU ^xk wzi AwR Z n q Q wk v Î bvbvb Kvh µg I Kg m~wp m úbœ Kiv m Ë I wemz GWy Kkb IqvP cöwz e`bmg~n Ges mikvwi Z_ g Z, cöv_wgk wk vq wkïi cö ekvwakvi I AskMÖnY GLbI evavmö I mgm vm¼zj mv cööwzk Kv ji we` vjq fwz I cöv_wgk wk vpµ m úbœ Kievi nvi we epbv K i ejv hvq, 40 kzvs kii ewk msl K wkï cöv_wgk wk vpµ kl bv K ib cöv_wgk wk vi eq:µg AwZµg K i Ab w` K, wklb ` Zv I cövwš K hvm Zv AR bmsµvš M elyvi djvdj we k ly K i GK_v wbwðz K i ejv hvq h, ` ki wkï `i GKwU eo Ask, cöwz wzb R bi g a Aš Z `y Rb, Kvb ikg gšwjk wk v, mv izv, MvwYwZK ` Zv I Rxeb wbe v ni cö wzg~jk wk v QvovB hše b c`vc Y K i WvKvi j gvîvi AMÖMwZ hvpvb qi D Ï k 2005 mv ji Rb BD b v h cwiex Y cöwz e`b 2004 mv ji b f ^i gv m cökvk K i Q, Zv Z wk vq we k i wewfbœ ` ki cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i nvi, wj½mgzv m~pk Ges cöv_wgk we` vj q Mg bvc hvmx wkï `i câg kªyx ch š wu K _vkvi nv ii Ici i Z v ivc K i wk v Dbœqb m~pk cöez b Kiv n q Q GB m~pk Abymv i we k i 127wU ` ki g a evsjv ` ki Ae vb (107), fvi Zi (106) wvk cq b Ges cvwk vb (123) I bcv ji (110) Av M GB djvdj we k ly K i `Lv hvq, `k jv hw` Dwj wlz m~pk jv Z AMÖMwZ `ª ZZi Ki Z bv cv i, Z e 2015 mv ji g a AR b hvm wba vwiz WvKvi Kg cwikíbvi j gvîv AR b Ki Z cvi e bv úózb wcbwwwc-2 Ges ROSC cökímn mikv ii wewfbœ Kg KŠkj I Kg m~wp, we klz h jv myweavewâz wkï `i K j K i cwipvwjz, m jv mdj niqv cö qvrb M elyv: cökœ I c wz gvbm Z wk Y-wkLb I cöv_wgk wk v Î mgzvmn my hvm cö`vb evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Î we kl i Z c~y welq wn m e we ep GRb B mevi Rb wk v cwikíbv, wcavigmwc, wcbwwwc-2 Ges ROSC cökímn RvZxq ch v qi wewfbœ cwikíbv I cöwzkö wzmg~ n GB welq jvi cöwzdjb `Lv hvq GWy Kkb IqvP 2003 I 2004-Gi g~j cöwzcv` welq nj mgzvmn gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v G Î c~ e i GWy Kkb IqvP mg~ ni djvdj K we epbv Kiv n q Q Ges `kwu Dc Rjvi wba vwiz GjvKvq we` vjq I wkï `i wk vi mvd j wewfbœ Dcv`v bi cöfve wb q Mfxi AbymÜvb Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q G QvovI bxwz cöyqb I ev evqbm úwk Z GKwU mvgwmök cwi cöw Z msw ßfv e Dc vcb Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q e nëi I RvZxq ch v qi cwi cöw Zi e` j ez gvb cöwz e` b g~j welqe wn m e z`ªzi (wkï, wk K, AwffveK I we` vjq) I ga ez x (Dc Rjv wk v KZ c I Dc Rjv Ges BDwbqb) ch v qi cwiw wzi Ici bri `Iqv n q Q c~e ez x GWy Kkb 24 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

IqvPmg~ n RvZxq ch v qi e nëi wp Îi w` K ` wó `Iqv n qwqj ez gvb M elyvi gva g h cökœmy jvi DËi LuvRv n q Q m jv nj: 1. wkï `i GKwU eo Ask Kb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v _ K ewâz n Q? 2. we` vjq jv Kb fvjfv e cwipvwjz n Q bv? 3. mkj wkïi Rb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wk v wbwðz Ki Z n j Kx Kx Kiv `ikvi? mviyx 1 M elyvaxb Dc Rjv jvi bvg I ˆewkó wefvm Rjv Dc Rjv ˆewkó mg~n XvKv Uv½vBj gaycyi Avw`evmx msl vjny Rb Mvôxi Dcw wz D P Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv ivrkvnx KzwoMÖvg bv Mk ix AwZ D P Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv nz`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi D P msl v ivrkvnx Zv bvi AwZ D P Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv PÆMÖvg PÆMÖvg jvnvmvov Kg Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv Kzwgj v Pvw `bv cšimfv gvsvgvws Lv` vfvem úbœ GjvKv Gw g cök íi Dcw wz Lyjbv h kvi h kvi m`i kni GjvKv, Kg Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv mvz xiv Zvjv gvsvgvws Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv Wwe DGdwcÕi we zu weziy Kg m~wp ewikvj ei bv cv_invuv D P Lv` vfvem úbœ GjvKv ewikvj ev KiMÄ Kg Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv wm ju wm ju MvjvcMÄ ga Lv` vfvem cbœ GjvKv G M elyvi Z_ msmö ni Rb YMZ I cwigvymz Dfq KŠkjB wgwjzfv e e envi Kiv n q Q G jvi g a i q Q wbweo mv vrkvi I `jxq Av jvpbv, Km& vww, we` vjq I kªyxk ch e Y, wbe vwpz Dc Rjv I we` vjq Rwic, we` vj qi AvIZvaxb GjvKv Kw `ªK Lvbv Rwic Ges cö qvrbxq bw_c Îi ch v jvpbv c~e ez x GWy Kkb IqvP cöwz e`bmg~n I Ab vb M elyv _ K cövß cövmw½k djvdji ez gvb M elyvq mwbœ ek Kiv n q Q wek Lv` Kg m~wp (Wwe DGdwc) KZ K cöyxz ÔLv` AwbivcËv Ae võ Dc Rjv wbe vp bi cöv_wgk wfwë wn m e we epbv Kiv n q Q M elyvaxb Dc Rjv jv Z hv Z ` ki Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi ˆewPÎ dz U I V mrb ` ki QqwU cökvmwbk wefv Mi cöwzwu _ K `ywu K i Dc Rjv wb q gvu 12wU Dc Rjv _ K M elyvi Rb Z_ msmö ni cwikíbv Kiv n qwqj Z_ msmönkv j (RyjvB I AvM 2004) `ke vcx gvivz K eb v niqvi d j XvKv I wm ju wefv Mi `ywu Dc Rjv _ K Z_ msmön Kiv m e nq wb Gi d j gvu `kwu Dc Rjv _ K M elyvi Z_ vw` msm nxz n q Q mviwy 1-G M elyvaxb Dc Rjv jvi ZvwjKv `Iqv n q Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

mviyx 2 wewfbœ DËi`vZv `j, e eüz M elyv KŠkj Ges DËi`vZv `i msl v DËi`vZv `j e eüz KŠkj DËi`vZvi msl v Dc Rjv wbe vnx Kg KZ v mymfxi mv vrkvi 9 Dc Rjv wk v Awdmvi mymfxi mv vrkvi 10 mnkvix Dc Rjv wk v Kg KZ v `jxq Av jvpbv 39 (8) mymfxi mv vrkvi 2 RbcÖwZwbwa `jxq Av jvpbv 54 (7) mymfxi mv vrkvi 3 Dc Rjv DcKiY K `ªi wb ` kk I `wjjcî mv vrkvi I wbix v 7 cöavb wk K mymfxi mv vrkvi 10 mnkvix wk K `jxq Av jvpbv 31 (9) we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m `jxq Av jvpbv 55 (8) wk v_x `jxq Av jvpbv 94 (9) GLb we` vj q hv Q bv Ggb wkï `jxq Av jvpbv 92 (11) fvj QvÎ Km& vww 6 cöwzeüx wkï Km& vww 5 fwz bv niqv wkï Km& vww 5 S i cov wk v_x Km& vww 6 wk v_x `i evev-gv `jxq Av jvpbv 101 (10) fwz bv niqv wk v_x `i evev-gv `jxq Av jvpbv 79 (11) eübxi fz ii msl v `jxq Av jvpbvi msl v wb ` k Ki Q GB M elyvi GKwU we kl w`k nj Lvbv Rwic M elyvaxb cöwzwu Dc Rjv _ K `ywu K i mikvwi cöv_wgk I GKwU wbeübk Z emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq Lvbv Rwic Kiv n q Q me gvu 30wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq 8,212wU Lvbv Rwic Kiv n q Q Lvbv Rwic cökœc Î Aš f y³ QqwU welq nj: Lvbv m`m `i wk vz_, Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Z_, cöv_wgk we` vj q co qv wk v_ x `i Z_, S i cov I we` vj q fwz -bv-niqv wkï `i Z_ Ges M nwk K I wkïkªgm úwk Z Z_ G M elyvq gvv ch v qi Z_ msmö ni Rb gvu wzbwu Rwic cökœcî Ges 22wU wewfbœ ai bi PK&wj ˆZwi I e envi Kiv n q Q cix vg~jk M elyv cwipvjbvi gva g Lmov cökœcî I M elyvc wz ms kvab I cwigvr b Kiv n q Q gvv ch v hi Z_ msmönkvix `i mk jb mvgvwrk M elyvi gvv Rwi ci AwfÁZvm úbœ wq jb Ges Zv `i K M elyvi cökœcî I PK&wj i e envi m ú K nv ZKj g cöwk Y `Iqv n qwqj gvu 36 Rb gvvm elk K Z_ msmö ni D Ï k 6wU ` j fvm Kiv n qwqj cö Z K ` ji bz Z wq jb GKRb AwfÁZvm úbœ M elk, whwb GWy Kkb IqvP M elyv` jii m`m 26 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx