Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis 2017; 5(4): 835839 EISSN: 23207078 PISSN: 23496800 JEZS 2017; 5(4): 835839 2017 JEZS Riv: 17052017 Apt: 18062017 K Snkr Ro Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor, Tmil Nu, Ini R Vishnupriy Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor, Tmil Nu, Ini K Rmrju Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor, Tmil Nu, Ini Eiy n sty stuis on prtory mit, Nosiulus lonispinosus (Evns) inst two spott spir mit, Ttrnyhus urti Koh unr lortory n rnhous onitions K Snkr Ro, R Vishnupriy n K Rmrju Astrt Th prsnt stuy ws onut to trmin th tiv prtorpry rtio o N. lonispinosus t Instry, Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor urin th Sptmr 2014 to April 2015. Th rsults rvl tht Prtorpry rtio 1:10 ws quit tiv to othr prtorpry rtios, whr it ontriut th mn mit rution o 97.32 n 55.05 pr nt in th lorortory n rnhous rsptivly. Furthr, th rnhous stuy init tht nxt to 1:10, prtorpry rtios 1:20 n 1:30 wr qully tiv in ruin th spir mit popultion with mn rution o 46.02 n 39.76 prnt rsptivly. In sty stuis, iool ws oun to hihly toxi to ults (LC50 = 0.006 ppm) ollow y Fnpyroximt (0.026 ppm), Fnzquin (0.084 ppm), proprit (0.091ppm). Spiromsin ws oun to mortly toxi (0.524 ppm) whrs, hxythizox ws oun to lss toxi with hihr LC50 vlu o 1.641 ppm. Kywors: Nosiulus lonispinosus, Ttrnyhus urti, prtorpry rtio, rii sty 1. Introution Ttrnyhus urti Koh, lso known s twospott spir mit (TSSM), is uiquitous n importnt riulturl pst in on wi rn o host plnt spis. It is known to ttk out 1200 spis o plnts, o whih 150 r onomilly importnt [22]. It ts rops y irt in, ruin th r o photosynthti tivity n my rsult in l sission in svr insttion [4]. It is iiult to with riis us most popultions hv vlop rsistn to svrl hmil roups [16]. Th rsistn vlopmnt is vour y its hih rproutiv potntil n xtrmly short li yl [7]. As n ltrntiv to hmil ttis, most o th rowrs hv n movin towrs ioloil or TSSM mnmnt. Th most tiv nturl nmis o T. urti inlu prtory rom th mily Phytosii. Phytosiulus prsimilis n Nosiulus liornius spis hv n usin sussully in IPM prormms spilly in rn houss o Amrin n Europn ountris. In rnt yrs, Nosiulus lonispinosus hs riv xtnsiv ttntion in Asi [13]. N. lonispinous is typ II, spiliz r o ttrnyhis [12]. In Ini it hs n oun s wily istriut spis n osrv to on ttrnyhis on irnt rops [5, 9]. It is plyin siniint rol in nturl ioloil o spir. Stuis on xploittion o this spis s ioloil nt r lkin. In this ontxt, thr is n to trmin th iy o N. lonispinous in mintinin th T. urti popultion low min lvls. Dspit th suss o prtory in ruin popultions o spir, rii pplitions my still nssry u to limittions ssoit with th tivnss o rls prtory. Hn throuh th prsnt stuy n ttmpt ws m to vlut th iy o N. lonispinosus n its sty to th ommonly us riis. Corrsponn K Snkr Ro Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor, Tmil Nu, Ini 2. Mtrils n Mthos: Th prsnt stuy ws onut t Instry, Dprtmnt o Entomoloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor (1.0152 N, 76.9326 E) urin th Sptmr 2014 to April 2015. ~ 835 ~
Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis 2.1 Stok ulturs o T. urti n N. lonispinosus Both T. urti n N. lonispinosus wr ollt rom pott okr plnts rown in th Aroloy lss hous n us to strt th stok olony. N. lonispinosus ults ollt rom th lss hous lon with th T. urti wr trnsrr onto th mulrry lvs (S38 vrity) pl on plsti trys (30 10 5.5 m) ontinin spon o 1.5 m thiknss lyr with th moist otton p. Wtr ws to th rrin unit s n whn nssry to kp th otton moist n thry to prvnt lvs rom ryin. Grvi mls o N. lonispinosus lon with spir wr xmin or vry 2 ys to hk th popultion o th prtor. Whnvr th prtor popultion inrs ol lvs wr ut into its o 2 m 2 n ths its wr pl on nw mulrry l lon with pry. Both th spir mit n prtory mit olony ws mintin t 27± 2 o C n 75±10 RH n utiliz or onutin th xprimnts. 2.2 Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti unr lortory onitions Th iy o N. lonispinosus to mn T. urti in lortory ws onut y rlsin irnt numrs on to th xprimntl rns. Exprimntl rn ws prpr with hni l its (4x4 m) pl on moist otton ps in ptri plts (10 m i.). L its wr inst with 100 mix sts o T. urti n prtors wr rls t th nsity o 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 n 10 rvi ml(s) pr llt so tht prtorpry rtio o 1:100, 1:50, 1:33, 1:25, 1:20 n 1:10 wr otin. Llts ontinin 100 mix sts o r spir mit without prtor srv s. All xprimnts wr onut t 25±2 ºC n 75±10 RH with iv rplitions. Numr o ll sts o oth pry n prtors rminin on h l it ws ror tr th ith y o rls usin Stro inoulr mirosop. 2.3 Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti unr lss hous onitions Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti unr lss hous onitions ws onut on 1monthol okr plnts rown in rthn pots pl t Aroloy lsshous. Plnts wr rtiiilly inst with spir n llow or multiplition. Atr 5 ys o rls, numrs o pr plnt wr ount n prtory wr rls in th rtio o 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, n 1:50 prtorpry rtio ompr with nzquin 10 EC @ 1ml/litr lon with untrt s hk. Son rls ws m t 14 th y tr irst rls. Osrvtions on th popultion o T. urti pr 2 m 2 ws ount on top, mil, ottom o lvs o plnt or n tr 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, n 14 ys tr irst son n rls. Th xprimnt ws rri out in Compltly Rnomiz Blok Dsin (CRBD) with svn trtmnts n thr rplitions. 2.4 Sty o ommonly us riis to Aults o N. lonispinosus An Exprimnt ws rri out to trmin th LC 50 vlus o ommonly us riis viz., nzquin 10 EC, npyroximt 5 SC, hxythizox 5.45 EC, proprit 57 EC, spiromsin 22.9 SC n iool 18.5 EC lon with untrt (wtr spry) hk. All th stuis wr onut with ommril ormultions usin l ip mtho. Prliminry rn inin tst ws onut to hv nrrow onntrtion n iossy ws rri out usin okr l iss o 3 m imtr immrs in h prpr rii onntrtions or 30 sons n thn lt to ir ry. Trt l iss wr thn put on otton ps with otton rrirs to prvnt th sp o. Tn ult mls wr trnsrr on to h l is n our rplitions wr mintin or h onntrtion. Osrvtions on th mortlity wr ror tr 24 n 48 hours o trtmnt n LC 50 ws work out. Rltiv toxiity o hmil ws lult y iviin th LC 50 o lst toxi hmil with othr hmils tst. 2.5 Sttistil nlysis Dt wr pool n mortlity ws onvrt to prnt mortlity. Any mortlity in th ws orrt usin th Aott s ormul [1]. Th onntrtion n tim mortlity rsponss o vrious xprimnts wr sujt to proit nlysis [3] usin sttistil pk or Soil Sins (SPSS), Vr. 10.00 SPSS In., USA. Th nlysis o vrin in irnt xprimnts ws rri out in AGRES. Th trtmnt mn vlus o th xprimnt wr ompr usin Lst Siniint Dirn (LSD). 3. Rsults n Disussion Th lortory stuy to trmin th iy o N. lonispinosus in hkin th popultion uilup o T. urti on th tst xprimntl rn or iv ys show siniint irn in prtion, twn irnt prtor pry rtios. Rsults prsnt in Tl1 rvl tht thr ws trmnous rution in th numr o on l it whih riv 10 prtors with th prtor pry rtio o 1: 10 n it ws on pr with rtios 1:20 n 1:25 in pr nt rution. Th pry popultion ws ru to 97.32, 94.57 n 94.37 prnt trtmnt whn th proportion o 1:10, 1:20 n 1:25, prtor: pry, rsptivly. As or th numr o prtors rmin on th l its, it ws noti tht hih numr o prtors, 18.75 ± 1.25 n 14.75 ± 0.36 wr ror on trtmnts with rtios 1:33 n 1:20 rsptivly. In ition to hih numr o prtors thr ws low numr o pry lso noti on th l its rivin ths trtmnts. Lowr numr o prtors n hihr numr o prys wr ror on th llt tht riv only 1 prtory mit with th rtio o 1:100. Rsults wr initin tht th tiv rtios wr twn 1:10 to 1:33. Rsults r in orn with rlir workrs [17, 23]. In rnhous iy stuis, th prtrtmnt popultion ws in th rn o 50.23 to 56.38 2 m 2 l r (Tl 2). Th rsults osrv tr irst tim rls rvl tht th spir mit popultion ws siniintly ru upto svn ys tr rls in ll th trtmnts thn untrt hk. Atr svn ys, thr ws rul inrs in spir. Amon th prtor pry rtios 1:10 ws oun to mor tiv n ror th lowst mn mit popultion o 25.70 in 2 m 2 l r tr irst rls with hihst pool mn rution o 49.71 pr nt. This ws ollow y rtios, 1:20 n 1:30 whih h similr t in ruin th mit popultion n ror th hihr pool mn rution o 40.55 n 34.19 pr nt rsptivly. In ontrry, th plnts whih riv th prtor pry rtio o 1: 50 h hihr numr o 40.56 with low pool mn rution o 20.62 pr nt ws ror. Th stnr hk nzquin 10 EC (1 ml L 1 ) ws siniintly suprior to ll othr trtmnts n ror hihst pool mn rution in th mit popultion o 80.06 pr nt tr irst tim pplition. A similr trn ws lso osrv tr son tim pplition o irnt trtmnts inst spir (Tl 3). Atr two tims pplition o irnt prtor pry rtios t th intrvl o ourtn ys, It ws oun tht th prtor pry rtio 1:10 ws quit tiv to othr prtorpry ~ 836 ~
Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis rtios with umultiv mn rution o 55.05 pr nt. Th nxt in th orr o iy wr 1:20, 1:30, 1:40 n 1:50with umultiv mns mit rution o 46.02, 39.76, 31.04 n 23.52 pr nt rsptivly (Tl 4). Th prsnt stuy init tht th rls o N. lonispinosus t low spir mit popultion prrly t th prtorpry rtios o 1:10, 1:20 n 1:30 oul hk rpi multiplition o T. urti. Rsults r in rmnt with rlir workr [6] who rport tht rlsin o N. lonispinosus t th rt 1:5, 1:10 or 1:20 wr tiv in lin th popultion o T. knzwi in t plnttion. Similrly, Jnnth [8] lso osrv 1:10 rtio s optimum rtio in hkin th T. urti in rnhouss. Prvious workrs [17, 23] sust tht prtorpry rtio 1:25 woul suitl to th E. nni on lim plnts n O. o in t plnttions, rsptivly. In our stuy w osrv th str multiplition o T. urti ompr to N. lonispinosus t vourl onitions o rnhous. In ition to tht spir mit prou omplit ws; ths ws rsult in rrstmnt o prtory mit. Assiility to pry (i.., pity to pntrt omplit ws) my th most siniint ritrion or sussul prtion y phytosii in ws prou y Ttrnyhus spir [18]. Nturl nmis r usully mor susptil to th ts o pstiis thn thir plnt in hosts or pry owin to thir smllr siz, srhin hits, usully lss vlop nzym toxiition systms. Sty o riis ws tst inst th ults o N. lonispinosus n LC 50 vlus o h rii r prsnt in th Tl 5. Amon th riis tst, iool ws oun to hihly toxi with lowr LC 50 vlu o 0.006 ppm. Nxt in orr ws npyroximt (0.026 ppm), nzquin (0.084 ppm), proprit (0.091 ppm) n whih wr lso oun to hihly toxi. Spiromsin ws oun to mortly toxi with LC 50 vlu o 0.524 ppm, whrs, hxythizox ws s rii with hihr LC 50 vlu o 1.641 ppm. Fnzquin, npyroximt n proprit r nonsltiv riis, whih inhiit th mitohonril lltron trnsport. Whrs, hxythizox n spiromin r sltiv riis whih t s mit rowth rultors. Sty o hxythizox n spriomin is u to thir potnt oviil tion thn ultii tion. Hxythizox ( thizoliin rivtiv) is nonsystmi rii with ontt n stomh tion. It hs oviil, lrviil n nymphiil tivity [20]. It hs th synristi tivity on prtor rproution n lso th pstii rsistn u to prsn o toxiyin nzyms lik strs, P450, GST n AChE nzyms n ltr trt sit rsistn [19]. This is in rmnt with th Nimi t l. [14] n Sntr t l. [20] who osrv sty o hxythizox inst P. prsimilis vn tr rqunt il rommn oss. Spiromsin ( ttroni i rivtiv) hs n ommriliz s riis with novl mo o tion (inhiitor o tylcoaroxyls) inst spir n whitlis. It is poor ultii. Prsnt inins in support rom th rports o rlir workr [11] who osrv th rowth rultin tion o spiromin on s n nymphs o whitlis. Hih toxiity o iool [15, 21], nzuqin [2, 10], n npyroximt [14] ws rport y mny wokrs. Howvr, Nusrtlrt t l. [15] osrv th mort toxiity o proprit on th N. lonispinosus. Tl 1: Eiy o N. lonispinosus to T. urti on hni t th lortory onitions 27±2 C Prtor : pry rtio* Numr o prtor mn* ± SE Numr o pry mn* ± SE Pr nt rution 1:100 7.50 ± 0.29 127.25 ± 1.89 63.19 1:50 14.50 ± 0.65 77.75 ± 2.39 78.64 1:33 18.75 ± 1.25 51.00 ± 3.11 85.99 1:25 13.00 ±0.71 20.50 ± 0.96 94.37 1:20 14.75 ±0.36 19.75 ± 2.10 94.57 1:10 11.50 ± 0.65 9.75 ± 0.63 97.32 Control 364 ±3.28 SE 1.14 7.83 CD (P=0.05) 2.39 16.45 *Mn o iv rplitions. Vlus in prnthss r x+0.5 trnsorm vlus. In olumn mns ollow y ommon lttrs r not siniintly irnt t P = 0.05 y LSD Trtmnts Tl 2: Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti on hni in lss hous onitions (I rls) Prtrtmnt ount ( 2 m 2 ) 2 m 2 Dys tr irst rls 3 5 7 10 14 Pool mn rution 2 m 2 rution 2 m 2 rution 2 m 2 rution 2 m 2 rution T1 Prtor pry 34.33 50.23 26.67 37.95 20.16 44.82 22.00 56.04 57.66 25.70 53.11 rtio@1:10 (5.90) (5.21) (4.55) (4.74) (5.08) (5.54) T2 Prtor pry 38.12 52.36 28.34 30.85 25.34 41.37 27.42 44.74 47.23 30.38 39.50 rtio @1:20 (6.21) (5.37) (5.08) (5.28) (5.76) (5.95) T3 Prtor 42.67 51.08 30.66 22.88 28.00 36.57 30.54 38.94 41.22 33.63 32.85 pry rtio@1:30 (6.57) (5.58) (5.34) (5.57) (6.06) (6.21) T4 Prtor 44.66 54.62 34.23 19.28 31.16 29.19 34.34 32.05 33.19 36.89 25.77 pry rtio@1:40 (6.72) (5.89) (5.63) (5.90) (6.37) (6.74) T5 Prtor 46.38 53.00 38.42 16.17 33.84 20.52 39.02 26.21 24.90 40.56 16.40 pry rtio@1:50 (6.85) (6.24) (5.86) (6.29) (6.76) (3.30) T6 Fnzquin 14.30 55.13 8.62 74.15 3.15 82.16 9.62 93.13 81.48 10.19 71.78 10 EC@1ml/lit. (3.85) (3.02) (1.91) (3.18) (3.97) (3.27) T7 Untrt 55.33 56.38 48.34 45.86 51.96 54.00 51.10 Control (7.47) (6.98) (6.80) (7.24) (7.38) (7.18) SE 0.71 1.89 0.67 0.81 0.76 CD (P=0.05) 1.55 4.21 1.48 1.77 1.67 *Mn o iv rplitions. Vlus in prnthss r x+0.5 trnsorm vlus. In olumn mns ollow y ommon lttrs r not siniintly irnt t P = 0.05 y LSD 2 m 2 rution 49.71 40.55 34.19 27.80 20.62 80.06 ~ 837 ~
Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis Trtmnts Tl 3. Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti on hni in lss hous onitions (II rls) Prtrtmnt ount ( 2 m 2 ) Dys tr son rls 3 5 7 10 14 Pool mn rution rution rution rution rution rution 2 m 2 2 m 2 2 m 2 2 m 2 2 m 2 2 m 2 23.20 20.86 16.52 18.44 20.35 19.87 23.20 20.86 16.52 18.44 20.35 (4.87) (4.62) (4.13) (4.35) (4.57) (4.51) (4.87) (4.62) (4.13) (4.35) (4.57) 31.34 28.42 22.36 23.36 25.34 26.24 31.34 28.42 22.36 23.36 25.34 (5.64) (5.41) (4.78) (4.88) (5.08) (5.17) (5.64) (5.41) (4.78) (4.88) (5.08) 34.96 31.05 25.34 27.32 29.24 29.58 34.96 31.05 25.34 27.32 29.24 (6.30) (5.62) (5.08) (5.27) (5.45) (5.48) (6.30) (5.62) (5.08) (5.27) (5.45) 39.25 36.24 31.52 33.64 35.68 35.27 39.25 36.24 31.52 33.64 35.68 (6.30) (6.06) (5.66) (5.84) (6.01) (5.98) (6.30) (6.06) (5.66) (5.84) (6.01) 43.96 40.32 35.26 38.82 40.68 39.69 43.96 40.32 35.26 38.82 40.68 (6.67) (6.39) (5.98) (6.27) (6.37) (6.34) (6.67) (6.39) (5.98) (6.27) (6.37) 7.62 2.30 3.45 7.62 10.39 6.28 7.62 2.30 3.45 7.62 10.39 T1 Prtorpry rtio@1:10 T2 Prtorpry rtio @1:20 T3 Prtorpry rtio@1:30 T4 Prtor pry rtio@1:40 T5 Prtor pry rtio@1:50 T6 Fnzquin 10 EC@1ml/lit. (2.85) (1.67) (1.99) (2.85) (3.30) (2.61) (2.85) (1.67) (1.99) (2.85) (3.30) T7 Untrt 54.23 51.00 55.26 56.38 52.30 51.21 53.88 54.23 51.00 55.26 56.38 52.30 51.21 Control (7.40) (7.47) (7.54) (7.27) (7.27) (7.37) (7.40) (7.47) (7.54) (7.27) (7.27) SE 1.17 0.60 1.02 0.75 0.73 1.17 0.60 1.02 0.75 0.73 CD (P=0.05) 2.56 1.33 2.21 1.64 1.61 2.56 1.33 2.21 1.64 1.61 *Mn o iv rplitions. Vlus in prnthss r x+0.5 trnsorm vlus. In olumn mns ollow y ommon lttrs r not siniintly irnt t P = 0.05 y LSD Tl 4. Eiy o N. lonispinosus inst T. urti on hni in lss hous onitions Trtmnts Cumultiv pool mn o two rlss / 2 m 2 Rution T1 prtor pry rtio@1:10 22.79 55.05 T2 prtor pry rtio @1:20 28.31 46.02 T3 prtor pry rtio @1:30 31.61 39.76 T4 prtor pry rtio @1:40 36.08 31.04 T5 prtor pry rtio @1:50 40.13 23.52 T6 nzquin 10 EC @1ml/lit. 8.24 84.88 T7 untrt Control 52.49 Tl 5: Sty o ommonly us riis to ult N. lonispinosus Arii Rrssion qution χ 2 Vlu LC50 Fiuil limits (ppm) Lowr Uppr Rltiv toxiity Fnzquin 10 EC @ 2.5 ml/lit Y= 1.11x + 6.20 1.993 0.084 0.048 0.137 19.53 Proprit 57 EC @ 2.5 ml/lit Y = 0.88x + 5.93 4.340 0.091 0.055 0.151 18.03 Fnpyroximt 5 EC @ 0.8 ml/lit Y= 1.25x + 6.97 2.635 0.026 0.017 0.041 63.12 Hxythizox 5.45 EC @ 1ml/lit Y= 2.07x + 4.57 7.225 1.641 1.365 1.973 1.00 Spiromin 22.9 SC @ 0.8ml/lit Y = 0.90x + 5.27 4.391 0.524 0.343 0.799 3.13 Diool 18.5 EC @ 2.5 ml/lit Y = 1.10x + 7.39 4.906 0.006 0.004 0.010 273.50 4. Conlusion Rsults rom th prsnt stuy sust tht th rls o N. lonispinosus t th prtor pry rtios twn 1:10 to 1:30 oul hk rpi multiplition o T. urti. Us o sltiv riis lik hxythizox n spiromin urthr inrs th tivnss o prtory in Intrt Pst Mnmnt prormms. 5. Aknowlmnt Authors knowl th All Ini Ntwork Projt on Ariulturl Aroloy, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity (TNAU), Coimtor, Ini or proviin nssry ilitis in onutin th xprimnts. 6. Rrns 1. Aott WS. A mtho omputin th tivnss o n instii. Journl o Eonomi Entomoloy. 1925; 18(2):265267. 2. Alinj M, Khrmn K, Fthipour Y. Sulthl ts o nzquin on li tl prmtrs o th prtory mit Amlysius swirskii (Ari: Phytosii). Exprimntl n Appli Aroloy. 2014; 64(3):361 73. 3. Finny DJ. Proit nlysis. En.3, Cmri Univrsity Prss, Cmri, UK, 1971, 333. 4. Gormn K, Hwitt F, Dnholm I, Dvin GJ. Nw vlopmnts in instii rsistn in th lsshous whitly (Triluros vporriorum) n th twospott spir mit (Ttrnyhus urti) in th UK. Pst Mnmnt Sin. 2002; 58(2):123130. 5. Hn S, Snnn MA. Survy o prtory (Ari: Phytosii) ssoit with onomilly importnt plnts o north Krl. Bioloil Forum. 2013; 5(2):119122. 6. Hsio SN. Stuis on th ioloil o t pst in Tiwn. In Rnt Dvlopmnt in T Proution (E. Chiu TF, Wn CH, Toyun). Tiwn T Exprimnt Sttion, 1988, 149160. ~ 838 ~
Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis 7. Ismil MSM, Solimn MFM, El Nr MH, Ghll MM. Ariil tivity o spinos n mtin inst two spott spir. Exprimntl n Appli Aroloy. 2007; 43(2):129135. 8. Jnnth SR. Invstitions on th prtors o spir mit, Ttrnyhus urti Koh on okr. M.S. (A.) Thsis, Tmil Nu Ariulturl Univrsity, Coimtor, Ini. 2009, 70. 9. Krmkr K, Gupt SK. Prtory mit un ssoit with Arihortiulturl rops n ws rom th Gnti Plins o Wst Bnl, Ini. Zoo symposi. 2011; 6(1):6267. 10. Kim SS, Yoo SS. Comprtiv toxiity o som riis to th prtory mit, Phytosiulus prsimilis n th two spott spir mit, Ttrnyhus urti. Bio Control. 2002; 47(5):563573. 11. Kumri S, Chuhn U, Kumri A, N G. Comprtiv toxiitis o novl n onvntionl riis inst irnt sts o Ttrnyhus urti Koh (Arin: Ttrnyhi). Journl o th Sui Soity o Ariulturl Sins. 2017; 16(2):191196. 12. MMurtry JA, Crot BA. Listyls o phytosii n thir rols in ioloil. Annul Rviw o Entomoloy. 1997; 42(1):291321. 13. MMurtry JA, Mors GJD, Sourssou NF. Rvision o th listyls o phytosii (Ari: Phytosii) n implitions or ioloil strtis. Systmti n Appli Aroloy. 2013; 18(4):297320. 14. Nimi A, Kmli K, Ari M, Aoli F. Sits o thr riis on th prtory mit, Phytosiulus prsimilis AthisHnriot (Ari: Phytosii) unr lortory onitions. Munis Entomoloy n Zooloy. 2008; 3(2):556567. 15. Nusrtlrt N, Vihitnh P, Bkr GT, Chnrpty A. Pstiiinu mortlity n prypnnt li history o th prtory mit Nosiulus lonispinosus (Ari: Phytosii). In Trns in Aroloy. Proins o th 12th Intrntionl Conrss. 2010; 16:495498. 16. Pirno TG, Bull J, Morls MA, Lvin LC, Wlsh DB, Zhu F. Molulr mhnisms o Ttrnyhus urti hmil pttion in hop ils. Sintii Rports. 2015; 5:17090. 17. Rhmn VJ, Bu A, Rook kumr A, Prumlsmy K, Vsnth kumr DK, Surmnim MSR. Eiy, pry st prrn n optimum prtorpry rtio o th prtory mit, Nosiulus lonispinosus Evns (Ari: Phytosii) to th r spir mit, Olionyhus o Nitnr (Ari: Ttrnyhi) instin t. Arhivs o Phytoptholoy n Plnt Prottion. 2012; 45(6):699706. 18. Slis MW, Bkkr FM. How prtory op with th w o thir ttrnyhi pry: untionl viw on orsl htotxy in th Phytosii. Exprimntl n Appli Aroloy. 1992; 16(3):203225. 19. Slmn SY, Rp AY. Anlysis o hxythizox rsistn mhnisms in lortory slt prtory mit Nosiulus liornius (Ari: Phytosii). Turkish Journl o Entomoloy. 2013; 37(4):409422. 20. Sntr E, Shoushtri RV, Zmni AA, Njin ES. Et o rqunt pplition o hxythizox on prtory mit Phytosiulus prsimilis AthisHnriot (Ari: Phytosii). Ami Journl o Entomoloy. 2011; 4(3):94101. 21. Sinh SP, Sinh RN. Eiy o som pstiis inst spir mit, Ttrnyhus urti Koh n its prtory mit, Amlysius lonispinosus (Evns). Rsistnt Pst Mnmnt Nwslttr. 2005; 14(2):711. 22. Thri K. A rviw on rproutiv strtis in two spott spir mit, Ttrnyhus urti Koh (Ari: Ttrnyhi). Journl o Entomoloy n Zooloy Stuis. 2014; 2(5):3539. 23. Thont TA, Chnrpty A, Bkr GT. Bioloy n iy o th prtory mit, Nosiulus lonispinosus (Evns) (Ari: Phytosii) s ioloil nt o Eottrnyhus nni Rimno (Ari: Ttrnyhi). Journl o Appli Entomoloy. 2001; 125(9):543549. ~ 839 ~