m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg

m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg Z Zxq el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1412, Ryb 2006

evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx m úv`kxq cwil` mfvcwz I m úv`k wbe vnx m úv`k m`m : Avey nvwg` jwzd : kwddj Avjg : ggzvr Rvnvb k vgjx AvKei we ekvb ` nvijv`vi cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-3, number-1, June 2006, edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED). 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone 9668593, E-mail: bafed@bangla.net, Website: www.bafed.org Printed by Arka, 6/11 Eastern Plaza, Hatirpool, Dhaka-1205, Phone: 9661129 Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

m úv`kxq gvby li mf Zv, AMÖMwZ, Dbœqb I wekv ki Î weávb I cöhyw³i Abb Ae`vb me Rb ^xk Z GKzk kz Ki c w_ex weávb I cöhyw³ Z hzuzkz AMÖmi n q Q, Zvi mvdj I J¾ j c w_ex K h gvîvq GwM q wb q Q, `yf vm RbK n ji Avgv `i g Zv Z_vKw_Z ÔDbœqbkxjÕ ` k Zvi úk Zgb jv M wb G wek vqb I weáv bi AMÖMvwgZvi hy M Avgiv GLbI eªvz welqwu Avgv `i fvwe q Zz j Avgv `i GB fvebvi mv _ mvhyr _vkvq Ave`yj vn Avj-gyZxi `xn GKhyM Av M Gwel q jlv cöeüwu evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkxi G msl vq cyb:cökvk Kiv nj weávb I cöhyw³ PP vq Avgv `i wk vi nvjwdj Ae v m ú K Avgiv A b K AewnZ AvwQ e U, wkš wk vi cðv`&gywlzvi cq b Avgv `i A`~i`k x-cwikíbv I wk v-e e vcbv Ges wk v-ev R Ui Avw_ K ˆ`b I K QZv Avgv `i mn R PvL c o bv bvbv ïfsk ii duv K wk vi gvu eiv Ïi mvgvb cwigvyi M elyv I weávb PP vi Rb e q nq bv, e q nq bv cöwk Y I D vebg~jk Kv R GRb wk vq A_ vqb welqwu AZ š i Z c~y Ab w` K PvL div jb `wl cöv_wgk ii wk vi Rb G ch š hzuzkz A_ e q n q Q Zv Z kªyxk cvi`wk Zv ev o wb, G ii wk vi gvb Avkvbyiƒc ch v q cuš Q wb GLbI wk vi gvb e w i h- mv Pvi D PviY AvR Pviw` K aÿwbz n Q mw` K å c bv K i AcwiKwíZfv e gva wgk i AcwiYvg`k x GKgyLx wk v ev evq bi h Póv Zv wmz n q Q, wkš welqwu GLbI wb úwë nq wb GB úk KvZi welqwu wb q Mfxifv e wpš vi ci wm vš wb Z n e, GK_vwU AvR ^xk Z wemz `ok eq i Avgv `i ` k wk v Î D j L hvm h c` c jv biqv n q Q Zvi GKwU msw ß KvjvbyµwgK BwZe Ë Ôwk vi KvjcwÄÕ Z mskwjz nj evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkxõi Z Zxq el cö_g msl v Avgiv Ic ii bvbv DcPv i mvwr qwq wk v M elk, wk K I wk v-dbœqb Kg x`i Rb Avgv `i G cöqvm Ae vnz _vk e Avgiv mswk ó mk ji eyw e wëk mn hvwmzv Kvgbv Kwi

m~wp AvMvgx w` bi weávb-cöhyw³ I Z Zxq wek Ave`yj vn Avj-gyZx 7-20 wk vq A_ vqb - GKwU ch v jvpbv W. gbryi Avng` 21-25 cöv_wgk we` vj qi kªyxk cvi`wk Zv W:. wqwïkzi ingvb 27-40 gva wgk i cö vwez GKgyLx wk vµg ev evq bi mgm v I m vebv gvt gv³vi nv mb, gynv ` Avwgi j Bmjvg 41-55 cöm½: evk&wkí k vgjx AvKevi 57-60 wk vi KvjcwÄ 61-64

AvMvgx w` bi weávb-cöhyw³ I Z Zxq wek * Ave`yj vn Avj-gyZx gvby li mf Zv h eû nvrvi eqi a i AmsL PovB-DrivB cwi q GwM q Q Zv Z eiveib weávb I cöhyw³ Kvb-bv- Kvbfv e Qvc d j Q mf Zvi AMÖhvÎvq Pvicv ki cök wz m ^ Ü gvby li Ávb µgvmz e w c q Q, Avi mb m ½ cwi e ki bvbv DcKiY K m µ gb wb Ri myl- ^v Q ` i Rb ewk K i Kv R jvwm q Q cök wzi g a c o gvbyl wb RI; ZvB wb Ri m ^ ÜI gvbyl K Rvb Z n q Q A bk wkqy- m Ávb KI gvbyl Zvi Kv R jvwm q Q mvgvwrk Rxeb hvc bi ZvwM ` Gme RvbvRvwbi m ½ hy³ n q Q gvby li g bvfve Avi g~j eva-zvi b vq-ab v qi Dcjwä, Kj vy-akj v Yi PZbv, my `i-amy ` ii Abyf~wZ GB Dcjwä, PZbv Avi Abyf~wZi RMr KLv bv iƒc wb q Q Aa vz -wpš vi, KL bv `k bi, KL bv wkí-ms wzi gvbyl G c w_ex Z Av m GK mnrvz cöej KŠZ nj mv _ wb q Zvi Zvobvq m µgvmz wb Ri Pvicv ki cwi ek I wek RMr m ^ Ü bvbv cökœ Zv j, m-me cö kœi Reve Lyu R ei K i Gfv e m h Ávb AR b K i P j Zv KB Avgiv ejwq weávb GB Ávb AR bi Rb h mskq I cix vwbix vwfwëk c wz `xn Kvj a i M o D V Q ZvI GB weáv bi A½ Avi Pvicv ki cök wz K gvbyl Zvi cö qvr b h bvbv Kjv KŠk ji mvnv h Kv R jvmvq ev iƒcvš wiz K i P j Zv K Avgiv ejwq cöhyw³ ev cö qvm- KŠkj weávb-cöhyw³ `xn Kvj a i Avgv `i m ½ _vk ji gvbyl h eivei m PZb I mycwikwízfv e Zv `i Kv R jvmv Z c i Q Zv ejv hvq bv cö_gw` K Rxeb avi Yi Rb gvbyl h-me cö qvm- KŠkj Kv R jvwm q Q m wj Ab cövyx `i mnrvz ˆRe Zvobv _ K Zgb DbœZ gv bi bq m ai bi KŠkj cö qv Mi ` óvš Ab bvbv cövyxi g a I wkqy wkqy `L Z cviqv hvq wcuc o, gšgvwq, eveyb cvwl Avkªq wbg v Y Avðh wbcyyzvi cwipq `q; Lv` msm Öni Rb evbi cöf wz cövyx KL bv KL bv ixwzg Zv K Ueyw i Avkªq bq; Lv` msmön ev AvZ i vi Rb nvwzqv ii e envi cövwyrm Z GKev i weij bq wkš gvby li AwfÁZv I gavi wekv ki d j Ae k l GB mnrvz eyw wbf i mbvzb cöhyw³i RvqMvq µ g µ g hyw³ I cix v-wbix vi ga w` q hvpvb niqv weávbwfwëk cöhyw³i D e N U Q mpivpi a i bqv nq cix v-wbf i weáv bi D e AvR _ K gvuvgywu AvovB nvrvi eqi Av M wmök mf Zvi mg q ZLb _ K cix v-wbix vjä Ávb gvbyl ciez xkv ji Kg m~wp cöyq bi Rb e envi Ki Z Avi K i Q; Gme ˆeÁvwbK Áv bi mgš^ q cöhyw³i ÎI GK mgq YMZ cwiez b N U Q Aek weáv bi D ei Av M gvbyl h-me cöhyw³ Kv R jvwm q Q Zv ZI eyw gëvi cwipq bnvz Kg bq cïcvjb, K wl I eqb, M n wbg vy, wgk ii wcivwgw, Pxb ` k KvMR, K úvm I evi `i e envi, avzzi e envi cöf wz Î gvby li Mfxi * wewkó wk vwpš K I weávb jlk MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii mwpe 1998 mv j cöqvz evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 07

ch e Y gzv, K r KŠkj I m RbkxjZvi cwipq cviqv hvq wkš cix v-wbix vi wfwë Z hyw³ I MwY Zi wmuwo e q wm v š cušqevi h eyw MZ DrKl wmökiv AR b K iwqj Zv gvbyl K weáv bi mvabvq Ges mf Zvi AMÖhvÎvq wecyj GK avc GwM q `q Zvici _ K weávb I cöhyw³i g a gjeüb µ gb Nwbô n Z _v K cö_g cö_g weávb I cöhyw³ `z qib AMÖMwZ A c vk Z axi MwZ Z N U Q; wkš Zvici Zv `i g a Avš :m úk hz Nwbô nq ZZ Zv `i Df qi AMÖMwZ Z ivwš^z n Z _v K lvok kz K wek RM Zi ^iƒc m ^ Ü Kvcvwb Kvm- Kcjv ii ˆec wek Avwe v ii mgq _ K AvaywbK weáv bi m~îcvz; mß`k kz K M vwjwji-wbdub Zv K ` p wf Zi Ici `uvo Kivb GB mg qi weávb-wec ei cicib Aóv`k kz K BD iv c cöhyw³-wec e `Lv `q c`v_ we` v I imvqbwe` vi bzzb Ávb hš -e e vi m ½ hy³ n q Drcv`b kw³i wecyj wekvk NUv Z Avi K i bzzb bzzb ai bi R vjvwbi D e G Î µ gb bzzb gvîv hvm Ki Z _v K Dwbk kz K G m we`ÿ r I ezvi Zi ½i cö qvm ïi nq mb m ½ Rxewe` v I wpwkrmvwe` vi Î ec wek iƒcvš i NU Z Avi K i RxevYy-Z Ë i D e I cö qvm ivm cöwz iva Avi wpwkrmv ZB ïay wec e NUvq bv, kj wpwkrmvi ÎI wecyj iƒcvš i Av b wek kz K G m Kvqv Uvg ZË, civgvyy- K `ªi inm D`&NvUb, eskmwzi Ici wbqš Y, gnvkvk werq, Kw úduvi I jrvi cöhyw³ cöf wz bvbv Î we qki AMÖMwZ mgmö c w_ex Z gvby li RxebhvÎvq wecyj iƒcvš ii m~pbv K i Q KL bv KL bv ejv nq, Avgiv AvR Z Zxq cöhyw³-wec ei hy M cö ek K iwq cö_g cöhyw³-wec e N UwQj AvR _ K `yõk eqi Av M, AvVvi kz Ki k lñhvzvqvz, Lwb I wkí-drcv` b ev úxq kw³i cö qv Mi d j wøzxq cöhyw³-wec e `Lv `q GKk eqi Av MÑDwbk kz Ki k lñhlb gvbyl, hvmv hvm, wbg vy, hš cvwz, Av jvkm¾v cöf wz Î we`ÿ rkw³i e envi Ges imvq bi bvbv Avðh Avwe v ii d j AmsL ai bi bzzb Yv Yhy³ K wîg e D veb Ki Z Avi K i Gevi gvî MZ wzb `k K Kw úduvi I Uwj hvmv hvm e e vq we qki AMÖMwZi d j Av ik Z Zxq cöhyw³-wec e Avi n q Q weávb I cöhyw³i KzcÖfve weávb I cöhyw³i GB wecyj AMÖhvÎv wb:m ` n gvby li Rxe b bvbv ai bi ^v Q ` G b w` q Q hvzvqvz I hvmv hv Mi Î wecyj cwiez b N U Q, bvbv wewpî Yv Yi e mvgmöx gvby li AvqË n q Q, ivm-e vwai Ici gvby li KZ Z h ch v q cuš Q Q Zv AZx Z AKíbxq wqj Gm ei d j ïay wek kz Ki g a B c w_exi RbmsL v wzb Yi Ici e o Q, gvby li MovcoZv Avqy cövq wø Y n q Q, mviv c w_ex Z bmivq Yi gvîv cövq wzb Y e o gvu RbmsL vi Pwj k kzvsk Qvwo q wm q Q GB mg q ïay h gvby li ^v Q ` wecyjfv e e o Q ZvB bq, e w i nvii µ gb `ª Z _ K `ª ZZi n q Q Zvi d j hlv b eû j eqi Av M gvby li Avwef v ei ci _ K ïi K i 1830 mvj ch š c w_exi gvu RbmsL v n qwqj gvuvgywu GKk KvwU, mlv b AvR c w_ex Z GKk KvwU gvbyl evo Q gvî `k-evi eq i 08 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

MZ `y'wzbk eq i weávb I cöhyw³i wecyj we vi h gvby li Rb KejB wbi¼zk Kj vy e q G b Q Zv Aek ejv hvq bv eis B Zvg a bvbv ai bi i Zi mgm vi D e N U Q Zvi g a cöavb nj- K) RbmsL vi wec¾bk e w ; L) cwi e ki AebwZ I Zvi fvimv g wech q; M) ` k ` k gvby li Rxebgv b wecyj elg m wó; Ges N) gviyv i cöwz hvwmzv I wek hy i Avk¼v RbmsL vi e w µ gb wec¾bk ch v q cušqv Q c w_exi RbmsL v AvR cuvp kz KvwU Qvwo q wm q Q Avi gvî câvk eq ii g a GB msl v wø Y n q nvrvi KvwU Qvwo q hviqv wewpî bq G mgm vi GKwU KviY nj, h-nv i gvbyl ^v mywe a I wpwkrmv-cöhyw³ e envi K i Zvi g Zz i nvi Kwg q G b Q mfv e Rb nvi n«v mi mg qvwpz D ` vm MÖnY Ki Z cv i wb mv cöwzk Kv j DbœZ `k wj Z G Î ek wkqyuv AMÖMwZ NU ji A c vk Z AbMÖmi `k wj Z RbmsL v GLbI wecyjfv e evo Q LvwbKUv GB RbmsL vi Awbqwš Z e w i Kvi Y c w_ex Z cwi e ki AebwZ µ gb wec¾bk gvîvq wm q cušqv Q bvbv LwbR m ú `i eïgvi e envi Gme Abevqb hvm kw³i c~uwr wb: kl K i Avb Q; eb-ebvbx, eb cövyx BZ vw` wbwe Pv i aÿsm n Q; ivmvqwbk, ZRw Œq I Av iv bvbv ai bi `~ly e vckfv e Qwo q co Q-G Z cök wzi fvimvg webó n q mgmö c w_exi AvengÊ j bvbv ai bi wech qki cwiez bi Avk¼v m wó Ki Q Avw`g mgv R gvby l gvby l GK ai bi mvg weivr KiZ mf Zvi we vi bvbv Rb Mvôxi g a Amg wekv ki mgm v m wó K i Q ez gvbkv j weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZ GB Amg wekv ki aviv K hb Av iv evwo q Zzj Q Zxeª RvZxq I Avš R vwzk cöwz hvwmzvi gy L weávb I cöhyw³i AMÖmi Ávb AvR wuk qk `k Ges m-me ` ki ^ímsl K e emvwqk cöwzôv bi Kv Q Kzw MZ n q co Q Ggwb Av ik wec` `Lv w` q Q c w_ex Z gviyv i m vi e o IVvi Ges Zvi d j wek aÿsmx hy i m vebv m wó nevi Kvi Y gvby li nv Z AvR h cwigvy aÿs mi DcKiY cyäxf~z n q Q Zv Z Kvb Db Ë ivóªbvq Ki wb e va Zvr wyk wmüv š i d j mgmö gvbe-mf Zv aÿsm n q hviqv wewpî bq G wel q wek -gvbe-mgv Ri we epbv-eyw RvMÖZ bv n j wek kvwš i v `yiƒn n q DV Z cv i ez gvb cwiw wzi GKwU cwinvm GB h, weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZ G ai bi mgm vi Rb A bklvwb cwigv Y `vqx n ji Gme mgm vi mgvav bi Rb weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖhvÎv K ä K i `evi K_v KD fve Qb bv, Ges muv g b nq m ei bq eis GKw` K Av iv bzzb Ávb I bzzb cöhyw³i D veb Ges m-me Áv bi m ½ gvbwek PZbvi mgš^q NwU q, Avi Ab w` K mgvrmsmv bi gva gb Gme mgm vi mgvavb n Z cv i muv KZLvwb m e Ges we kl K i evsjv ` ki g Zv Z Zxq we k i `k wji Rb G Î Kg KŠkj Kx n Z cv i m-me cökœ AvR Avgv `i Rb GK AwZ Ri wi we ep welq n q `uvwo q Q Mfxi Áv bi RMr wek kz Ki weáv bi GKwU ˆewkó nj cigvyyi Mvcb K `i _ K gnvwe k i `~izg cövš ch š evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 09

e vß vbkv j AvR gvby li Mfxi AbymÜvb cömvwiz n q Q gvbyl `L Q Avgv `i Pvicv k hv-wkqy NU Q Zvi g~j KviY LyuR Z n j µ g µ g wm q XyK Z nq e i Mfxi _ K MfxiZg RM Z AvKvkUv bxj, A Mvgx m~h jvj, Kvb e nvjkv, KvbUv fvix, Kvb wrwb mi fzi w` q we`ÿ r eq, KvbUv fzi w` q eq bv-gme in m i mgvav bi Rb h Z nq e i G Kev i fz i ZviciI inm kl nq bv, cö kœi Rev e Av m Av iv cökœ h Z nq Av iv Mfx i Zvici `Lv hvq gnvwe k i bvbv NUbv NU Q kzvãx ci kzvãx, j j eqi a i; GZKvj a i P j Q bvbv e Avi bvbv kw³i wg_w Œqv cökœ I V Ñ Kx Zvi cök wz, wk Zvi wbqg-kvbyb, wk Zvi djvdj? m-me cökœ _ K `Lv `q Av iv Mfxi bvbv cökœ bvbv e, bvbv cöwµqv ixwzbxwz eys Z wm q Avgiv GK mgq cušqvb KLb wkfv e GB gnvwe k i DrcwË, KLb Kxfv e Gi GKw`b mgvwß NU e-ggwb me gšwjk cö kœ AvR Ki weávb-cöhyw³ Ggb GK ch v q G m cuv Q Q h, weávbxiv Ggwb me AwZ gšwjk cö kœi ev em Z mgvavb LuvRv ïi K i Qb mviv c w_ex Z wk cwigvy e Av Q, Kvb& Kvb& cwiywzi avivq m-me AvR Ki Ae vq G m cuš Q Q, AvMvgx w` b we k i e cy Äi cwiywz Kx NU Z cv i- Gme eo gv ci cökœi AvR weávbx `i cix v- wbix vi aiv Quvqvi g a G m cuš Q Q weávbxiv B Zvg a R b Qb h, AvR _ K cövq `o nvrvi KvwU eqi Av M-A_ vr m~h Ges mširm Zi hlb m wó Zvi cövq wzb Y mgq Av M- GK gnvwe ùvi Yi ga w` q GB wek RM Zi DrcwË Avi mb AwZ cöej we ùvi Yi av vq wek RM Zi h we vi ïi n q Q Zv Av Rv P j Q MÖn-b Î -M vjvw me wecyj e M m i hv Q ci úi _ K wkš GB gnvwe vi wk wpikvjb Pj Z _vk e? bv wk e cyä Zvi wb RiB gnvkl RwbZ AvKl Yi Uv b Avevi m¼zwpz n Z n Z Ae k l AvR _ K cuvp nvrvi KvwU eqi ci kl n e Avi GK cöpû gnvm ¼vP b? - G cö kœi Reve wbf i Ki Q gvnwe k gvu Kx cwigvy e Av Q Zvi Ic i gnvwe k me ` k Avi A` k e i cwigvy wb q weávbx `i gvc RvL P j Q Avi GB h AvR wek RM Zi Ggb Mfxi gnvmz K wb q Avmv Kíbvi RMr _ K cix v-wbix v, aiv uqvqvi i-gi wk gvby li gav Avi gb bi RM Zi Kg eo GK we q? KL bv KL bv g b n Z cv i, weávbx `i Gme Ríbv eyws KejB AvKvk-Kzmyg Kíbv wkš weávbxiv hlb A bk Av M _ K AuvK RvL K l e jb AgyK Zvwi Li AgyK mg q m~ h MÖnY jvm e, ZLb mwz mwz Zv Zv N U weávbxiv Zuv `i AuvK RvL _ K e jwq jb e i wecixzag x GK ai bi c`v_ Av Q hv `i ejv hvq cöwze c i cix vq mwz mwz cviqv Mj m cöwze weávbxiv fwel ØvYx K iwq jb e K aÿsm K i cviqv h Z cv i wecyj kw³ GKw`b mwz Zv ev e NUj Ggb me cöz cögvy c q weáv bi Z Ë i KwVb ev ezv Avi Zvi wecyj kw³ Z Zv Avi m `n Kvi P j bv Avi GB weávb h ïay gvby li w`bvbyw`b hvc bi mgm v wb q e bq ZvI ZLb úó n q I V Gm ei wk mgv Ri Ici Kvb cöfve c o?- mvaviy ˆ`bw `b Rxe b h AmsL Dcv`vb Avgiv e envi KiwQ m-me wel q Ávb gvby li Rxe b wbðqb cöfve we vi K i wkš wek RM Zi cök wz m ^ Ü ÁvbI h gvby li Rxe b Kg cöfve we vi K i Zv Zv ejv hvq bv lvj Avi m Zi kz K 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

weáv bi bvbv Avwe vi gvby li wpš vi RM Z h wecyj Av jvob m wó K iwqj Zv K mgmvgwqk BD iv c i bmuv ev cybr vmiykv j h gy³eyw i we ùviy N UwQj Zv _ K c _K K i `Lv P j bv ag xq AÜZv Avi Kzms v ii bvmcvk _ K gvbyl gyw³ c qwqj; WvBwb e j gvbyl cywo q gviv, hym hym a i ag hy Pjv eü n qwqj RxevYyZ Ë i Avwe v ii d j c M Avi gnvgvix Z cz ½i g Zv nvrvi nvrvi gvby li cövyz v Mi Aemvb N UwQj RxeRM Zi µgwekv ki ZË gvby li mvg b Zvi Aw Z m ^ Ü GK Mfxi Áv bi RMr Av jvwkz K i Zz jwqj wek RMr m ^ Ü Gme Ávb Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i nv Z cök wz I wek RM Zi ey bv ZI GK bzzb gvîv ms hvrb K iwqj weávb gvbyl K ïay GB c w_ex K gy³ ^vaxb ` wó Z `Levi my hvm `q wb, Zv K GK bzzb D¾ j fwel Zi ^ cœi D ØwjZ K i Q mw` bi mb D¾ j fwel Zi ^cœ wk GB wek kz Ki k l Av Rv mwz? mf Zvi bvbv RwUj m¼ Ui gy LvgywL `uvwo q Avgiv wk Av Rv Zgwb D¾ j fwel Zi ^cœ `L Z cvwi?- we kl K i Avgiv hviv Ae nwjz, cðv`c` Z Zxq we k i gvbyl Zv `i mvg b fwel r Kx? mv cöwzk Kv j weáv bi Ggb wkqy bzzb w`mš D b vwpz n q Q hv gvby li mvg b mwz mwz GK DÏxß AbvMZ Kv ji cöwzkö wz Av iv D¾ j K i Zz j a i Q bzzb ai bi e : kw³i bzzb Drm GKKv j gvby li wbg vy, nvwzqvi cöf wz cö qvr bi DcKiY wqj cök wz Z h-me e jf m wjb-kvv, cv_i, eªvä, jvnv BZ vw` Dwbk kz K imvqb kv i AMÖMwZi d j bzzb bzzb ai bi Yv Yhy³ K wîg e i D e NU Z _v K `Lv hvq, Gme K wîg e ïay h cövk wzk ev LwbR bvbv e i P q ewk UKmB, nvjkv ev myjf - Zv bq, Zv Z i q Q Ggb me bzzb Yv Y hv cövk wzk Kvb e Z cviqv `ytmva wek kz Ki gvsvgvwsi g b Kiv nz, avzzi e envi hfv e e o P j Q Zv Z c w_exi mwâz avzzm ú` Aíw` bi g a B wb: k l n q hv e wkš `Lv Mj, bzzb bzzb cöhyw³ D ei d j avzzi e envi µ gb K g Avm Q hgb, Uwj dvb hvmv hv Mi Rb Av M hlv b GK Ub Zvgvi Zv ii cö qvrb nz mlv b AvR gvî Pwj k KwR cwigvy KuvPZš i mvnv h B m cö qvrb wm n Z cv i Py ji g Zv mi weï Kv Pi Zš i ga w` q m~² Av jvk- ú ` bi gva g GK m ½ nvrvi nvrvi Uwj dvb ms hvm m e n Q Ggwb mi weï KuvPZš i m ½ m~²gvîvq Giweqvg bv g GKwU avzz wgwk q w` j Zvi fzi H Giweqvg cigvyy úw `Z n q Av jvk m ¼Z K `k nvrvi Y ch š weewa Z K i Gi d j Uwj dvb jvb b e qeûj A vgwc dvqvi emvevi Avi cö qvrb nq bv wesk kzvãxi ïi Z e KjvBU bv g cö_g K wîg c vw K ˆZwi nq AvR ARmª ai bi Yv Ym úbœ c vw K ˆZwi n Q Gme c vw K A bk Î avzzi P q m v, nvjkv, greyz Ges UKmB GLb weávbx `i Kvb e i bzzb bzzb e envi D ve bi Póv Ki Z nq bv, eis wewfbœ Kv Ri Rb wvk cö qvrbxq Yv Yhy³ e Zuviv ˆZwi K i bb GZw`b Avgiv RvbZvg, A bk avze e i fzi w` q we`ÿ r mn RB PjvPj K i mpivpi KvV, KvP, wmivwgk cöf wz e i fzi w` q we`ÿ r cöevwnz nq bv, ZvB G `i ejv nq Acwievnx Gme Acwievnx e Z we`ÿ Zi iva ewk; cwievnx e Z we`ÿ Zi iva Kg Z e me e B we`ÿ r evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

cöev n wkqy evav `q, Avi GB iv ai Kvi Y `xn c _ cwievnxi fzi we`ÿ r kw³i AcPq N U wek kz Ki Mvovi w` K Kgviwjs A bm bv g GKRb Ij `vr weávbx j K iwq jb, cvi` cöf wz wkqy avzz K VvÛv Ki Z Ki Z Mig k~b ZvcgvÎvq ( mjwmqvm gv c k~ b i wb P 273 wwwmö) KvQvKvwQ bvwg q Avb j Zv Z AwZcwievwnZv `Lv `q, A_ vr Zvi iva m ú~y wejyß nq wkš Ggb cviqv hvq Kej AwZ g~j evb Zij wnwjqvg e envi K i-zvb GB Y K Kvb e envwik Kv R jvmv bv nj Aev e Avwki `k Ki gvsvgvws BD ivc Avi gvwk b hy³iv óª K qkrb weávbx Ggb wkqy wmivwgk e ˆZwi Ki Z mg_ n jb hv A c vk Z myjf Zij bvb Uªv R bi P q ewk DòZvq AwZcwievnx n q I V Zvici Ab vb weávbx Av iv Ggb me e D veb K i Qb hv cövq N ii ^vfvwek ZvcgvÎvqI we`ÿ Zi iva AwZµg K i AwZcwievwnZv jvf K i Gi d j B jkuªwb -Gi Î GK bzzb hy Mi Avwef ve NU Z P j Q iv ai Kvi Y we`ÿ rkw³i h wecyj AcPq N U Zv `~i n j we`ÿ rpvwjz bvbv hš cvwz I hvbevn bi ÎI NU e YMZ cwiez b bzzb ai bi AwZcwievnx e wbg vy QvovI wmivwgk RvZxq e i Av iv AmsL bzzb e envi Avwe Z n Q gvui BwÄ b AvR e eüz n Q AwZ Zvcmn nvjkv wmivwgk Kve bzš, KvPZš, c vw K`ªe, Aa cwievnx cöf wz bvbv Yv Yhy³ e AvR gvbe ` ni Ask wbg vy Ges Av iv AmsL cö qvr b hy³ n Q wvk Zgwbfv e AvR D vwez n Q Avðh Yv Yhy³ bzzb bzzb mski avzz AvR h-me UªvbwR vi Ges Kw úduvi wpc e vckfv e e eüz n Q ZviI m wó GK bzzb ai bi e _ K- m jv Aa cwievnx mvaviy evwj _ K wmwjkb kvab Kivi c wz Avwe Z nevi d j GB Aa cwievnx wec e m e n q Q bzzb bzzb ai bi wpc Kw úduv ii RM Z wecyj iƒcvš i Avb Q wmwjk bi e` j M vwjqvg Av m bvbw cöf wz bzzb ai bi e _ K µ gb Av iv kw³kvjx, `ª Z Kvh g wpc ˆZwi n Q Gme Kw úduvi cöhyw³i Î bzzb iƒcvš i NUv Q mf Zvi AMÖMwZi avivq bzyb bzzb e i g ZvB bvbv bzzb bzzb kw³i Drm K gvbyl µgvmz AvqË K i P j Q cö_ g R vjvwb wn m e e eüz nz KvV Gici Gj Kqjv Avi mb m ½ ev úxq BwÄ bi e envi Zvici Gj LwbR Zj Ges Aš ` nb BwÄb Dwbk kz Ki k l ev úxq Avi Aš ` nb BwÄ bi kw³ iƒcvš wiz n Z Avi Kij we`ÿ r kw³ Z wek kz Ki gvsvgvws G m Q cigvyy-kw³ Gi g a B AvR mviv c w_exi cövq wek kzvsk we`ÿ r Drcbœ n Q cigvyy-kw³ _ K wesk kzvãx Z gvby li msl v e o Q `ª Z, mb m ½ wkí-kvilvbvii `ª Z e w N U Q GB `yb e w i djvdj hy³ n q GB GK kzvãxi g a B c w_ex Z kw³i Drcv`b I e envi e o Q cövq Pwj k Y wkš Rxevk R vjvwbi e vck e envi KZK jv RwUj cwi ekmz mgm vi Rb w` q Q `Lv w` q Q cwi e ki `~ly, AvenvIqvi DòZv e w i d j ÔwMÖbnvDm cöwzwµqvõ mb m ½ wkqy wkqy Rxevk R vjvwb ( hgb - Zj I M vm) wbt kl n q Avmvi Avk¼v `Lv w` q Q cigvyy-kw³i e envii i Zi ZRw Œq-`~l Yi Avk¼v m wó K i Q Gme Kvi Y AvR bzzb ai bi R vjvwb Dr mi müvb ïi n q Q Gi g a mši-kw³, cigvyyms hvrbwfwëk wddkb-kw³ cöf wz Î M elyvq h _ó AMÖMwZ N U Q we kl K i Rvi `Iqv n Q bevqb hvm kw³i Dr mi w` K mb m ½ kw³ mâq, weziy I e env ii Av iv ` cš v 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

D veb wb qi `ywbqvi bvbv ` k M elyv Pj Q cwi ek `~ly mxwgz ivlv Ges R vjvwb msi Yi Rb Rxevk -R vjvwbi e envi Kgvevi bvbv cöhyw³ AvR wewfbœ ` k D wez n Q ˆRe cöhyw³i m vebv I wec` weávb K gvuvgywu gvî `y'wu fv M fvm Ki Z n j m `yõwu n e fšzweávb Avi RxeweÁvb wek kz Ki cö_g fvm ch š weáv bi h AMÖMwZ N U Q Zv Z bz Z w` q Q g~jz fšzweávb wek kz Ki ïi Z eskmwzi ZË D ei d j cwikwíz Dcv q Dw ` Avi cövwy ` n Dbœqb mva b e vck AMÖMwZ m e n q I V Zvici G Î GK ˆec wek c` c NUj câ ki `k K Rxe Kv li K `ª µv gv Rvg Zš i g a eskmwzi evnk ww'gb'g' Dcv`v bi ivmvqwbk MVb Avwe Z nevi d j Rvbv Mj, Dw ` Avi cövyxi me Yv Y wbwnz ww'gb'g'-i cupv bv my Zvq AmsL RxbKYvi g a jykv bv ivmqwbk ms K Z Zvici `L Z `L Z `y'`k Ki g a Gme ms K Z cwiez b NwU q Dw ` Avi cövwy ` n gvby li B Qg Zv Yv Y mâvi m e n q DVj mvaviyfv e Kvb Rxe ` ni mvnvh wb q Avi Kvb e Drcv` bi c wz K ejv nj ˆRecÖhyw³- Avi Zvi we kl iƒc wn m e Kvl K `ªi RxbKYvq cwiez b NwU q Rxe ` n YMZ iƒcvš i NUv bv K ejv nj Rxb cö KŠkj K wl I wpwkrmv kv ˆRecÖhyw³ B Zvg a weivu ikg cwiez b Avb Z Avi K i Q lv Ui `kk _ K avb, Mg cöf wz Z mskivq Yi gva g bzzb D Pdjbkxj Rv Zi D e NUvq Lv` k m i Drcv`b AvR wecyjfv e e w c q Q Zvi d j MZ wzb `k Ki g a c w_exi RbmsL v e o gvuvgywufv e wø Y n ji GB mg q Lv` k m i Drcv`b e o Q cövq AvovB Y Zvi d j c w_exe vcx hlv b Lv` k m i bxu NvUwZ wqj, mlv b AvR Lv` k m i bxu D Ë evsjv ` ki g Zv Kvb Kvb ` k h GL bv NvUwZ i q Q GUv eis e wzµgñavi GB NvUwZ wgwu q d j Lv` k m ^qs ú~y niqv, GgbwK D Ë niqv AvR Ki weávb-cöhyw³i mvnv h Abvqv m m e wpwkrmv ÎI Avgiv AvR G m `uvwo qwq weivu GK cvjve` ji gy LvgywL RxeRM Zi wewfbœ cörvwzi g a GZKvj a i wqj AjsN `qvj cu cmvq, eumvq, Ku Pv, eovj, nvwz-gme Dw ` Avi cövyx hym hym a i Zv `i wbr wbr ˆewkó wb q wepiy K i Q G c w_ex Z wkš GB cv_ K i `qvj AvR µ gb f O co Z Avi K i Q Rxe ` ni inm D b vpb K i gvbyl Zv `i AvR bzzb K i Mo Z ïi K i Q Rxb-ms hvrb c wz Z h- Kvb cörvwzi Rxe K AvR Ab h- Kvb cörvwzi m ½ wgwk q `qv m e n q DV Q AYyRxe _ K we kl Yi Avavi Rxb Qu U wb q emv bv n Q Kvb Dw `i ` n, Dw `i Y emv bv n Q cövyxi ` n Dw ` ev cövwy ` ni h-me Yv Y AevwÃZ m jv Avgiv AvR gy Q w` Z cvwi, Avi Zvi RvqMvq hvm Ki Z cvwi Avgv `i cq `g Zv Yv Y Rxb-cÖ KŠk ji mvnv h AvR ˆZwi n Q bvbv bzzb bzzb Ilya Avi wukv; AvMvgx `k _ K wek eq ii g a ncvuvbwum, mw`, D P i³pvc, g v jwiqv, Wvqv ewum, K vbmvi, ü` ekj, cvwk bmý wwwrr cöf wz AvR Ki AwaKvsk `yiv ivm e vwa cöwz iva ev wbg~ j Kivi g Zv A gvby li Avq Ë G m hv e evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

Rxe ` ni me Yv Y h nzz g jz eskmwzi gva g cviqv, Kv RB eskmwzi KŠkj e envi K i Gme Yv Y e`jv bvi h Z cv i AvR K GKwU Mv Qi Kv Ê hgb e vkwuwiqvi Avµg Y Ave m wó nq, AvMvgx Z nq Zv Zgwb gvby li ` ni AvOyj, dzmdzm ev hk r e` j `evi Rb cö qvrbxq Kvb AYyRxe e envi Ki jb Pj e ïay h ` ni A½-cÖZ ½B Gfv e e` j `qv hv e ZvB bq, e`jv bv Pj e Pv Li ev Py ji is, my ijv ev emy iv Mjv, Ggb wk g bi auvpi e vkwuwiqv ej Z h GZKvj cöavbz ivm Drcv`bKvix AYyRxe g b Kiv nz, m aviyv AvR cvj U hv Q e vkwuwiqvi fzi cö qvrbxq RxbLÊ f i Zv K AvR bvbv Dw ` hvm Kiv n Q Zv Z Dw ` Rb v Q bvbv cö qvrbxq Yv Y- hgb, ivm ev cvkvgvko cöwz iva gzv, ewk djb, Liv ev c veb mn Kivi kw³ G ai bi cwiez b Dw ` NUv bv m e n j cövwy ` n - Ggb wk gvby li kix i - NUv Z bv cvivi Kvb KviY bb GKwU gvby li ` ni me Yv Y wbwnz Zvi Rxe Kv li µv gv Rv g jykv bv jvl Lv bk RxbL Ê cöwzwu gvby li Gme RxbL Ê jykv bv i q Q gvuvgywu wzbk KvwU Z_ gvby li ` ni mgmö Rxb mgv e ki c~y v½ GKwU gvbwpî ˆZwii cökí B Zvg a nv Z bqv n q Q G Z `ikvi n e weivu AvKv ii D ` vm, LiPI n e wecyj A ¼i ÔwnDg vb wr bvg cö R±Õ bv g GK Avš R vwzk weávb ms v AvR G wb q KvR K i P j Q; mgmö cök íi e q `uvov e cövq wzbk KvwU Wjvi GKzk kz Ki Mvov ZB ` ni mgmö RxbgvbwP Îi inm fvêvi gvby li AvqË n e e j Avkv Kiv hvq ZLb cöwzwu Rx bi cwipq, Yv Y Avi Ae vb G m hv e gvby li bl`c Y Kv_vq Kvb Rx bi Î wui Kvi Y GKRb gvbyl ey vü ev `yiv ivm i³vízvi wkkvi A_ev Zvi ü`& ek j i ev we kl Kvb ai bi K vbmv ii cöeyzv Av Q Zv Rvbv hv e mn RB; Avi ZLb mb Rxb ev Rxb-mgwó e` j d j Zv K GB wec `i Avk¼vgy³ Kiv Zgb `ytmva n e bv Dw `i Rx b i`e`j NUvevi GKUv dj n e GB h, wewfbœ ` ki Pvlevm e` j hv e kx Zi ` ki dmj Avi kvk-mewr Rb v bv hv e Mi gi ` k Mi gi ` ki kvk-mewr, djg~j Rb v e kx Zi ` k Kv_vq Kvb MvQ jvmv bv n e Zv wbf i Ki e Pvlx `i B Qvi Ici Ggbfv e dmj evqvb Kiv n e hv Z Zv m~h v jv Ki mywe a cy ivcywi Kv R jvmv Z cv i; Zv Z Lv` k m i Drcv`b evo e eû Y ZvQvov dm ji cywó YI evov bv hv e nq Zv kvk-mewr _ KB cviqv hv e gvs mi g Zv cövwub, ^v`i evov bv Pj e cq `g Zv m-me dmj djv Z mvi Avi KxUbvkK jvm e Lye Kg; dmj msi Y Kiv hv e `xn Kvj dmj cwiez bi d j cïcvwl ZI cwiez b `Lv ` e; m ½ m ½ cwiez b NU e bvbv ` ki gvby li RxebhvÎvi ai b wkš Gme bzzb ai bi mski dm ji GKUv mgm v GB h, G jvi exr e envi Ki j ciezx cör b ûeû GKB ai bi dj cviqv hvq bv m Rb h-me eo eo Kv úvwb Gme dmj D veb K i Q Zv `i KvQ _ K msmön Ki Z n e bzyb g~jexr A_ vr bzzb Rv Zi me dmj µ gb Kzw MZ n q co Z cv i wkqy GK PwUqv gvwj Ki nv Z Ggwbfv e GK PwUqv KZ Z i Ke j co e bzzb ai bi me cïcvwli Gme cwiez bi g a A b K Av iv bvbv wec `i m vebv `L Qb Dw ` Avi cövwy ` n h-me cwiez b NUv bv n Q Zv wk kl ch š meb gvby li wbqš Yi g a _vk e? aiv hvk, Kvb Avjyi Mv Q Rxb e` j `qv n q Q Zvi d j mb Avjyi dzj _ K iyy Avjy RvZxq Ab Mv Q Qwo q c o Zv Z h- Kvb AbvKw Z cwiez b NwU q em e 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

bv Zvi wbðqzv Kx? h-me AYyRxe ev fvbiv mi ` n weávbxiv AvR RxbMZ cwiez b NUv Qb Zv _ K IBme Rxb hw` Ab AYyRxe ev fvbiv mi ` n Pvjvb n q hvq Zvn j Zvi dj wk n e? ZvQvov gvbe ` ni Î wu givg Zi Rb ev Dbœqb mva bi Rb RxbMZ h-me iƒcvš i NUv bv n e Zv h meb gvby li Rb kl ch š Kj vyki n e ZviI Zv Kvb wbðqzv bb Gme bxwzmz cökœ wb q mviv `ywbqvi weávbx mgvr I Ab vb gn j AvR Zxeª wezk Pj Q Aek AZx Z weáv bi Ab vb A bk Avwe vi wb qi i Ykxjiv cö_g cö_g bvbv ikg fxwzrbk Avk¼v e ³ K i Q, Zvi Rb kl ch š weáv bi AMÖMwZ _ g _v K wb Kw úduvi I Z_ cöhyw³ Ávb jv fi Rb Z_ AvniY GKwU cöv_wgk cö qvrb gvbyl wpikvjb Zvi Pvicv ki cök wz _ K bvbv Z_ msmön K i Q, bvbv ms KZ I fvlvi e envi K i m-me Z_ K ci ú ii m ½ wewbgq K i Q gy Li fvlv _ K µ g µ g D e N U Q wjwlz fvlvi, Zvici QvcvLvbvi-Gfv e Z_ wewbg qi we vi e o Q wkš gvî MZ K qk `k Ki g a B jkuªwb, Uwj hvmv hvm I Kw úduv ii ms hv Mi d j Z_ cöhyw³i Î GK ˆec wek iƒcvš ii m~pbv N U Q Gme cöhyw³i mvnv h AKíbxq cwigvy Z_ K gvbyl AvR GK hv M mâq I e envi Ki Z cvi Q; bvbv ` ki µgea gvb Z_ m ú` h- Kvb gvby li Kv Q jf n q DV Q wecyj cwigvy Z_ `ª Z cöwµqvrvz Kivi Rb Kw úduv ii D e N U Q gvî Pwj ki `k Ki k l cö_g cö_g Kw úduvi wqj wekvj AvKv ii, Zv Z we`ÿ r e envi nz wecyj Avi e qi wqj weivu A ¼i wkqyw` bi g a UªvbwR vi B jkuªwbk wpc D ve bi d j Kw úduv ii AvKvi QvU n Z Avi K i, Zvi kw³i ev o më ii `k Ki kl fvm _ K Kw úduvi N i N i Avmb MÖnY Ki Z _v K AvR Kw úduv ii m ½ hvm n q Q wfwwi, Uwj hvmv hvm e e v, K wîg DcMÖn, jrvihy³ Kgc v± ww gyn Z i g a c w_exi G cövš _ K I cövš ch š hvmv hvm vcb Kiv hv Q Z_ e e vq GK ˆec wek iƒcvš i N U Q gvby li ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi Gi d j cwiez b Avm Q DbœZ ` k NiKbœvi A bk KvR wbqwš Z n Q Kw úduvi e e v w` q A bk hvbevnb Pj Q ^wbqš Y e v ¼ gvby li e` j KvR K i w` Q Kw úduvi, wkí-kvilvbvq gvby li KvR Ki Q iveu kªgmva KvR _ K gvbyl m i wm q hy³ n Q Z_ cöwµqvrvz Kivi Kv R AvMvgx w` b Av iv A bk we qki AMÖMwZ NU e Uwj dv b nq Zv `Lv hv e ci úi K Uwj dvb vb cv e nvznwo Z, nq Zv UvB-wc b; Avcbv _ K wewfbœ fvlvfvlx jv Ki `vfvlx n q K_v ZiRgv K i ` e Uwj dv bi gva gb nq Zv Wv³vi ivmxi ZvcgvÎv, i³pvc, KvwW IMÖvg-Gme Z_ c q hv eb; Zvici h_vwewnz wpwkrmvi wb ` k w` Z cvi eb GKKv j RbemwZ M o DVZ h-me RvqMvq hvmv hv Mi mywe a wqj Zgb RvqMvq- hgb b`xi Zx i, iv vi ms hvm j AvR B jkuªwb hvmv hv Mi Kj v Y h- Kvb RvqMvq RbemwZ M o DVv m e n q D V Q GgbwK bmi K `ª me Awdm vcb Ki Z n e G aviyvi AvR e` j hv Q Kw úduvi hvmv hv Mi gva g evm vb I Kg v bi cv_ K µ gb Ny P h Z Avi K i Q G ai bi AMÖMwZi d j Z_ e e v AvR n q D V Q AvaywbK mgv Ri øvqy K `ª GB øvqy K `ª K evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

kw³kvjx Kivi IciB wbf i Ki Q wk v, M elyv, K wl I wkí Drcv`b- GgbwK mgvr I mf Zvi msmvb GB cöhyw³ h-me ` ki AvqË n e Zviv AwaKvix n e wecyj cwigvy kw³i Ab ` ki Ici cöfve we vi Kivi my hvmi Zv `i AvqË n e GZKvj K wlcy, LwbR I kw³ wqj Kvb ` ki A_ bxwzi cöavb DcKiY AvR µ gb m Ae v e` j hv Q mviv c w_ex µgvmz hvmv hv Mi Rv j ci úi mwbœwnz n q IVvq Z_ n q DV Q A_ bxwzi cöavb KvuPvgvj Z_ wbf i GK bzzb ai bi mf Zvi w` K gvbyl GwM q hv Q Avi h nzz Z_ mâ qi Kvb e MZ mxgv ilv bb Kv RB G Î AMÖMwZiI Kvb mxgv ilv bb cwi ek fvimvg I cök wz msi Y weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZ ïay D¾ j fwel Zi m vebv m wó Ki Q bv, gvby li Rb bvbv bzzb bzzb mgm ii Rb w` Q wemz wzb-pvi `k K mviv c w_ex Z cwi ek m ú K bzzb m PZbZv m wó n q Q c w_ex Ry o RbmsL vi `ª Z e w Ges ec ivqv wkí-kvilvbv we v ii d j c w_exi e m ú` hfv e wbt kl n q hv Q Ges cwi e ki `~ly me e vß n q c w_ex K gbyl ev mi A hvm K i Zzj Q Zv GB kz Ki gvsvgvws _ K µ gb úó n q I V câ ki `k K gnvkv k K wîg DcMÖn vcb Avi n j mgmö c w_ex K evb i _ K `Lv Ges evqygê ji AmsL gvc RvL GK hv M bqv m e n q I V Gme gvc Sv Li m ½ Kw úduvi cöhyw³i hvm NUvi d j wecyj cwigvy Z_ K Aí mg q cöwµqvrvz Kiv m e n q I V lv Ui `k Ki k l gvbyl hlb b fvhv bi QvU fjvq P o c w_ex Qvwo q b fv jv K hvîv K i ZLb gnvwe k i wekvj cuf~wg Z c w_exi h GKwU mxgve cwim ii ^wbf i mcövy fjv-g mz gvby li Kv Q Av iv úó n q I V weávbxiv AvR R b Qb h, c w_exi evqygê j Kve b WvB-A vbw Ges Av iv KÕwU Ggb M vm Av Q h wj m~ h i n«^ gv ci Av jvkiwk K c w_exi Ici co Z evav `q bv, wkš m iwk hlb c w_ex _ K eo gv ci Zvciwk wn m e cöwzdwjz nq ZLb Zv K kvly K i bq mv cöwzk eqi jv Z c w_ex Z e vck AvKv i Kqjv cöf wz LwbR R vjvwb e envi Ges eb wba bi d j evqygê j G ai bi Zvc kvlk M v mi cwigvy e o DV Q Zv Z evqygê j DòZv µ g µ g evo Q GB cöfve K ejv n Q ÔwMÖbnvDm cöwzwµqvõ wek kz Ki g a c w_exi Mo DòZv e w i cwigvy `uvwo q Q Ava wwwmö mjwmqv mi Ic i Gi Rb c w_exi AvenvIqvi fvimvg bó n q h Z Avi K i Q AvMvgx Z GB DòZv e w i nvi `ª Z n e, c w_exi Mo DòZv Av iv evo e; G Z c w_exi Rjevqy Z eo ikg IjU-cvjU NU eñwewfbœ ` k K wli Ici Zvi e vck cöfve co e mgy `ªi cvwb DËß n q dz j I V wbpy eøxc A ji `k wj K Wywe q ` e GKzk kz Ki cö_gfv MB evsjv `k, wgki, wf qzbvg cöf wz ek wkqy `k Gi d j i Zi wec `i m ylxb n e Ggwb Av ik mgm vi K_v AvR weávbxiv K wîg DcMÖn _ K cviqv Z _ i gva g Rvb Z c i Qb m nj, c w_exi DP u y evqygê j I Rvb M v mi GKwU nvjkv i Av Q, GwU m~h iwk i AwZ e wb Ask ï l wb q c w_exi cövyx I Dw `Kzj K GB Zxeª iwk Z Sj m hviqvi nvz _ K i v K i wkš AvRKvj iwd«rv iui I Ab vb wkíkv R wm'gd'wm' Ges Ab Av iv wkqy Ggb M vm e eüz nq hv DP u y AvKv k D V GB I Rvb i aÿsm K i w` Q `w Y I DËi gi GjvKvi I Rvb i Gi g a B weivu dvki `Lv w` q Q dj wn m e AvMvgx K qk eq i 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

c w_ex Z K vbmvi I Ab vb iv Mi e vck cöv`yf ve NU Z cv i cwi e ki `~ly, eb-webvk Ges Av iv bvbv Kvi Y eû Dw ` I cövyx cörvwz AvR c w_ex _ K wbwðý n q h Z Avi K i Q GUvI cwi e ki fvimvg webó nevi GKwU Ab Zg KviY n q D V Q RxeRM Zi ˆewPÎ bó n j ïay h gvby li RxebhvÎvi gv bib AebwZ NU e Zv bq, gvby li Aw Z I wecbœ n q DV Z cv i Gme Avwe v ii d j AvR `ywbqv Rvov D ` vm Pj Q Ggb Dbœqb cªwµqv MÖnY Kivi hv Z cwi e ki Ici Zvi weiƒc cöwzwîqv bv c o; cwi e ki fvimvg bó bv nq Ges cwi e ki m ú` AvMvgx cör b i Rb i v Kiv hvq Z Zxq we k weávb-cöhyw³ Gme ` óvš _ K GUv úó h, AvMvgx w` b weávb-cöhyw³ wekv ki AvR GK wecyj m vebv m wó n q Q Zvi cöfve Z Zxq we k i Ici KZLvwb ev Kxfv e co e m cökœi ^fvezb `Lv `q c w_ex Z weávb-cöhyw³i wecyj wekvk AvR m `nvzxzfv e ` k gvb wkš ` k gvb ïay GB wekv ki wecyjz bq, Gi AmgZvI gvwk b hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, cwðg Rvg vwb cöf wz wukzk ` k MocoZv gv_vwcqy Av qi nvi AvR eq i c bi nvrvi Wjv ii Ici wkš mb m ½ evsjv `k, fvizmn c w_exi GK-Z Zxqvsk gvbyl i q Q Pig `vwi`ª mxgvi wb PÑZv `i gv_vwcqy Avq eq i mv o wzbk Wjv ii Kg DbœZ `k jv Z weáv bi Avðh wekv ki d j fvm c Y i h Af~Zc~e cövpyh m wó n q Q Zv Avgv `i mn RB Pv L c o wkš mb m ½ GUvI fvjv hvq bv, c w_ex Z Avwk KvwUi ewk jvk AvR Abvnv ii wkkvi, GKk KvwU Av Rv wbi i DbœZ `k jv hlv b cöwzw`b A m¾vi Rb e q K i `yõk KvwU Wjvi Avi D ËRK cvbx qi Rb wîk KvwU Wjvi, mlv b Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z MÖvgv ji kzkiv 80 Rb gvby li Kv Q Rxebavi Yi Rb AwZ cö qvrbxq weï cvwb Av Rv jf bq gvu K_v, gvî wukzk ` k c w_exi gvuvgywu GK-PZz_ vsk gvby li nv Z AvR ew ` n q Av Q hym hym a i M o IVv gvby li cövq mgmö weáv bi HwZn Avi m ú` cöwz eqi c w_ex Z ˆeÁvwbK M elyv I Dbœq b h cwigvy A_ e q nq Zvi kzkiv 95 fv Mi Ici e q K i GB `k wj; Avi Dbœqbkxj ` ki evwk wzb-pzz_ vsk gvby li Rb e q nq evwk gvî kzkiv 5 fvm mkj eávwbk Avwe vi Avi Ávb ZvB g~jz Kzw MZ n q co Q DbœZ `k jvi nv Z GB mgm vwu AvR hgb i Z c~y Zgwb `ywbqv Rvov Gi we vi Avi G mgm v wb q gv_v Nvgv Qb ` k ` k weávbx Avi ïf eyw m úbœ gvby liv `ywbqvi wzb-pzz_ vsk gvbyl K weávb Avi cöhyw³i AevwiZ Avkxe v` _ K ewâz i L mwz wk c w_exi Kj v Yi K_v wpš v Kiv hvq? DbœZ `k jv weáv bi Amg I ˆelg g~jk wekv ki d j h-me A_ bwzk, ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk ev cwi ekmz mgm vi Rb w` Q Zvi `vq Dbœqbkxj ` ki gvby li Ici Pvwc q `Iqv wk hyw³hy³ ev bxwzm Z? ÑAvi Zvi P qi h cökœ AvR eo n q D V Q m nj, weávb I cöhyw³i wekvk AvR hz e vwß jvf Ki Q DbœZ Avi Dbœqbkxj ` ki g a we f` bv K g hb ZZB Av iv e o P j Q; gvby li RxebhvÎvi gv b ïay bq, wekv ki m vebv ZI GB ˆelg µ gb `ȳ i n q DV Q wkqyw`b Av M cö dmi Ave`ym mvjvg Zuvi GKwU e³ Zvq e jwq jbñc w_ex Z gvbyl Av Q `yõrv Zi GK Rv Z i q Q DbœZ we k i GK-PZz_ vsk evwm `v Zviv evm K i c w_exi jfv Mi `yb-câgvsk GjvKvq Avi wbqš Y evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

K i c w_exi 80 kzvsk m ú` Avi wøzxq RvZ nj evwk wzb-pzz_ vsk gvbyl hviv evm K i c w_exi wzb-câgvsk GjvKvq Giv nj ÔgymZv RwdbÕ- A_ vr ewâz gvby li `j GB `yõrv Zi gvby li g a cövab cv_ K nj Zv `i AvKv v, gzv Avi DÏxcbvqÑhvi Drm nj g~jz AvaywbK weábcöhyw³i Ávb I cö qvm-kzkjzvi Î Zv `i g a Kvi cv_ K Dbœqbkxj `k wji gvby li fvm K huviv wbqš Y Ki Qb Zuv `i AvR GK gšwjk ivr bwzk wm vš wb Z n e-gb ewâz `i Zuviv AvaywbK weávb-cöhyw³ m wó, AR b I cö qv Mi my hvm w` Z Pvb wk Pvb bv cö dmi mvjvg h `yõai bi gvby li K_v ej Qb Zv `i g a Ggwb cv_ K h wpikvj wqj Zv bq eis AvR hviv Dbœqbkxj `k e j cwiwpz, BwZnv mi wewfbœ hy M Zv `ib Kvb KvbwU mf Zvi Av jvkewz Kv nv Z wb q c_ `wl q Q c w_exi Ab vb `k K wkš DË ii wkqy `k AvR AvaywbK weávb I cöhyw³i nvwzqvi AR b K i GwM q wm q Q `w Yi AwaKvsk ` ki P q mme ` k weávb-cöhyw³i wekvk hz ewk n q Q, ZZ wcwq q c o Q `w Yi `k wj; ZZ wekvj n q Q DËi Avi `w Y `yõai bi ` ki g a cv_ K AvR Ki DbœZ cöhyw³i hy M GB cv_ K Av iv e w i mȳ úó j Y `L Z cviqv hv Q DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj `k wj RvZxq A_ bxwzi wewfbœ Î Kx cwigvy m ú` wewb qvm K i Zvi wn me wb j Zv `i weávb I cöhyw³ Î cðv`c`zvi KviY A bkuv úó n q I V MocoZv wn me ai j `Lv hvq DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj `yõai bi `kb Zv `i gvu `kr Drcv` bi QÕkZvs ki g Zv e q K i mvgwik Lv Z wk vlv Z DbœZ `k wji e qi nvi cuvp kzvs ki g Zv, Dbœqbkxj `k wji Î Pvi kzvs ki Kg ^v Lv Z DbœZ `k wji Mo e q cuvp kzvs ki KvQvKvwQ, Dbœqbkxj `k wji Î `o kzvs ki g Zv wkš weávb-cöhyw³i Î GB cv_ K hz wekvj, Ggb Avi Kvb Î bq DbœZ `k wj weávb-cöhyw³ M elyv I Dbœq b e q K i gvu `kr Drcv` bi `y _ K wzb kzvsk Dbœqbkxj ` ki Î GB e qi nvi Gi gvî `k fv Mi GKfvM evsjv ` ki G Lv Z e q Ggwb k li mvwi ZÑ gvu `kr Drcv` bi 0.3 kzvs ki g Zv weávb I cöhyw³ Z GZ Kg nv i A_ wewb qvm K i Avš R vwzk weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZi m ½ Zvj wgwj q Pjvi Avkv `yivkv gvî A_P AvR G Î Dbœqbkxj `k wj wb R `i cv q `uvov Z Póv bv Ki j Avš R vwzk cöwz hvwmzvq KejB wcwq q cov Avi ciwbf ikxj n q _vkv Zv `i GKgvÎ fweze n q `uvov e cvðv Z i Kvb Kvb DbœZ `k AvR e vck mgim¾vi wbey w Zv Dcjwä K i Zv `i mvgwik wkí cöwzôvb wj K emvgwik Drcv` b jvmvevi c` c MÖnY Ki Q Zv `i fvmev`x A_ bxwz K mshz bv Ki j h cwi e ki e vck wech q iva Kiv `ytmva n e G wel qi Gme ` k AvR m PZbZv M o DV Q wkš Zey Dbœqbkxj `k wj Zv `i wk ve e v Ges RxebhvÎvi avivq weávb-cöhyw³ K AMÖvwaKv ii ZvwjKvq GKev i cö_g mvwi Z emv Z bv ci j AvMvgx w` b mvgvwrk-a_ bwzk cömwzi c _ G Mv bv Zv `i Rb `ytmva n e Z Zxq we k i bz vbxq `i A b Ki aviyv, DbœZ `k _ K weávb-cöhyw³ avi K i A_ev LqivZ wn m e wb q Zuviv GKzk kz K cvwo Rgv Z cvi eb wkš MZ K qk `k Ki Dbœqb mvnv h i AwfÁZv _ K úó n q D V Q h, G Avkv `yivkv gvî cö_gz, DbœZ `k wji wkícwziv Zv `i 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

gybvdvi ^v _ AbybœZ `k wj K mwz Kvi weáb-cöhyw³mz Dbœq bi e vcv i mvnvh w` Z gv UB AvMÖnx bq wøzxqz cvðvz ` k h-me M elyv cwipvwjz nq Zv cövabz m-me DbœZ ` ki RbM Yi Kj v Yi j - Zv `i m Kg m~wp g~jz Zv `ib Av_ mvgvwrk Ae vi m ½ m½wzc~y hgb AvR Ki c w_ex Z wewfbœ ai bi e vwai A a KB `Lv hvq cöavbz MÖx gêjxq A j g v jwiqv, UvBd qw, cxzr i cöf wz MÖx gêjxq iv M cöwz eqi wecyj msl K jvk g Zz eiy K i; wkš Gme iv Mi wukvq Zgb gybvdv bb e j cvðvz ` ki Ilya Kv úvwb wj MÖx gêjxq ` ki ivm m ^ Ü M elyvq A_ wewb qv M AvMÖnx bq mviv c w_ex Z wpwkrmv msµvš M elyvq hz A_ e q nq Zvi gvî wzb kzvsk eivï Gme MÖx gêjxq iv Mi Rb G Kvi Y c w_ex _ K Gme ivm wbg~ j Kiv wejw ^Z n Q mviv c w_ex Z AvR KZ cörvwzi Dw ` I cövyx i q Q Zvi wbf i hvm wn me cviqv `ytmva AvbygvwbK wn me nj wîk jvl _ K GK KvwU Gi g a gvî Pvi jvl cörvwzi Dw ` Ges GMvi jvl cörvwzi cövyx wgwj q gvuvgywu c bi j cörvwzi Rxe m ^ Ü weávbxiv wbwðzfv e Rv bb cörvwzi msl v m ú K AwbðqZvi GKwU KviY nj, Gme cörvwzi AwaKvs ki Avevm nj MÖx gêjxq A j-a_ vr Z Zxq we k i ` k Gme Dw ` I cövyx cörvwz ïay eskmwzi Hk h i fvêvi bq, gvby li Rb cö qvrbxq bvbv ivmvqwbk Dcv`v bii wecyj fvêvi imvqb kv wecyj AMÖMwZ m Ë I AvRI me Ily ai GK-PZz_ vs ki g~j Dcv`b Av m MvQ-MvQov _ K Dw ` I cövwyrm Zi in m i kzkiv GK fvmi GLbI weávbx `i Kv Q D`&NvwUZ nq wb A_P ïay mv cöwzkkv jb Kwd, Kv Kv, cvu, Pv, ivevi Ggwb wkqy Dw `i e envi h wewfbœ ` ki A_ bxwz Z Kx weivu cöfve we vi K i Q Zv Zv Avgiv Avgv `i Pv Li mvg bb `L Z cvw Q Z Zxq we k i bz vbxq `i A b Ki aviyv, Avgiv ïay weávb-cöhyw³i e envwik Ae`vb K Kv R jvmvevi Rb be, wkš mrb gšwjk weáv bi ev M elyvi Kvb cö qvrb bb wkš AvR GUv µ gb úó n q D V Q h, G aviyv GKvš B åvš Kbbv AvR K hv gšwjk weávb e j MY, AvMvgx w` b ZvB ˆ`bw `b Rxe b e envh cöhyw³ AvR Ki w` b h-me ` cöwz hvwmzvg~jk cöhyw³ e eüz n Q Zvi meb AwZ AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK Ávbwbf i Kv RB `kr mbvzb bvbv cöhyw³i h_vh_ e envi Aek B cö qvrb, wkš mb m ½ bzzb ˆeÁvwbK Áv bi D veb, we vi I cö qv Mi gzv AvqË bv K i Kvb ` ki c B AvR weávb-cöhyw³i Î ^wbf i niqv Ges AvaywbK RM Zi m ½ Zvj wgwj q Pjv m e bq weávb-cöhyw³i Ávb AvqË Kivi Rb ïay wukzk D Pgv bi we klá m wó Ki jb Pj Z cv i, GB cyi bv aviyvi AvR µ gb APj n q DV Q cwievi cwikíbv, DbœZ K wl cöhyw³i cö qvm, cwi ek msi Y cöf wz Î `Lv M Q mgmö Rbmgv Ri g a ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I PZbvi we vi Qvov AvR Ki w` bi weávb-cöhyw³wbf i c w_ex Z Kvb Rb Mvôxi wu K _vkv `ytmva m Rb e vck wk v I cöwk Yi gva g mvgwmökfv e Rbm ú `i wekvk NUv Z n e; wk v e e vq G Kev i cöv_wgk i _ K weávb K Aš fy ³ Ki Z n e, gva wgk I D PZi wk vq weávb K cöavb f~wgkvq emv Z n e ïay wk v e e vq bq, Zvi evb ii mgmö Rbmgv Ri g a ˆeÁvwbK Ávb, ˆeÁvwbK PZbv I ` wófw½ we Z bv n j m ` k weávb I cöhyw³ wekv ki AbyK j evzveiy m wó niqv m e bq AvR Ki w` b weávb-cöhyw³i Kj vyki kw³ I m vebv hgb we Z n Q Zgwb evo Q Zvi AKj v Yi gzv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

wkí cömv ii d j cwi ek `~ly eo Q, ˆRecÖhyw³i Ace env ii d j K wl Z Ges Rxe ` ni Ici h cªfve co Z cv i Zv Z bvbv ˆbwZK mgm vi m wó n Q; hy v i we v ii d j mvgwik msnv Zi ga w` q we k wecyj aÿsmhá NUevi m vebv `Lv w` Q weávb-cöhyw³i Gme wec¾bk cöfve K cöwz iva K i Kj vy I cömwzi c _ gvbe mf Zv K GwM q biqv Kej GK AvaywbK weáv bi ms wz Z jvwjz m PZb Rbmgv Ri c B m e D¾ j fwel Zi m vebv weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZ AvR gvby li mvg b GK D¾ j fwel Zi m vebv m wó K i Q wkš GB fwel Z msku Avi m vebv GKev i A½vw½fv e Rwo q Av Q Rb-we õviy I Lv` mgm v GLbI i q Q wkš AvR Ki weávb I cöhyw³ cögvy K i Q Gme mgm vi mgvavb gvby li Amva bq B Zvg a A bk ` k RbmsL v e w w wgz n Z n Z GKev i k~ b i KvVvq G m V K Q; AvMvgx Z Ab vb ` ki wbtm ` n Zv NU e mgmö c w_exi cwi cöw Z Lv` mgm v AvR Avi Zgb Kvb mgm v bq cwi e ki AebwZ wek gq h wech qi m vebv m wó K i Q Zvi mgvavbi AvR gvby li AvqË MZ K qk `k Ki AwfÁZv cögvy `q h. cvigvywek hy I wek aÿs mi Avk¼v KI m PZb wek mgv Ri c cöwz iva Kiv m e mb m ½ G mz µ gb úó n q DV Q h, weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZ AvR h-me mgm vi m wó K i Q Zvi mgvavb ïay weávb-cöhyw³ _ K cviqv `ytmva n e ivrbxwz-a_ bxwz-mgvr msmv bi Î `Lv w` Q bvbv RwUjZv; weávbcöhyw³ cö qvm wb qi D e N U Q bvbv ˆbwZK mgm vi weávb-cöhyw³i Amg wekv ki d j wek e vcx gvby l gvby l ˆelg `~i Kivi mgm v µ gb GK cöavb Avš R vwzk Kg m~wpi A½ n q DV Q AvMvgx w` b weávb-cöhyw³i AMÖMwZi d j gvby li Rxeb Av iv mg n e- GK_v ejv h Z cv i; wkš Av iv h mnr I mij n e Zv ejv k³ m ez Rxeb mnr bv n q eis Av iv RwUj n e wkš Kvb Kí jv Ki cöz vkvq bv _ K GB RwUjZvi Rb cö Z niqvb n e ev em Z cš v msku K AwZµg K i AvMvgx w` bi m vebvi cwic~y my hvm MÖnY Ki Z n e Z Zxq we k i `k wji mvg b G Qvov Kvb mnr mij c _ AvMvgx kzvãxi w` K GwM q hvevi Dcvq bb weávb-cöhyw³i Av jvkewz Kv nv Z wb q K Vvi mvabvi c _ GwM q hviqvb Zv `i m vbrbk Aw Z i v I wekv ki GKgvÎ c_ * * cöeüwu HwZn msi Y cwil` - PÆMÖvg KZ K Av qvwrz Aa vck Aveyj drj vik e³ Zv wn m e 1990 mv ji 13 m Þ ^i PÆMÖvg wkíkjv GKv Wwg Z cwvz cövq GK hym Av M jlv G cöe Üi welqe I Aš wb wnz fvebvi g a mgkvjxb cövmw½kzv i q Q e j jlvwu czb:cökvk Kiv n jv - m úv`k 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

wk vq A_ vqb Ñ GKwU ch v jvpbv W. gbryi Avng` * evsjv ` k wk vlv Z A_ vqb A_ vr m ú` msmön Ges e env ii Î K qkwu ˆewkó D j L hvm - 1. ^í-e q I ^í djvd ji GKwU e e v evsjv ` ki wk ve e v AwZ Kg Li P cwipvwjz nq Ab vb ^ ívbœz ` ki ZzjbvqI GLv b wk vlv Z e q Kg G Ae vi cöwzdjb `Lv hv Q ` ki gšwjk wk v A_ vr cöv_wgk wk v I mv izv Kg m~wpi e vck we v i Gai bi we vi N U Q wrgbwci AwZ ỳ ª Ask e q K i e qi GB nvi `w Y Gwkqvq me P q Kg wk vlv Z Dbœqbkxj `k jvi g a evsjv ` ki LiP me P q Kg (2000 _ K 2004 mvj ch š M o wrgbwci 2.2%) evwl K cöv_wgk wk vlv Z wk v_ x cöwz e q gvî 13 Wjvi emikvwi gva wgk wk vq (hvi AvËZvq wk vq kzkiv 90 fvm gva wgk wk v_ x) GB e q 16 Wjvi ^í-gv_vwcqy e q mš wói KviY n Z cv i bv, G Z wk v_ x `i wklb-ar b, wklb- klv bv cöwµqv Ges wk vi gvb i Zifv e wzmö nq 2. mikvwi A_ vq bi cövavb wk vlv Z e q eûjvs k mikvwi A_ vq bi Ici wbf ikxj MZ GK `k K mikvwifv e cöv_wgk wk v Î KvbI AeKvVv gv ev we` vjq vcb Kiv nq wb me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk vi j AR bi Rb emikvwi Lv Zi Ici wbf i Kiv n Q iwr vw emikvwi we` vj qi wk K `i ez bi kzkiv 90 fvm mikvwi LvZ _ K Av m GQvovI GWnK wfwë Z we` vjq feb wbg vy I givgz LiP mikvwifv e enb Kiv nq Ges wk v_ x `i webvg~ j cvv eb `Iqv nq emikvwi ms v cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK wk v Kvh µg Gi AvËZvq c o bv gva wgk we` vjq Ges wwwmö K jr jvi GKwU wekvj Ask emikvwi G cöwzôvb jvi wk K `i ez bi Î mikvwi Avw_ K mvnvh cvq ïay emikvwi wek we` vjq Ges emikvwi KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk cöwk Y Bbw wudu jv GB mikvwi A_ vqb e e vi g a c o bv mikvwi A_ vqb Ges vbxq KwgwU KZ K we` vjq e e vcbv emikvwi wk v cöwzôvb jvi gvb Dbœqb Ges gv bi gvckvwv vc b GKUv kw³kvjx e e v n Z cv i wkš ev e GB e e vwu djcöm~ nq bv mikv ii `ye j ZË veavb I wbqš Y e e v Ges wbqš YKvix ms v jvi A` Zvi Kvi Y GiB mv _ hy³ n q Q wk ve ve vq ivr bwzk c cvz`yózv hvb nvk bv Kb mikvwi A_ vqb Ges Gi djcöm~ e envi wk vi Dbœq bi Rb GKwU weivu P v jä 3. A_ vqb e e vq e w³ ev cwievi Lv Zi wewkó f~wgkv * cwipvjk, eª vk wek we` vjq wk v Dbœqb Bbw wudu, XvKv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

wk vlv Z mikvwi A_ vq bi Ici eûjvs k wbf i Kiv n ji wk ve qi GKwU D j L hvm Ask wk v_ x ev Zvi cwievi enb K i A_ vqb bxwz cöyq bi mgq GB e vcviwu we epbvq Avbv nq bv GWy Kkb Iqv Pi (EW) Z_ Abyhvqx MÖvgv j cöv_wgk wk vq evrmwik gv_vwcqy 1000 UvKv cvwievwikfv e e q Kiv nq Gi GKwU eo Ask LiP nq cövb fu cov bvq cvwievwik e q m úwk Z Ab vb Z _ `Lv hvq h, webvg~ j cªv_wgk wk v ejv n ji ev e wpî Avjv`v wk vi Ab vb i wk v_ xi cö ek wbf i K i Zvi cwievi Zvi Rb KZUv e q Ki Z cvi e Zvi Ici (evsjv `k eÿ iv Ae vwumwu, cwievwik e q Rwic, 1996: GWy Kkb IqvP - 2000) cöv_wgk wk vq cvwievwik e q cövq mikvwi ivr ^ e qi mgvb gva wgk ch v q wk v_ x-cöwz emikvwi e q mikvwi e qi Pvi Y hw`i cövq me wwwmö K jr jvi Kg iz wk Ke ` I Kg KZ v-kg Pvixi ez bi Rb mikvwi mvnvh cvq GiciI emikvwi e qi cwigvy mikvwi Li Pi P q A bk ewk GKgvÎ mikvwi A_ vbyk j cwipvwjz mikvwi wek we` jq jv Z mikvwi A_ vqb emikvwi e q K Qvwo q hvq emikvwi wek we` vjq jv g~jz wudkb wd-i Ici wbf ikxj GLv b wk v_ xi cwievib wk v-e q enb K i Ab w` K mikvwi e wëg~jk I KvwiMwi wk vi ỳ ª Dc-Lv Z mikvwi A_ vqb emikvwi e qi Zzjbvq ewk GB wpî cv ë hv e A_ vr emikvwi e q A bk ewk `Lv hv e, hw` AbvbyôvwbK wk vbwek Ges PvKzwi-Kvjxb cöwk Yi e vciwu we epbvq Avbv hvq Gme Kg Kv Êi wbf i hvm Z_ mnrjf bq (W. gbryi Avng` 2000) wk vi wewfbœ DcLv Z cvwievwik e qi cwigvy, wk v Î m ú` msmön I e envi m úwk Z bxwzi Î GKwU Zvrch c~y welq emikvwi Lv Z m ú` msmön Ges e env ii KŠkj cöyqb GKwU we epbvi e vcvi Gi mv _ we epbvq Avbv `ikvi emikvwi Lv Zi Kvh KvwiZv Ges wk vq mgzv Avbq b mikvwi I Ab vb A_ -Dr mi mgw ^Z cwikíbv wk v m ú wkz mev cö`vb, bxwz I Kg m~wp Dbœq b mikvwi- emikvwi mkj cö Póvq Askx`vwiZ wkfv e n e Zv-I we ep 4. wk vi D Ïk I A_ vq b AmvgÄm wk v we vi I gv bvbœqb m úwk Z RvZxq j AR bi Rb wk vlv Z gvu RvZxq e q, we klz mikvwi eivï eûj cwigv Y e w Ki Z n e wek e vs Ki wn m e (wrwwwc e w Ges wrwwwc Z ivr ^i Ask we epbvi wfwë Z) 2008 mv ji g a Aóg kªyx ch š me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v AR b Ges gva wgk wk vq AskMÖn Yi Dc hvmx eq mi wkï `i kzkvi 50 fv Mi AskMÖn Yi Rb wk vq mikvwi eivï wrwwwci kzkiv 4 fv M DbœxZ niqv cö qvrb (World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, 2000, pp. 58-108.) GKBfv e wk vi mkj i Avek Kxq gv bvbœq b mikvwi mvgwmök ev R Ui AbycvZ-wn m ei eivï AviI evov Z n e wk vlv Z mikvwi eivï 2000 mv j kzkiv 15 fv Mi Zzjbvq Abygvb Kiv n q Q 2008 mv j kzkiv 26 fv M evov bv `ikvi Gi cwi cöw Z AvMvgx cuvp eq i wk vlv Z mikvwi eivï wrwwwci 5 fv M e w Kivi Rb wk vrxex gn j `vwe D V Q 5. e q e w B h _ó bq GKwU mz Abyaveb Ki Z n e h, Kej e qi eivï evov jb Avkvbyiƒc dj wbwðz n e bv G R b cö qvrb wk v-e e vcbv I wklb- klv bv cöwµqvi `ye jzv wpwýz Kiv I G jv `~i K i gvb 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

Dbœqb wbwðz Kiv eû eqi a i wk vlv Z AcÖZzj eivï GKwU e vck mgm v, wkš AwZwi³ A_ eivï me mgm vi mgvavb bq m ú `i Kvh Ki e env ii Rb wklb-d Ïk I wklb- klv bv cöwµqv m úwk Z wm vš -MÖnY I ev evqb Ges me Î Revew`wnZvi w` K ` wó w` Z n e 6. µgea gvb eivï e w ivr ^ ev R U A_ eivï e w i Î mvaviy cöwµqv n Q ez gvb eivï K wfwë a i bzzb eq ii Rb wkqy hvm Kiv D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, wek we` vjq jv Z ev R U Kx cwigvy eivï n e Zv wbf i K i Av Mi eq ii eivï ev RU Ges `i KlvKwli mvg _ i Ici ev ivr bwzk `j I i Z c~y e w³ `i mv _ hvmm~ Îi cöfve LvwU q wkqy eivï e w GKwU cöwzôvb _ K h cwigvy eivï `vwe Kiv nq Zvi kzkiv 70 fvm ch š Aby gv`b `Iqv GKUv mvaviy cöpjb n q `uvwo q Q mkj ch v q e vck A` Zv I AKvh KvwiZvi K_v we epbv K i ez gv b Kx Av Q Ges Kx wekí e e v MÖnY Kiv hvq Zvi hšw³kzv we epbv Kiv we kl cö qvrb Kvh KvwiZvi gvb`ê cöwzôv Ges cö qvm Kiv cö qvrb hv Z e e vckiv KvR Ki Z Drmvn cvb Ges AcPq I A` Zv cöwz iva Ki Z cv ib 7. gva wgk wk vq i Z cö`vb 1990 `k Ki cövi cöv_wgk wk vq Dbœqb Ges ivr ^ e qi cövavb wqj ciez x eq i gva wgk wk vq AwaKZi i Z `Iqv nq 90 _ K 98 A_ eq ii g a ivr ^ ev R U cöv_wgk wk vi Ask 48.5% _ K 40.4% G b g Av m Ges gva wgk wk vq Zv 36.8% _ K 47.6% G DbœxZ nq wek we` vjq DcLv Z Dbœqb e q K g Av m ev R U eivï Ges e q, we kl K i Dbœqb Lv Z e q- KŠkj I bxwzmz AMÖvwaKvi ch v jvpbvi cwie Z mn hvwmzv cviqvi cö qvrbxqzv Øviv cöfvwez nq m ú` eiv Ïi Î gva wgk wk vq i Z `Iqv Kvb mgm v bq, eis GB DcLv Z eû Av MB eivï e w Kiv cö qvrb wqj GK Lv Zi eivï Ab Lv Z w` q ev RU e w i PvB Z, j AR b Ges cöwzwu wk v DcLv Z gvb Dbœq bi Rb h _ó cwigvy m ú` eiv Ïi welqwu i Z i mv _ we epbv Ki Z n e (Ministry of Finance, cited in World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, Table 2.2, p.63, Dhaka, 2000.) 8. jvke ji Rb e q m cöwz A_ eqi jv Z wk vi Rb ivr ^ ev R Ui kzkiv 97 fvm LiP n q Q Kg Pvix `i ezb cwi kv a Gi g a Aš f y³ mikvwi z ji wk K `i ezb I emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wk K `i ez bi Rb Avw_ K mvnvh emikvwi cöwzôv bi Î mikvwi Abỳ v bi GKwU eo Ask wk K `i ez b e q nq GB e qi ci gvb Dbœqb m úwk Z wel q eivï _v K LyeB mvgvb KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk cöwzôvbmg~ n A_ eiv Ïi 74 fvm e q n q Q ezb cö`v b GB nvi AZ š ewk hlv b G ai bi cöwzôv b Kvh Ki cöwk Yi Rb wewfbœ hš cvwz I wbz eenvh DcKiY _vkv cö qvrb GKBfv e wek we` vjq ch v q ivr ^ ev R Ui kzkiv 67 fvm e q n qwqj wk K `i ezb cwi kv a Avš R vwzk gvb` Ê KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk Ges D Pwk v Lv Z GB evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

nvi AZ š ewk ev R U eiv Ïi GB c vu v bi d j ezbev ` Ab vb Lv Z Lye Kg eivï _v K Ges G Z wk vi gvb m úwk Z welq jvi Ici wzki cöfve c o Ab w` K DcvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v mgv Ri myweavewâz As ki Rb cwipvwjz nq GLv b ieiv Ïi kzkiv 40 fvm wk K `i ezb eve` e q nq Ges evwk eivï wklb mvgmöx, ZË veavb cöwµqv Ges wk K cöwk Y e q nq Gi d j wk v_ x `i wklb AR b DbœZ nq 9. cöv_wgk I gva wgk wk vq Dce wë Lv Z D P e q cöv_wgk I gva wgk wk vq wk v_ x `i Dce wë cö`v bi Rb Dbœqb ev R Ui GKwU eo Ask e q nq Dfq ÎB Kej MÖvgv j e wë `Iqv nq cöv_wgk i cöwz z ji kzkiv 40 fvm wk v_ x K Dce wë `Iqv nq gva wgk i Kej g q `i Dce wë cö`vb Kiv nq Ges mv _ mv _ Zv `i ezbi gikzd Kiv nq Dce wë Lv Z 2002-2007 mvj ch š cuvp eq i 600 wgwjqb Wjvi eivï Av Q GB eivï Dbœqb Lv Z mikv ii wbr ^ ev R Ui `yb-z Zxqvsk Ges cöv_wgk wk v Dbœqb Kvh µ gi ev R Ui A a K GKBfv e cöv_wgk i Ges gva wgk i g q `i Rb Dce wë I A ezwbk wk v eve` gvu Dbœqb e qi GK-Z Zxqvsk eivï nq (World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol.1, pp. 64 and 86) Dbœqb e qi GKwU eo Ask cöv_wgk I gva wgk i Dce wë Lv Z LiP A bk jv i Z c~y cö kœi D e NwU q Q GKwU cöavb cökœ Dce wë Lv Z wekvj e q wk v Kvh µ gi gvb Dbœq b Kvh Ki c` ci Rb eivï Kwg q `q wk bv Dce wë Lv Z e qi Kvh KvwiZv m ú K (GwWwe Ges wek e vsk mgw_ Z mikvwi e q ch v jvpbv) wzbwu i Z c~y cökœ DÌvwcZ nq- (K) Dce wë Kvh µg UKmB wk bv, KviY Dce wëi Rb ivr bwzk Pvc KvR K i, (L) Dce wë Kvh µg `yb xwzgy³ n q Kvh Kifv e cwipvwjz n Z cvi Q wk bv (M) Dce wë Kvh µ g wk vq AskMÖnY e w, wk vq mgzv I gv bvbœq b Ae`vb ivl Q wk bv; hv mivmwi Kvh Ki mnvqzv cö`v bi gva g AR b Kiv m e (Knowles 2001) Av ikwu i Z c~y wrávmv, A_ mvnvh w` q `wi`ª RbM Yi g a cöv_wgk wk vi Pvwn`v ˆZwi KivUv KZUzKz Ri wi emikvwi ms v KZ K `wi`ª RbM Yi Rb cwipvwjz DcvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µ gi AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq h, mgm vwu n Q mieiv ni A_ vr wk v_ x `i cwiev ii Ici wklb-mvgmöx Kbv I Ab vb Li Pi evsv Pvwc q bv w` q mwvk mg q mwvk RvqMvq gvbm Z wk vi e e v Kiv 10. wk vq mgzv I A_ vqb DcwiD³ Av jvpbvq `Lv hv Q ez gvb A_ vqb c wz wk ve e vq AmgZv K AviI Rvi`vi K i 1996 mv j wk vlv Z wek e vsk KZ K cwipvwjz GKwU mikvwi e q ch v jvpbvq `Lv hvq h, cwiev ii Avq e w i mv _ mv _ wk vi cöwz i, we klz gva wgk I D P wk vq mikvwi e qi cwigvy e w cvq (Wrold Bank, Bangladesh: From Counting the Poor to Making the Poor Count, 1998)* GKB cöwz e` b cökvwkz nq h, `wi`ª cwievi hv gvu cwievi msl vi kzkiv 54 fvm; D P wk vq gvu eiv Ïi kzkiv 15 fv Mi Askx`vi nq Aewkó A c vk Z m úbœ cwievi jvi Ask n Q kzkiv 85 fvm (Table A4. 3, p.63) cöv_wgk wk vi mev`vb I Kvh KvwiZv RbmsL vi Av qi mv _ m ú wkz Gi gv b n Q cöv_wgk wk v 24 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

A_ bwzk ˆel g i cöwzweavb wn m e e _ wk v_ x `i `Iqv ezb mikvwi wek we` vjq ev R Ui kzkiv 1 fv MiI Kg Rbmvavi Yi Ki cö`ë A _ mikvwi wek we` vjq P j A_P D P wk vi my hvm ` ki e nëi `wi`ª Rb Mvôx MÖnY Ki Z cv i bv D P wk vi A_ vqbi ZvB mgv Ri ˆelg e w Z mnvqzv ivl Q mgzv m wói Rb e qfv ii Askx`vwiZ Ges LiP Zz j Avbvi welqwu we epbv Ki Z n e we klz KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk wk v Kvh µg I D P wk v cöwzôv b mikvwi e q e w³i jv fi my hvm m wó Kiv n Q AZ š Amgfv e wk vq A_ vqb e e v I wm vš mg~n K wk vi j I D Ïk AR bi h_v_ evnb wn m e e envi Ki Z n j GB j I D Ïk jv mȳ úó I evamg fv e ewy Z n Z n e Dc hvmx K i Zzj Z n j cwigvy I gvb m ú wkz D Ïk jvi h_vh_ mgš^q I evamg Zv cö qvrb GKB mv _ cö qvrb m ú `i ms vb I e env ii cöwµqv I KŠkj m ú K cwi vi aviyv wk vi A_ vqb e e v wb q h _ó cwigvy we k ly I M elyvi Afve wk v cwikíbv I e e vcbvi GKwU Aš ivq G R b cö qvrb M elyvi, we klz A_ bxwzi z`ª ch v q Ñ cwievi, we` vjq, GjvKv Ges RvZxq ch v q wk v A_ vq bi wewfbœ w`k wb q M elyv cwipvjbv Kiv K `ªxq ch vq _ K cöwzwu ch vq I wk v_ x ch š wk vrwbz m~î LyuR Z n e Ges mkj ch v qi mkj cöwzôv b Af š ixy djcöm~zv ch v jvpbv Ki Z n e Z_ m~î 1. World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, 2000, pp. 58-108. 2. Ministry of Finance, cited in World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol. 1, Table 2.2, p.63, Dhaka, 2000. 3. World Bank, Education Sector Review, Vol.1, pp. 64 and 86. 4. Knowles 2001. 5. World Bank, Bangladesh: From Counting the Poor to Making the Poor Count, 1998* 6. Table A4. 3, p.63. 7. Education Watch, 2000. evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

cöv_wgk we` vj qi kªyxk cvi`wk Zv* W:. wqwïkzi ingvb** mvi ms c 2001 mv ji kl w` K ` ki wbe vwpz 150wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi Ae v m úwk Z me i Z c~y w`k cwiex Y Kiv nq GLv b Kej wklb- klv bv KŠkj Ges wk v_ x `i wklb AR bi djvdj Dc vcb Kiv nj cwiex Yi K qkwu i Z c~y djwbh vm n jv: (K) Ôwba vwiz wk vµgõ Ges Ôev evwqz wk vµgõ -Gi g a i q Q e vck cv_ K 76% mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq (wrwcgm) Ges 88% iwr vw emikvwi cöv_wgk we` v jqi (AviGbwRwcGm) wk K, wk v_ x `i Rb c~e wba vwiz ` Zv AR bi j Kvb cwikíbv ˆZwi K ib wb, (L) AwaKvsk wk KB mbvzbx wb ` kg~jk Kvq`vq K v m wk v`vb K ib, 44% wk K Kej e³ Zv c wz AbymiY K ib, (M) cövq 40% wrwcgm Ges 75% AviGbwRwcGm wk K, wk v_ xiv Kvb aviyv ˆZwi wksev wepvi-we k ly Ki Z cvij wkbv mw` K bri bv w` q gyl i Ici Rvi `b ZvQvov mvaviyfv e wk K `i wk v-mnvqk DcKiY Ges wpî e env i Abxnv cökvk cvq, (N) wkqy wk K wewfbœ kã fyj D PviY K ib Ges/A_ev fyj evbvb wj Lb, wkqy wk K cvv e m ú K fyj Z_ Ges/ A_ev fyj aviyv `b, A b K mg K vm K D Ïk bv K i wbw` ó K qkrb wk v_ x K G jv g jv Ges auvqv U cökœ K ib, (O) evsjv, MwYZ, cwi ek cwiwpwz mgvr Ges weáv b AR b wby vqk cix v biqv nq Ges mw wjz v ii wfwë Z cövß djvd j e w³ wk v_ xi cv_ K i cwie Z we` vj qi cv_ K I V Av m gvu 150wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi mvdj v ¼i Mo 33% Ges Av`k wep~ wz 10% m~pbv Gwkqvb W fjc g U e vs Ki GKwU KvwiMwi mnvqzv cök íi Aax b Dc `óv `i wb q MwVZ GKwU `j cöv_wgk we` vj qi cvi`wk Zv cwiex Yi Rb GKwU g Wj cöyqb K ib mb g Wj e envi K i 2001 mv ji klw` K ˆ`ePq bi wfwë Z evqvb Kiv 150wU cöv_wgk we` vj qi cvi`wk Zv cwiex Y Kiv nq we` vj qi cövq mg i Z c~y cvi`wk Zvi Î GB cwiex Yi Aš fy ³ wqj GB mg Î _ K Kej kªyxk Abym Z wklb- klv bv KŠkj Ges PviwU wel q wk v_ x `i mvdj AR bi AskUzKz GB M elyvc Î Dc vwcz n q Q wk KM Yi * cöeüwu evsjv `k GWy Kkb Rvb vj-g (LÊ-1, msl v-1, ww m ^i 2002) cökvwkz M elyvc Îi fvlvš i Bs iwr Z jlv g~j cöeüwui fvlvš i K i Qb gv: gv vwdryi ingvb, Gg.wdj. M elk, wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq ** W. wqwïkzi ingvbñ Aa vck, wk v I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 27