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m úv`kxq [ 1 ] wbh v mi 27Zg LÐ cökvwkz nj ez gvb msl vq vb c q Q 2016 mv ji 5wU, 2015 mv ji 4wU Ges 2014 mv ji 1wU M elyv wbe Üi mvivsk Ges 2wU we kl cöwz e`b Gme M elyv wbe Ü vb c q Q wkÿv, Dbœqb A_ bxwz, K wl I ^v mn Ab vb wewfbœ wel q M elyvi djvdj GQvov, G msl vq avb Pv l cwi ek-evüe cöhyw³i e envi I we Ív i K wl Z UKmB Dbœqb welqk GKwU Ges evsjv ` ki K lk mgv R AZxZ _ K P j Avmv e`jx Kvgjv welqk Aci GKwU we kl cöwz e`b vb c q Q wewfbœ eq ii eª v Ki M elyv wi cv U i mvi- ms ÿc evsjvq cökvk Kivi ixwz `xn w` bi wbh vm Gi bvgkiy, cökvkbvi D Ïk I cuf~wg m ú K Gi bzzb cvvk `i AveviI `y-gkwu K_v Rvbv bv cö qvrb g b KiwQ g~j Bs iwr cöwz e`b jv _ K evsjvq cö_g mvivsk Zwi K iwq jb eª v Ki Kg x Rbve AvZvDj nk Zv K GKv R mvwe K wb ` kbv w` qwq jb eª v Ki ez gvb fvbm Pqvicvimb Ges M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cöv³b cwipvjk W. Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix Ges wefv Mi cöv³b g v brvi cöqvz gynv ` Mvjvg mvëvi GB mvivsk wi cv U vb cvq 1978 _ K 1985 mvj mg qi KwZcq ^v welqk M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc gvp 1995 mv ji K_v AvbyôvwbKfv e Ôwbhv mõ bv g eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîvi cö_g L Ði hvîv ïiæ nq cöm½z Ôwbh vmõ bvgki bi NUbvwU wqj ek PgKcÖ` GB bvgki Y cöavb f~wgkvq wq jb eªª v Ki cöv³b Dc `óv I Mf wbs eww, eª vk wek we` vjq Uªvw evw m`m Ges Wëv-eª vk nvdwrs Kv úvwbi Pqvicvimb cöqvz dviæk PŠayix Avgv `i dviæk fvb MZ 17 g 2017 ZvwiL 84 eqi eq m wzwb B šíkvj K ib (&Bbœvwjø n Iqv Bbœv Bjvwn ivwrdb) dviæk fvb AvR Avgv `i g a bb, wkš wzwb Avgv `i A bk w`k _ K mg K i M Qb Zvi cöwz Avgv `i K ZÁZvi wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 5
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv kl bb Avgiv Zuvi AvZœvi gvm div Z Kvgbv Kwi dviæk fvb Avgv `i Kv Q cöiyv wq jb Ges AšÍZKvj a i _vk ebi eª v Ki fvbm Pqvicvimb Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix ZLb M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk mgqwu nj 1994 mvj eª vk M elyv wi cv U i evsjv mvims ÿc mskj bi GKwU evsjv bv gi Rb dviæk fvb qi Kv Q Aby iva Rvbv bv nj Avðh my `i GKwU bvg w` jb wzwb Ôwbh vmõ `xn ZBk eqie vcx Ôwbh vmõ cökvkbv Ae vnz i q Q wbtm ` n GwU Kg KxwZ Z c~y bq Avgv `i wek vm wbh v mi gva g mgvr Dbœqb I cwiez bi Kv R gvvkg xivi M elyvi mnvqk kw³ wn m e M o DV Z cvi Qb Avgv `i gvv ch v qi Kg xmy eª v Ki Kg m~wp ev Íevq b mwµq f~wgkv cvjb Ki Qb Zv `i HKvwšÍK cö Póvi d jb cöwzwu Kg m~wpi mv_ K iƒcvqb NU Q M elyvj welqe mnrjf n j eª v Ki Kg m~wp I Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi MwZ-cÖK wz m ú K Zviv Av iv ^ Q aviyv jvf Ki Z cvi eb, Kg m~wp ev Ívevq bi `ye j w`k jv m ú K Zviv Av iv m PZb n Z cvi eb Gi d j eª v Ki Dbœqb cöwµqvi wewfbœ w`k m ú K GKwU AšÍ` wó Kg xiv jvf Ki Z cvi eb G D Ïk K mvg b i LB evsjvq eª v Ki M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc cökv ki cö Póv GKwU `xn mgqe vcx P j Avm Q ïay Avgv `i Kg xmyb bb, G cökvkbv _ K Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði mv _ mswkøó ` ki wewfbœ mikvwi- emikvwi cöwzôvb, wgwwqv mswkøó e w³em wewfbœ wel q Z_ wbf i aviyv jvf Ki Z cvi Qb [ 2 ] eª v Ki hvîv ïiæ nq 1972 mv ji deªæqvwi Z GKwU ÎvY- cybe vmb cökí ev Íevq bi ga w` q MZ 45 eq i eª v Ki Kg avivq `ªæZ weez b N U Q, cybe vmb _ K eª vk f~wgkv wb q Q MÖv gi Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœqb cöwµqvq GmgqKv j eª v Ki Kv Ri c_ I c wzi cwiez b n q Q GKvwaKevi hv GKwU MwZkxj Dbœqb cöwzôv bi Rb GKvšÍ cö qvrbxq welq eª v Ki GB weez b cöwµqvq we klz wewfbœ Dbœqb KŠkj D ve b iæz c~y f~wgkvq KvR K i Q eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Avgiv M elyvq mv _ cöwzwu Dbœqb Kg m~wpi GK wbweo m úk M o Zz jwq M elyvjä Z_ I Zvi hšw³k we køly Avgv `i Dbœqb Kg m~wp jv K bvbvfv e mg K i Q GKwU Kg m~wpi MvovcËb _ K ïiæ K i Zvi µgwekvk, bzzb bzzb GjvKvq Zvi m úªmviy Ges djvdj hvpvb qi cöwzwu ch v q Avgiv M elyv K Kv R jvmvw Q eª v Ki mvwe K Dbœqb Kg Kv Ði mv _ M elyv Kv Ri m úk ZvB Awe Q` AvR Avgiv evsjv ` ki BwZnv m iæz c~y wkbvivq G m `uvwo qwq ^vaxbzvi cuqzvwjøk eqi cvi K i G m AvR Avgiv `vwi`ª we gvp b, gv_vwcqz Avq e w Z, wkÿv I ^v Lv Z, RÛvi elg n«vmmn mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk A bk jv ÿ Î h _ó mvdj AR b mÿg n qwq we` gvb Av_ mvgvwrk cuf~wg Z eª vk 2016 _ K 2020 GB cuvp eq ii Rb KwZcq iæz c~y jÿ mg~n w i K i Q G ÿ Î cövavb c q Q 2020 mv ji g a evsjv `k _ K Pig `vwi`ª `~ixkiy; `wi`ª gvby li A_ bwzk ÿgzvqb; myweavewâz bvix I cyiæ li Rb `ÿzv wkÿv I m vbrbk Kv Ri e e v, RjevqyMZ cwiez b mwnòzzv I gvbwek cö qvr b mvov `Iqvi mvg_ ˆZwi, RÛvi mvg Zv AR b, `wi`ªevüe bmi Dbœqb, mve Rbxb ^v mev cövwß I DbœZi cywó, cövk- cöv_wgk I 6 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 8 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
kvk msev` Avgiv kvkvwff~z dviæk PŠayix 17 g 2017, 84 eqi eq m g Zz eiy K ib eªª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cÿ _ K Avgiv eªª v Ki cöv³b Dc `óv I eª vk Mf wbs eww, eª vk wek we` vjq Uªvw evw m`m Ges Wëv-eª vk nvdwrs Kv úvwbi Pqvig vb dviæk PŠayixi g Zz Z Mfxi kvk cökvk KiwQ Ges Zvi cöwz Avgv `i AwšÍg Awfev`b Ávcb KiwQ D jøl h, MZ 17 g 2017 ZvwiL XvKvi qvi nvmcvzv j 84 eqi eq m wzwb B šíkvj K ib (&Bbœvwjø n Iqv Bbœv Bjvwn ivwrdb) cöqvz dviæk PŠayix 1934 mv ji 4 Rvbyqvwi fvi Zi Avmvg iv R Rb MÖnY K ib ckvmz Rxe b wzwb mdjzvi m ½ `yõ`kke vcx evsjv `k mikv ii wewfbœ D P c ` Avmxb wq jb evsjv `k mikv ii ciivóª mwpemn ivóª`~ Zi iæ `vwqz I wzwb cvjb K i Qb wzwb 1992 mv j mikvwi PvKwi _ K Aemi biqvi ci eª v K Dc `óv wn m e hvm `b Ges 2006 mvj ch ší G `vwqz cvjb K ib eª v Ki we Í wz Ges wekv k Zvi Ae`vb cªavb f~wgkv cvjb K i Q ckv`vi K~UbxwZi evb ii Zvi wqj PgrKvi jlvwjwli nvz wbqwgz wzwb msev`c Î Kjvg wjl Zb Av_ -mvgwrk wel q Zvi cökvwkz Mª š i msl vi Kg bq wzwb 2014 mv j AvBGdAvBwm mvwnz cyi vi Ges 2016 mv j evsjv GKv Wwg mvwnz cyi vi jvf K ib cöqvz dviæk PŠayix Avgv `i wewfbœ K g Drmvn hywm q Qb, eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Ôwbh vmõ Gi bvgki YI Zvui we kl f wgkv wqj Ges G ÿ Î wzwb Avgv `i cöiyv wq jb Avgv `i bzzb cör b i Kv QI wzwb cöiyv n q _vk eb wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 9
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kvk msev` Avgiv kvkvwff~z gvnv ` ivwd 5 g 2017, 59 eqi eq m B šíkvj K ib eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm gvnv ` ivwdi AKvj cöqv Y Mfxifv e kvkvnz MZ 5 g, 2017 gvî 59 eqi eq m wzwb Avgv `i Q o bv divi ` k P j M Qb giûg ivwd hy³iv óªi B gvwi wek we` vjq _ K mgvrweáv b wcgbpww jvf K ib g Zz i AvM ch ší wzwb M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi mvgvwrk Dbœqb welqk BDwb Ui cöavb wq jb RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk Dfq ch v qi wewfbœ Rvb v j wzwb M elyv c wz, mgv Ri Dci eª v Ki cöfve Ges `jxq MwZkxjZvi Dci M elyvcî cökvk K i Qb BDwcGj (2001) KZ K cökvwkz Counting the Hills: Assessing Development in Chittagong Hill Tracts kxl K GKwU eb qi jlk/m úv`k Dfq `vwqz wzwb cvjb K i Qb Zvi Ab vb D jøl hvm MÖš n Q: Can We Get Along: An Account of Communal Relationship in Bangladesh (2005), Small Ethnic Groups of Bangladesh: A Mapping Execise (2006) Dfq MÖš B cv Äix cvewj Kkbm _ K cökvwkz nq wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 11
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv GbwRI Ges Dbœqb kxl K c v bj Av jvpbv MZ 19 gvp, 2017 GbwRI Ges Dbœqb kxl K GK Av jvpbv mfvq e³viv e jb h, Dbœq b GbwRI jv ỳ «FYmn wewfbœ Dcv q f~wgkv ivl Q mg q mg q Zv `i Kvh µ gi cucwiez b n q Q c«vwzôvwbk m gzv M o D V Q mgvr cwiez b eo f~wgkv i L Q Gme GbwRI ivravbxi gnvlvjxi eª vk Bb m Uvi AwWUwiqv g eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Ges eª vk wek we` vjq hš_fv e GB c v bj Av jvpbvi Av qvrb K i Ôeª vk WÕ Dcj Av qvwrz G Abyôv b c«avb AwZw_ wq jb A_ bxwzwe` I emikvwi M elyv ms v wmwcwwi U«vw ev W i Pqvig vb Aa vck ingvb mvenvb Abyôv b mv ek ZË veavqk mikv ii Dc `óv Iqvwn`DwÏb gvngỳ e jb, GbwRI jv mgvr cwiez b eo f~wgkv i L Q ag fxiæ gvbyl K m PZb K i g q `i y j cvvv bv wksev Rb wbqš Y c wz M«nY Kiv bvi g Zv KvR K i Q d j mnm«v ãi Dbœqb j AR b A bk Î evsjv `k mggv bi Ab vb ` ki Zyjbvq ewk GwM q Q hw`i G Î mikv ii eo D ` vm i q Q A_ bxwzwe` I wmwcwwõi Pqvig vb Aa vck ingvb mvenvb e jb, Dbœq b GbwRI jv ỳ «FYmn wewfbœ Dcv q f~wgkv ivl Q ỳ «FY `vwi`ª `~ixki Y g vwrk ey ju wn m e KvR K i Q AvMvgx Z UKmB Dbœqb j AR b GbwRI jv K wb q mgwš^z D ` vm wb Z n e wzwb e jb, GZw`b ỳ «FY n q Q e w³ Kw `«K wkš evrv i c«ekvwakv i e w³i P q Mvôxi m gzv ewk G Rb GLb MvôxMZ ỳ «FY wb q fvev h Z cv i Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b Avos qi g Zv Ki cv iu c«wzôvb jv K Zv `i cy mieivnkvix `i gybvdvi Ask `Iqvi cö Íve K ib wzwb MYmv izv Awfhv bi wbe vnx cwipvjk iv k`v K PŠayix e jb, mg q mg q GbwRI jvi Kvh µ gi cucwiez b n q Q më ii `k K GbwRI jv cöavbz ÎvY I cybe vmb wb q KvR K i Q Avwki `k K mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kvh µ g AšÍf y³ n q Q beÿb qi `k K MYZvwš K mikvi Avmvi ci gvbevwakvi wb q KvR ïiæ n q Q GKykkZ K G m GbwRI jv cwi ek, mykvmb, ^ QZv wb q KvR Ki Q Gfv e ` ki Dbœq b GbwRI jv f~wgkv i L Q cöavbgš xi Kvh vj qi GmwWwR welqk gyl mgš^qk Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` e jb, GmwWwR ev Íevq b mevb K GKm ½ KvR Ki Z n e eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk Aa vck Ave`yj ev qm e jb, AwZ `vwi`ª `~ixkiy I mvgvwrk Dbœq b GbwRI jv f~wgkv i L Avm Q eª v Ki wbe vnx cwipvjk W. gynv v` gymvi mfvcwz Z AbywôZ GB c v bj Av jvpbvq Av iv e³e iv Lb hy³iv R i Aj vi wek we` vj qi cö dmi GmAvi Imgvbx 12 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` ki K wllvz I Lv` wbivcëvq KŠkjMZ e e vcbv kxl K mwgbvi AbywôZ MZ 31 Rvbyqvwi, 2017 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Ges hy³iv R i wwcvu g U di B Uvi b vkbvj Wfjc g U (wwgdavbww) hš_fv e eª vk m Uvi Bb AwWUwiqv g evsjv ` ki K wllvz I Lv` wbivcëvq KŠkj wba vi Y GKwU mwgbv ii Av qvrb K i D jøl h, wewkó K wlwe` W. gvneye nv m bi kyiæ Kiv M elyvwu ciez x ch v q mgvß K ib Zuvi my hvm mn hvmx I M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk cö dmi Ave`yj ev qm I K wlzë we` W. GmGg dvkiæj Bmjvg GB M elyvq e envi Kiv nq K wl m úªmviy wefvm, evsjv `k cwimsl vb eÿ iv Ges 64wU Rjvq K lk `i KvQ _ K cövß 2004 _ K 2014 ch ší eª v Ki c v bj mv f WvUv M elyvq GgbwU aviyv Kiv nq h, 2030 mv ji g a evsjv ` k 1.2 wgwjqb gwuªk Ub PvDj DØ Ë _vk e G M elyv _ K Av iv `L Z cviqv hvq h, RvZxq Drcv` b K wllvz `vwi`ª n«v m A-K wllv Zi GKB ik gi cöe w i Zzjbvq wzb Y cöfve iv L Abyôv b Av iv e³e iv Lb, K wl gš Yvj qi AwZwi³ mwpe Rbve gvnv ` bvrgyj Bmjvg D³ mwgbv i mfvcwzz K ib eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi ^v I cywó BDwb Ui Kg m~wp cªavb W. gvt gvndzrvi ingvb wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 13
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z co Z Avmvi Av M 50% wkÿv_ x mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿvkvh µ g hy³ wqj ewkifvm AwffveKB ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z wkÿv_ x `i cvwv q Qb g~jz: gvbm Z I A ezwbk wkÿv Ges nvwui mwbœk U we` vj qi Ae v bi Kvi Y 14 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
eª vk wkÿvzix fšmwjk mxgve Zvq wkÿv Kvh µg Ae vnz ivl Z GKwU D vebxg~jk D ` vm * biiv gnixb, biixb Bqvmwgb, mgxi iäb bv_ GB M elyv cök íi g~j jÿ wqj- nvi o we` gvb P v jämg~ ni cöÿvc U eª vk wkÿvzixi gva g gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg K Mfxifv e we køly Kiv GKBmv _ fšmwjk mxgve Zv Ges AvÂwjK `ym gzv- wkÿv ÿ Î Kvb D vebxg~jk D ` v Mi wfwë n Z cv i KxÕbv muvi GB M elyvq AbymÜvb Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q 1 M elyvi jÿ mg~n 1. nvi o we` gvb P v jämg~ ni KZUzKz Òeª vk wkÿvzix Kvh µgó AwZµg Ki Z c i Q Zv wba viy 2. h jÿ ` ji Rb eª vk wkÿvzix Kvh µg m jÿ ` ji Kv Q G Kvh µg KZUzKz cušq Z c i Q Zv AbymÜvb * Geographical exclusion to educational innovation: A study on BRAC Shikkhatari (2014). kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc [ mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb: AvjZvgvm cvkv ] wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 1
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 3. GB Kvh µ gi gva g e w cövß wkÿv mevq wkï `i cö ekvwakv ii gvîv KZLvwb e w c q Q Zv wba viy; 4. we` vjq AeKvVv gv, wkÿke ` I QvÎ- QvÎx `i Ae v Abyhvqx ÔwkÿvZixiÕi ez gvb Ae vb wba viy Ges h ai bi myweav cö`vb Kiv n Q I cöwµqvi e envi n Q Zvi cöÿvc U wkÿvi gvb wba viy; 5. eª vk wkÿvzix Kvh µg cwipvjbvi ÿ Î eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wpi Kg x `i wk ai bi cöwzeükzvi m ylxb n Z n q Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv; 6. G Kvh µ gi cöwz cökí GjvKvq emevmiz Rb Mvôxi ` wófw½ Zz j aiv eª vk wkÿvzix cökí mvims ÿc 2 012 mv j eª vk wkÿvzix cökíwu ïiæ nq eª vk cöv_wgk we` vj qi Abyiƒc eª vk wkÿvzix cök íi ÿ ÎI- GKwU köwykÿ, GKRb wkwÿkv I 30 Rb wkÿv_ x g Wj AbymiY Kiv nq eª vk wkÿvzixi g~j ˆewkó nj- G we` vj qi köwykÿwu GKwU fvmgvb bškv mviv evsjv ` ki wewfbœ nvio GjvKvq gvu 500wU we` vjq vcb Kiv n q Q KvZvi dv Ûi 500 zj 2013-250wU (RyjvB-AvM ) 2014-250wU (50Uv zj) M elyv c wz wewfbœ c wz e envi K i G M elyvq Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q, hvi AšÍfz ³ wqj Rwic c wz, mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Ges köwykÿ ch eÿy ˆ`ePq bi gva g câvkwu ÔwkÿvZixÕ wbe vpb Kiv nq Ges wkÿv_ x `i 500wU Lvbvi Rwic m úbœ Kiv nq Gi g a AvUwU wkÿvzixi Kg m~wp msmvk Ges wkÿk `i mvÿvrkvi biqv nq GKB mv _ AwffveK `i gzvgzi Rvb Z PvIqv n q Q M elyvje djvdj M elyv djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, ÔwkÿvZixÕmg~n vc b vb wbe vpb h_vh_ jÿ gvîv AR b mnvqk n q Q AwffveKiv Rvwb q Qb h, hlb ÔwkÿvZixÕ wqj bv, ZLb el vi mgq wkÿv_ x `i we` vj q h Z Lvj cvi n q h Z n Zv wkš wkÿvzix vc bi Kvi Y GLb A a K wkÿv_ x Zv `i wbr ^ ÔnvwUiÕ g a B we` vjq c q hvq AbymÜv b `Lv hvq h, ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z co Z Avmvi Av M 50% wkÿv_ x mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿvkvh µ g hy³ wqj ewkifvm AwffveKB ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z wkÿv_ x `i cvwv q Qb g~jz `ywu Kvi Y: gvbm Z I A ezwbk wkÿv Ges nvwui mwbœk U we` vj qi Ae vb 2 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
eª vk wkÿvzix: fšmwjk mxgveb Zvq wkÿv Kvh µg Ae vnz ivl Z GKwU D vebxg~jk D ` vm M elyv _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, Lvbvmg~n I QvÎQvÎx `i evmvi Mo `~iz ÔwkÿvZixÕi Zzjbvq wbku mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi ÿ Î cövq wø Y wqj wkš wkÿvzix cök íi gva g we` vj qi Ae vb Ggbfv e Kiv n q Q hv Z Zv Lvbvmg~n _ K we` vj qi `~iz Kwg q Av b GQvovI, ÔwkÿvZixÕi QvÎQvÎx `i GKwU wekvj As ki (86.4%) we` vjq Zv `i ÔnvwUÕ eivei wqj A_ev wbku ÔnvwUÕi Kv Q wqj QvÎQvÎx `i AwffveK `i gzvgz n Q ÔwkÿvZixÕ Pvjyi c i cvwbe ev K` gv³ vb cvi n q we` vj q hvevi Kó n«vm c q Q webwc ïaygvî ÔwkÿvZixÕB Pvjy K iwb, mb m ½ QvU bškvi gva g wkÿk I QvÎQvÎx `i evmv _ K z j Avmv-hvevi e e vi K i Q AwffveKiv Rvbvb ÔwkÿvZixÕ cöwzôvi Av M Zv `i mšívbiv z j bv wm q evmvi Kv Q Lj Zv ev M n vwji UzwKUvwK KvR Ki Zv wkš ez gv b Zviv wbqwgz z j hvq GB M elyvi ÿ Î hlv b ÔwkÿvZixÕ cöwzôv Kiv n q Q Zvi mkj Lvbvq GKwU Rwic cwipvjbv m eci nqwb ZvB, mivmwi GUv cwigvc Kiv m eci nqwb h, ÔnvwUiÕ ga Kvi me P q `wi`ªiv Zv `i mšívb `i ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z cvvvq KxÕ bv Aek GKUv wekí e e v biqv n qwqj ÔwkÿvZixÕi QvÎQvÎx `i ˆewk ó i m ½ mvaviyfv e nvii GjvKvi QvÎ- QvÎx `i Zzjbv Kiv n qwqj GB Zzjbv _ K `L Z cviqv hvq h, ÔwkÿvZixÕi QvÎQvÎx `i Lvbvmg~n nvio GjvKvi Ab vb Lvbvi P q Lvivc Ae vq i q Q mvaviyfv e Gme Lvbvmg~n Lv` wbivcëvi cöÿvc U Lvivc ch v q Ae vb Ki Q GQvovI ÔwkÿvZixÕi QvÎQvÎx `i AwffveKiv Ab vb `i P q Kg wkwÿz nvii A j cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ae v Dbœq b ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µ gi Ae`vb e vck nvii A j wkÿv Kvh µ g cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µg mzk Zvi m ½ GZ`msµvšÍ mgm vi mgvavb Ki Q hme Rb Mvôxi wbku cušqv bv KóKi, mme ÿ Î fšmwjk P v jä AwZµ g ÔwkÿvZixÕ mÿg n q Q GB M elyvq mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq A_ev ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z hvevi ÿ Î Kx cwigvy LiP jv M m m úwk Z Z_ msmön Kiv nq wb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ n hvevi ÿ Î Kvb `vßwik myweav wqj bv ZvB, wkÿv_ x Ges AwffveKiv wb RivB bškvi e e v Ki Zv A_ev Nv Ui bškv e envi K i we` vj q hvzvqvz Ki Zv Dfq ÿ ÎB Lvbv jvi Dci wkqz cwigvy A_ bwzk evsv Av ivwcz nq Ab w` K ÔwkÿvZixÕi ÿ Î e e v i q Q QvÎQvÎx I wkÿk `i Rb QvU `kxq bškvi e e v Kivi GQvov, G ÿ Î e envikvix `i Dci Li Pi evsvi Av ivwcz nq bv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 3
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv ÔwkÿvZixÕi A a K QvÎQvÎx ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z Avmvi Av M Ab z j cov jlv K i Q& G `i ewkifvm cov jlv K i Q mikvwi ev emikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q Aek GwU Rvbv m eci nqwb h Gme QvÎQvÎx mivmwi c~e ez x we` vjqmg~n _ K G m Q KxÕbv A_ev c~e ez x we` vjq _ K S i covi ci eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wp Z fwz n q Q wkbv? köwy Abyhvqx wkÿv_ x `i eqm mxgv we køly _ K `Lv hvq h, cö_g wzb kªwyi Rb Ab we` vjq _ K Avmv QvÎQvÎx `i Mo eqm mivmwi ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z fwz niqv QvÎQvÎx `i P q ewk _v K Aek MÖW-4 Gi ÿ Î wecixz ` k `L Z cviqv M Q cö_gz: Zviv AvbyôvwbK z j _ K S i c o Q Ges ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z fwz i mgq Zviv we` vj qi evb i wqj wøzxqz: Gme QvÎQvÎx GK zj _ K Ab z j P j M Q Ges bzzb GKwU z j fwz n q Q bxpz köwy Z ÔAvbymw½K LiP KgÕ ev z ji ˆbK U i K_vI cövavb c q Q G ÿ Î hlb AwffveK `i Kv Q Zv `i mšívb `i ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z fwz i KviY m ú K Rvb Z PvIqv nq, ZLb ewkifvm AwffveKB Ôgvb m Z wkÿvi K_vÕ e j Qb AwffveK, Zv wzwb abx A_ev Mwie hvb nvb bv Kb wb Ri mšív bi Rb we` vjq wbe vp bi AwaKvi Zvi i q Q ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z Ab we` vjq _ K Avmv QvÎQvÎx `i AvbycvwZK e w nq Zvev M elyvaxb GjvKvq AwffveK `i wbr ^ cq `i Abykxjb KB cöwzdwjz K i AwffveK `i GB BwZevPK g bvfve AÿzYœ ivlv G cök íi Ab Zg P v jä wn m e wpwýz Kiv hvq G D Ï k wkqz welq Awej ^ gvkvwejv Ki Z n e D`vniY ^iƒc, Uq ju myweav cövwßi welqmg~n hz ZvovZvwo m e guv Z n e webwc G ÿ Î eª vk Iqvk Kg m~wpi m ½ KvR K i welqwui mgvavb Ki Z cv i, wkqz wkqz P v jä m ez Gwo q hviqv m e bq nvi ii wewfbœ Kvh vejx hgb, gvq aiv, Ab vb bškvi kã, cwi vi Kivi kã, avqv I Mvm ji Kvi Y KLbI köwyi Kvh vejx e vnz nq KwZcq evb ii DÏxc Ki cöfve m ez m ú~y fv e eü Kiv hv e bv Aek mgv Ri g a m PZbZv m wói gva g Zv n«vm Kiv h Z cv i ÔwkÿvZixÕ i Rb Dchy³ bvix wkwÿkv cviqvi GKwU P v j Äi welq cö_gz, Kvh µgfz³ GjvKvq gva wgk ev K jr co qv gvbyl cviqv hvq K`vwPr wøzxqz, m ve cöv_ xi eª vk z j wkÿkzv Kivi P q Ab vb Kv Ri my hvm i q Q wkÿk `i S i covuvi GKwU P v jä hviv ïiæ _ KB wb Ri z j wkÿkzv KiwQ jb Zv `i P q wekí wkÿkiv KLbIev GKB ikg Kvh m úv`b Ki Z cv i GB mgm vi mgvav b wkÿk `i ezb cybtwe epbv Kiv h Z cv i mgz ji eª vk z ji Zzjbvq ewa Z GKwU ezb KvVv gv GB P v j Äi gvkvwejvq GKwU Dcvq n Z cv i bq _ K `k eq ii we` vjq wkÿkzvi c i `xn mg qi cöwkÿ Yi e e v Aci GKwU Dcvq n Z cv i cwi k l ejv hvq h, GB ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µg GKwU Awfbe D ` vm wkwÿkv `i wbweo cöwkÿy cö`vb, wkÿvzix Kvh µ g Zv `i a i ivlv, AeKvVv gvmz ea b Kiv, hv Z wkÿywklb cöwµqv DrmvwnZ Kiv hvq Ges Awfbe e e vcbv c wzi Av ivc we epbvq biqv h Z cv i GB D ` v Mi UKmB Dbœq bi Rb 4 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
mycvwikmg~n eª vk wkÿvzix: fšmwjk mxgveb Zvq wkÿv Kvh µg Ae vnz ivl Z GKwU D vebxg~jk D ` vm ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µg K KwZcq Af šíixy I evwn K P v j Äi gy LvgywL n Z nq Gi g a KwZcq P v jä mn RB mgvavb Kiv hvq Ab w` K KwZcq P v jä gvkvwejvq cö qvrb `xn mg qi Ges KwZcq Avevi Gwo q hviqv hvq bv wb œ ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µ gi Dbœq b KwZcq bxwzmz mycvwikgvjv Dc vwcz Kiv nj: 1. nvii GjvKvq hvm wkÿk wn m e KvR Kivi g Zv ch vß wkÿvmz hvm Zv m úbœ bvix h _ó cwigv Y cviqv hvq bv hv `i ch vß wkÿvmz hvm Zv i q Q I Ab vb c `I Zv `i Pvwn`v we` gvb ZvB ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kvh µ gi ÿ Î wkÿk `i S i covuv GKwU iæzi mgm v wn m e we` gvb wkÿk-wkwÿkv `i Drmvn cö`v b G ÿ Î Avw_ K A_ev Ab ai bi m vbx cö`v bi e e v Ki Z n e wkÿk `i m vbx ch v jvpbv Ki Z n e hv Z Zviv mgz ji we` vjq jv _ K ewk m vbx cvb wkÿk `i a i ivlvi ÿ Î ÔnvIiÕ fvzv Av ivc Kiv h Z cv i wekí wn m e ez gvb Av`k gvb wkw_j Kiv h Z cv i Ges 9 _ K 10 eq ii AwfÁZvm úbœ bvix wkÿk wb qvm `Iqv h Z cv i Aek wkÿk cöwkÿ Yi gvîv evov Z n e G ÿ Î Avgv `i fy j M j Pj e bv h, h Kvb wkÿv Kg m~wp Z wkÿkiv n Qb cöavb PvweKvwV 2. Kg m~wpi Rvbv _vk Z n e h, Ab we` vjq _ K QvÎQvÎxiv vb cwiez b K i ÔwkÿvZixÕ Kg m~wp Z hvm w` Q G ai bi vbvší ii nvi hz`~i m e me wb œ _vk Z n e, hv Z eª vk K mikvwi ch vq A_ev Ab Drm _ K mgv jvpbvi m ylxb n Z bv nq G ÿ Î GUv `Lvi cö qvrb i q Q h, QvÎQvÎxiv Zv `i AwffveK `i cq `i Kvi YB vbvšíwiz n Q wkÿvzix Kg m~wp Z, Kg m~wp msmvk `i we kl cö Póvi Kvi Y bq hw` Kg m~wp msmvk `i Kvi Y n q _v K, Z e cö Póv wb Z n e Gai bi NUbv me wb œ Kwg q Avbvi wecix Z ejv hvq h, AwffveK KZ K Zv `i wkï `i Rb fv jv gv bi we` vjq cq ` Kivi AwaKvi AMÖvn Kiv m eci bq Ges Zvi cq ` K Aek B we epbv Ki Z n e Aek GKB mv _ eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wpi g~j jÿ _ K m i Avmv DwPZ bq Ges G Kvi Y we` vj qi evb i _vkv wkï `i we` vj q wb q Avmvi ÿ Î we kl bri w` Z n e 3. cwi ekevüe Kivi Rb ÔwkÿvZixÕi AeKvVv gvmz ms v ii cö qvrb i q Q köyxkÿ jv KL bvev ewk AÜKvi, Mig Ges muz mu Z n q D V, hv wkÿy-wklb cwi e k bwzevpk cöfve d j K vmiæg jv Z mši c v b ji gva g Av jv I d v bi e e v ivlvi e vcviwu we epbvq biqv h Z cv i Lvjv v b gjgyî Z vm nvi ii cvwb K `~wlz K i, m Kvi Y wkÿv_ x I wkwÿkv Dfq KB G wel q m PZb wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 5
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Ki Z n e Ges wkÿv_ x `i Rb wkÿvzixi Iqvkiæg myweavi cwiez b Ki Z n e webwc Ges Iqv mi g a G ÿ Î mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb i q Q webwc Ges Iqv mi g a mn hvwmzvi cö qvrb i q Q GQvovI mkj we` vj qi wbivc` cvwbi cö ekvwakvi wbwðz Ki Z n e 4. Kg x `i hvzvqv Zi mgm v wkÿvzix Kg m~wp cwipvjbv cöwµqv Z e vckfv e Amyweav m wó K i G Kvi Y Kg m~wp msmvk `i jÿ gvîvmg~n ev Íem Z I AR b hvm n Z n e mywbw` ó KwZcq ÔwkÿvZixÕi Ae vb h_vh_ v b bv niqv Z Zv köwyk ÿi Kvh µ g bwzevpk cöfve d j Gme we` vj qi Ae v b cybivq h Z n e Ges Zv cwiez b m Pó n Z n e wkqz ÿ Î muv Kv jv mnvqk n Z cv i, Avi m ÿ Î QvÎQvÎx `i cvwb I Kv`v gvwo q h Z n e bv 5. G M elyvq KwZcq evwn K Dcv`vb wpwýz Kiv wm qwqj hv köwyk ÿ h_vh_ wklbwkÿy Kvh µg K e vnz K i Gi me jvb m ú~y fv e `~ixfzz Kiv hv e bv Aek Rviv jv mvgvwrk m PZbZv m wói gva g Zv n«vm Kiv h Z cv i 6. h nzz 3/4 nvwui QvÎ-QvÎx ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z fwz n Q, Zviv QvU bškv hv M we` vj q hvq webwc AbymÜvb K i `L Z cv i nvwu Z we` vjq vc bi Rb iæg i q Q KxÕ bv GwU we` vjq vc bi LiP n«vm Ki e me QvÎQvÎx `i ÔwkÿvZixÕ Z wkÿvjv fi my hvm cö`v b `ywu bškv GK Ae v b ivlv h Z cv i; Ges cöwzwu we` vj q `y-wzbwu wmd&u ivlv h Z cv i, hv Z mb Ae v b cöv_wgk wkÿvfz³ cuvpwu MÖ Wi mekwub Pvjy _v K 6 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
mn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r, cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w * mgxi iäb bv_ Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix KvRx mv jn Avng` gbryi Avng` cöv_wgk wkÿvi my hvm m úªmviyb wqj wemz wzb `kkry o wek e vcx Av jvp welq ˆewk K cwimsl vb e j, wek e vcx wbu I MÖm fwz i nvi e o Q Ges we` vjq ewnf~ Z wkïi msl v K g Q A bk `kb Av Mi Zzjbvq Kg eq m wkï `i cöv_wgk köyx Z fwz Kiv Q, cöv_wgk wkÿvi mgq evwo q Q I eva Zvg~jK wkÿvi e vwß evov Z wkÿvbxwz Z cwiez b G b Q Kej DbœZ `k mg~ nb bq, cvkvcvwk wb œ I ga g Av qi `k jv ZI GB cwiez b m~wpz n q Q A_P evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wkÿvq fwz i eqm ev cöv_wgk wkÿvi e vwßkv j 1955 mv ji ci _ K Kvb cwiez b `Lv hvqwb eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wkÿvi e vwßkvji 1990 mvj _ K GKB Av Q Gi e vwß n Q cö_g _ K câg köyx ch ší Qq _ K `k eqi eqmx wkï `i Rb GB wkÿv eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wkÿvq fwz i eq mi wbwi L evsjv `k we k i msl vmwió `k jvi KvZv i _vk ji cöv_wgk I eva Zvg~jK wkÿvi e vwßi w`k _ K `kwu GLbI wcwq q i q Q 2 * `Moving from MDG to SDG: Accelerate progress for quality primary education (2015) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc _ K AbywjLb - AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 7
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv cªv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Z Zxq ch vq (2011-16) wkÿvi m úªmvi Yi cvkvcvwk gvb Dbœq bi IciI iæz v ivc Ki Q wkÿvi gvb Kv bv w i ev wbðj aviyv bq RvZxq iƒckí Z_v ` ki mvwe K Dbœqb I wkÿv e e vi cwiez bi mv _ Gi msávi cwiewz Z nq GWz Kkb IqvP-Gi m~pbvkvj 1998 mvj _ KB cöv_wgk wkÿvi gvb m ú K ek wkqz M elyv Kiv n q Q G avivq me kl M elyvwu n qwqj 2008 mv j - GLb _ K mvz eqi Av M ez gvb cöÿvc U welqwui iæz Abyaveb K i GWy Kkb IqvP `j cöv_wgk wkÿvi gvb K 2015 mv ji M elyvi g~j welq wn m e wba viy K i Q 2015 mvj GKw` K hgb mevi Rb wkÿv I mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ mg~n AR bi kl eqi (2000-2015), Aciw` K RvwZmsN wba vwiz AvMvgx 15 eq ii Rb UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~n AR bi m~pbvwe `y (2016-2030) d j G eqiwu GiKg GKwU M elyvi Rb Av`k mgq G eq ii m Þ ^i gv m RvwZms Ni UKmB Dbœq bi Rb 17wU jÿ wba viy Kiv nq, hvi g a wkÿvmsµvší PZz_ jÿ wu n jvmevi Rb GKxf Z I mgzvwfwëk gvbm Z wkÿv Ges Rxebe vcx wkÿvi my hvm wbwðz Kiv G M elyvwu K MZ 15 eq ii cö Póvq GKwU mvgwók g~j vjqb wn m e we epbv Kiv hvq GKB m ½ GwU AvMvgx 15 eq ii Kg Kv Ði GKwU emjvbb wn m e KvR Ki e M elyvi D Ïk evsjv ` k cöv_wgk wkÿvi gvb K g~j welq a i GB M elyvq mvg Zvi ` wó KvY _ K gvbmsµvší wewfbœ m~p Ki wfwë Z AbymÜvb cwipvjbv Kiv n q Q Ges G msµvší cöeyzvmg~n ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n n Q: 1. cöv_wgk wkÿv ÿ Î RvMvb I cöwµqv msµvší weweam~pk e envi K i wkÿv cöwzôv bi gvb, cöwzôvbmg~ ni ga Kvi wewfbœzv I mg qi mv _ cwiez b AbymÜvb 2. RÛvi, wkÿvmz hvm Zv I cöwkÿy Ges gvbm Z wkÿv cö`v b wbr wbr f wgkvi Av jv K we` vj qi wkÿk, cöavb wkÿk I we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m `i e ËvšÍ hvpvb 3. cöv_wgk wkÿvq wkïi cö ekmg Zv, AskMÖnY Ges hvm Zv cwigvc Kivi cvkvcvwk AwfMg Zv I wklbd ji mv _ Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi m úk Ges mg qi Ave Z G Z Kv bv cªkvi cwiez b mvwaz n q Q wkbv, Zv AbymÜvb 8 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
mn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r, cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w 4. wkÿv-cöwzôv bi `ÿzv cwigvc Ges cöv_wgk wkÿvq wewb qv Mi djvdj wn m e Rbmvavi Yi wkÿv I mvÿizvi Ae vq Kx ai bi cwiez b n q Q Zv g~j vqb Kiv 5. wkÿv_ xi RÛvi, GjvKv, we` vj qi aiy I Av_ -mvgvwrk cöÿvcu we epbvq wb q mvg Zvi ` wó KvY _ K gšwjk wkÿv mevi RvMvb cöwµqv I djvdj we køly Kiv G M elyvq wkÿvi gvb evsvi Rb eûj e eüz RvMvb cöwµqv ZvrÿwYK dj g Wj e envi Kiv n q Q GWz Kkb IqvP-Gi M elyvq Gi Av MI G g Wj e envi Kiv n qwqj GKB g Wj e envi Kivi d j Av Mi M elyvmg~ ni djvd ji mv _ G M elyvi djvdj Zzjbv Kiv mnr n q Q GKB mv _ wewfbœ m~p K cwiez bi cöeyzvmg~ni we køly Kiv m e n q Q, hv wkÿvi Dbœqb g~j vq bi Rb AZxe iæz c~y G M elyvq wkÿvi gvb hvpvb Kivi Rb cö qvrbxq m~pk wba viy Ki Z wm q we` gvb ZË mg~n ch v jvpbvi cvkvcvwk cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii ˆZwi I e envi Kiv `yb mu m~pk e vckfv e e envi Kiv n q Q G jv n jv: gyl `ÿzv m~pk I cöv_wgk we` vjq gv bi Íi M elyvi djvdj 1. cöv_wgk wkÿv cöwzôvbmg~ ni AeKvVv gv we` vj qi fšz AeKvVv gv I my hvm-myweav wkÿvi mvwe K gvb hvpvb qi Rb RvMvb m úwk Z iæz c~y m~pk G jvi g a wkqz gšwjk my hvm-myweav GLv b Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q, hgb we` vjq feb, köwykÿ, wkÿk `i Kÿ, mvwe K cwi vi-cwi QbœZv, köwyk ÿ e eüz eø vk evw, Lvevi cvwb I kšpvmvi, we` vj qi MÖš vmvi Ges mn-cvvµwgk Kvh µg GK Kÿwewkó DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq jv K wn m ei g a wb q 2014 mv j M elyvfz³ we` vjq jv Z M o 3.7wU köwykÿ cviqv M Q DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq jv K ev` w` j GB msl v `uvovq 4.8wU Avjv`vfv e mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q M o 4.9wU köwykÿ i q Q Avi bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_wgk we` vj q Kÿ msl v 3.4wU gvî 8.1 kzvsk we` vj q cöv_wgk we` vjq gv bi Íi m~pk Abymv i 507 em dzu AvqZ bi köwykÿ Av Q mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq, bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_wgk we` vjq I wkûvimv U bi ewkifvm köwykÿ cy ivcywi BU A_ev BU I wu bi mswgkö Y ˆZwi Giƒc köwykÿ Av Q A a KiI Kg msl K Ge Z`vwq gv`ªvmvq Ges wzbfv Mi GKfvM DcvbyôvwbK we` vj q wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 9
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv M o A a KiI Kg msl K köwyk ÿ ˆe`ÿ wzk evwz I cvlvi e e v Av Q MÖvgxY we` vjq jvi Zzjbvq kn ii we` vjq jv ewk my hvm-myweavm úbœ we` vjq feb jvi wbg vy mvgmöxi gvb, ˆe`ÿ wzk evwz I cvlv Ges cvwicvwk K Ae vi we epbvq 2008 _ K 2014 mv j úózb DbœwZ N U Q we` vj q RvZxq czvkv D Ëvjb I RvZxq msmxz MvIqvi ÿ ÎI DbœwZ jÿ Kiv M Q 2014 mv j Rwi ci w` b 90 kzvsk we` vj q RvZxq czvkv D Ëvjb Kiv n qwqj Ges 77 kzvsk we` vj q RvZxq msmxz MvIqv n qwqj; GB nvimg~n 2008 mv ji Zzjbvq wbtm ` n A bk ewk wqj 2. cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿk we` vj qi aiy f ` wkÿk `i msl vq h _ó cv_ K jÿ Kiv M Q GKB ai bi we` vj qi ÿ ÎI we` vjq f ` GB cv_ K we` gvb GK-wkÿK wewkó DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq jv e ZxZ 41.3 kzvsk we` vj qi ÿ Î wkÿk msl v PviRb ev Zvi Kg, 11.7 kzvsk we` vj q 5 Rb, 17.9 kzvsk we` vj q 6-8 Rb Ges 29 kzvsk we` vj q 9 ev Zvi AwaK msl K wkÿk i q Qb we` vjq jv Z M o wkÿk wq jb 6.2 Rb MÖvgxY we` vjq jv Z Mo wkÿk msl v 5.5 Rb Avi kn ii we` vjq jvz 9.6 Rb we` vjqmg~ n bvix wkÿk `i AbycvZ µgk e o Q 1998 mv j gvu wkÿk `i 32 kzvsk wq jb bvix GB nvi 2008 mv j 39.3 kzvs k Ges 2014 mv j 63.4 kzvs k DbœxZ n q Q D jøl, cöwzwu Rwic eq ib we` vj qi aiy f ` wkÿk `i gv S bvix wkÿk `i msl vq D jøl hvm cv_ K jÿ Kiv M Q bvix wkÿk `i nvi MÖvgxY we` vjq jvi Zzjbvq kn iii we` vjq jv Z memgq ewk wqj mg qi cöwÿ Z mkj ai Yi we` vj q wkÿk `i wkÿvmz hvm Zv e o Q œvzk ev œvz KvËi wwwmö i q Q Ggb wkÿk `i GLb Av Mi P q ewk wb qvm `Iqv n Q mg qi mv _ cöwkÿycövß wkÿk `i nvii e w c q Q 1998 mv j 60 kzvs ki Kg wkÿ Ki gšwjk cöwkÿy wqj, hv 2008 I 2014 mv j h_ vµ g 61.3 kzvsk I 65.9 kzvs k DbœxZ n q Q mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿk `i 94 kzvs ki ewk, bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z we` vj qi wkÿk `i 87.8 kzvsk I DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi 60 kzvs ki Kg wkÿk gšwjk wkÿk cöwkÿy c qwqj 10 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
cöwkÿycövß wkÿk `i iæzi NvUwZ jÿ Kiv M Q wkûvimv U b I Ge Z`vqx gv`ªvmvq hv, h_vµ g 15 kzvsk I 7 kzvsk 3. cöv_wgk we` vjq e e vcbv ewkifvm mikvwi I bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_wgk we` vjq Ges Ge Z`vwq gv`ªvmvq 2014 mv j we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwU wqj Aciw` K, 15 kzvsk DcvbyôvwbK we` vjq I 22.5 kzvsk wkûvimv U b Giƒc Kv bv KwgwU wqj bv mvwe Kfv e, 91.5 kzvsk we` vj q e e vcbv KwgwU wqj we` vj qi aiy f ` e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m msl vq wfbœzv cwijwÿz n q Q Gi cöavb KviY G msµvší wewaweavb mikvwi I bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_wgk we` vjq I Ge Z`vwq gv`ªvmvi Rb 11 m` m i Ges DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi Rb 7 m` m i KwgwU MVb c~e wba vwiz wkûvimv U bi ÿ Î Giƒc Kv bv wewaweavb bb 2014 mv j kzkiv 84 fv Mi ewk cöavb wkÿk cöwkÿycövß wq jb bvix `i 88.5 kzvsk I cyiæl `i 82.2 kzvsk mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi mkj cöavb wkÿk, bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_wgk we` vj qi 95.8 kzvsk, wkûvimv U bi 34.8 kzvsk I Ge Z`vwq gv`ªvmvi 18.3 kzvsk cöavb wkÿk cöwkÿy c qwq jb cöwkÿycövß cöavb wkÿ Ki AbycvZI mg qi mv _ e o Q 1998 mv j 70.8 kzvsk _ K 2008 mv j 77 kzvsk Ges 2014 mv j 84.2 kzvsk cöavb wkÿk `i Gme cöwkÿy wqj g~jz wkÿvweávb A_ev wewfbœ wel q wkÿv`v bi Ici, we` vjq e e vcbv ev bz Z welqk Kvh vejxi Ici bq 4. cöv_wgk wkÿvq AwfMg Zv mn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r, cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w mg qi mv _ ch vqµ g cöv_wgk wkÿvq AwfMg Zv e o Q wkï `i we` vj q fwz i wbu nvi, cök Z wbu fwz i nvi I mgwš^z wbu fwz i nv ii gva g AwfMg Zvi Bmÿ wu evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q wbu fwz i nvi wby q Kiv n q Q 6-10 eq ii gvu wkïi wecix Z GKB eq mi h msl K wkï we` vj q fwz Av Q Zvi AbycvZ Øviv cök Z wbu fwz i nvi wby q Kiv n q Q 6-10 eq ii gvu wkïi wecix Z GKB eqmx h msl K wkï cöv_wgk köwy Z fwz i q Q Zvi AbycvZ Øviv AvBb Abyhvqx hw`i wkï `i we` vj q fwz i h_v_ eqm n Q Qq eqi wkš Av M AwffveKiv 7-8 eqi eq m wkï `i we` vj q fwz Kiv Zb mg qi cöwÿ Z GB Ae vii A bk cwiez b N U Q A bk wczv-gvzv GLb Zv `i mšívb `i mwvk eq m we` vj q fwz Kiv Qb wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 11
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 5. cöv_wgk wkÿvcöwzôv bi Af šíixy `ÿzv cöv_wgk wkÿv-e e vi Af šíixy `ÿzv gvbm úbœ wkÿvi Av jv K GKwU ZvrÿwYK djvdj wba viyx m~pk GwU cwigv ci Rb GKB eq ii wewfbœ köwyi wkÿv_ x `i Z_ wb q GKwU K wîg wkÿv_ x `j ˆZwi Kiv n q Q Avbylw½K h m~pk jv cöv jb Kiv n q Q m jv n jv, DËxY, S i cov I cybive wëi nvi, câg köyx ch ší wu K _vkv I câg köbxi cvv mgvß Kivi nvi Ges cöv_wgk wkÿvi Af šíixy `ÿzvi gvb MÖvgv ji 79.7 kzvsk I knivâ ji 77.1 kzvsk wkÿv_ x cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvß K i Q wkÿvcöwzôv bi aiy f ` cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvß Kivi nv i e vck wfbœzv cviqv M Q- mikvwi cöv_wg K 86.3 kzvsk, DcvbyôvwbK we` vj qi ÿ Î 86.8 kzvsk, bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z we` vj qi ÿ Î 63.3 kzvsk, wkûvimv U bi ÿ Î 51.7 kzvsk I Ge Z`vwq gv`ªvmvi ÿ Î 36.38 kzvsk 6. câg köyxi wkÿv_ x `i AwR Z hvm Zv GWz Kkb IqvP ` ji ˆZwi Kiv câg köwyi wkÿv_ x `i Dc hvmx hvm ZvwfwËK Afxÿv e envi K i wkÿv_ x `i wklbdj hvpvb Kiv n q Q GwU wkÿvi gvb wbiƒc Yi GKwU iæz c~y wb ` kk wkÿv_ xiv 2014 mv j M o 74.5 kzvsk hvm Zv AR b K i Q welqwfwëk we køl Y `Lv hvq, wkÿv_ xiv cöv_wgk weáv b AR b K i Q 83.3 kzvsk hvm Zv, evsjv `k I wek cwip q 78.47 kzvsk hvm Zv, evsjvq 73.7 kzvsk hvm Zv, MwY Z 69.2 kzvsk hvm Zv I Bs iwr Z 62 kzvsk hvm Zv cöwzwu wel qb mg qi mv _ djvd j DbœwZ jÿ Kiv M Q MwY Zi djvd j DbœwZ me P q ewk (21.2 kzvsk c q U), Gic i Bs iwr Ges evsjv `k I wek cwipq (cöwzwu Z 15 kzvsk c q U) evsjv wel qi djvd j DbœwZ n q Q me P q Kg (7 kzvsk c q U) ÔÁvbg~jKÕ I ÔAbyavebg~jK Dfq ai bi cö kœi ÿ ÎB wkÿv_ x `i djvd j µ gvbœwz jÿ Kiv M Q DbœwZi MwZ ÔAbyavebg~jKÕ cö kœi Zzjbvq ÔÁvbg~jKÕ cö kœi ÿ Î A bk ewk wzbwu Afxÿv ZB wkÿv_ xiv ÔÁvbg~jKÕ As k ÔAbyavebg~jKÕ As ki Zzjbvq fvj djvdj AR b K i Q 7. Rbmvavi Yi wkÿv I mvÿizv cwiw wz h Kv bv ` k cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi m ½ mivmwi m úwk Z `ywu welq n jv `kwui Rb mvavi Yi wkÿvi Íi I mvÿizvi nv i DbœwZ G jv KI cöv_wgk wkÿvi ZvrÿwYK dj ejv nq 12 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
mn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r, cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w Rbmvavi Yi wkÿvi DbœwZ ch eÿ Yi Rb Pvi ai bi m~pk e envi Kiv n q Q m jv n jv: (1) Qq I Z`~aŸ eqmx Rbmvavi Yi z j fwz i nvi, (2) GMv iv I Z`~aŸ eqmx Rb Mvôxi cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvß Kivi nvi, (3) PŠÏ I Z`~aŸ eqmx Rb Mvôxi wb œgva wgk wkÿv mgvß Kivi nvi Ges (4) lvj I Z`~aŸ eqmx Rb Mvôxi gva wgk wkÿv mgvß Kivi nvi cöwzwu m~p KB mg qi wbwi L DbœwZ jÿ Kiv M Q, hw`i c ii `ywu m~p Ki Zzjbvq cö_g `ywu Z DbœwZ Zzjbvg~jKfv e `ªæZZi n q Q cöwzwu m~p KB bvixiv cyiæl `i Zzjbvq D jøl hvm fv e GwM q Av Q kn ii RbmvaviY MÖv gi Rbmvavi Yi Zzjbvq Dchy ³ Pvi m~p KB ek fvjfv e GwM q i q Q kn ii Rbmvavi Yi g a bvixiv cyiæl `i Zzjbvq GB Pvi m~p K h _ó DbœwZ jvf K i Q, Ggb wk MÖvgxY bvix `i AMÖMwZ kn ii bvix `i Zzjbvq ewk M elyvi g~j evz vmg~n GWz Kkb IqvP 2015 cöwz e` bi evz vmg~n mvwe Kfv e LyeB BwZevPK MZ `yb `kke vcx DbœwZi h cöeyzv `Lv M Q Zv Ae vnz i q Q gvbm Z wkÿvi ZvrÿwYK djvdj ej Z hv evsvq Zvi ek wkqz ÿ Î mvd j i gvîv Avkve ÄK GWz Kkb IqvP 2015 M elyvi djvdj we køl Y wb œv³ g~j evz vmg~n cviqv hvq: 1. wkÿv cöwzóvb jv GLb Av Mi P q ewk mvg_ evb mikvwi we` vjq jv Z my hvm-myweav m wói ÿ Î eo gv bi DbœwZ jÿ Kiv M Q mg qi mv _ cöv_wgk wkÿvcöwzôvb jvi fšz AeKvVv gv I wkÿvmsµvší myweavw` DbœZ n q Q; we klfv e köwyk ÿi msl v, cqtwb vkb e e v I weï cvwbi myweavi mv _ wkÿk `i wkÿvmz hvm Zv I cöwkÿ Yi ÿ ÎI DbœwZ `Lv M Q me P q ewk DbœwZ `L Z cviqv M Q mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Z, hlv b ` ki cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk wkÿv_ x K cöv_wgk wkÿv cö`vb Kiv nq bzzb RvZxqKiYK Z cöv_ wgk we` vjq jv ZzjbvgyjKfv e wcwq q i q Q, hv D cÿv Kiv hvq bv 2. ZvrÿwYK djvdj wby vqk m~pkmg~ ni wbwi L mgmö e e vq jÿ Yxq DbœwZ N U Q Gi g a i q Q cöv_wgk wkÿvi kl köwy ch ší wkÿv_ x `i wu K _vkv, cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvß Kivi cöeyzv e w Ges S i cov I cybive wëi cöeyzv K g hviqv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 13
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv wkÿv_ x `i wklb AR bi ÿ ÎI mg qi mv _ DbœwZ `Lv M Q hw`i Afxÿvi ÔÁvbg~jKÕ As ki Zzjbvq ÔAbyavebg~jKÕ As k wkÿv_ x `i cvi`wk Zv A bk Kg cwijwÿz n q Q GB wpî K qkwu welq K mvg b Zz j a i Q Gi g a cöv_wgk Í ii wba vwiz hvm Zvmg~ ni wkÿy-wklb cöwµqv, wkÿk `i g~j vqb `ÿzv, cöv_wgk Í ii hvm Zvmg~ ni msávqb I wkÿvµ g Dc vcb, wkÿk cöwkÿy Ges köwy wkÿ Yi mvwe K Ae v we klfv e D jøl hvm 3. wkÿvq AwfMg Zv I AskMÖn Yi ÿ Î RÛvi ˆelg `~i n q Q Ges cöv_wgk wkÿvi wewea ÿ Î bvix `i AskMÖnY mvwe Kfv e e o Q Q j `i Zzjbvq g q `i AwaKmsL vq fwz i welqwu mywew`z G M elyvq wkÿk `i g a bvix `i AbycvZ e w, we` vjq cöavb wn m e Zv `i AwaK nv i `vwqz cvjb I we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwU Z Zv `i AskMÖn Yi GKwU µgeaÿ gvb wpî dz U D V Q cyiæ li Zzjbvq AwaK msl K bvix wkÿk I we` vjq e e vcbv KwgwU Z AwaK msl K bvix m`m i q Qb Ggb we` vj qi Abycv ZI DaŸ gylx cöeyzv `Lv M Q 4. wkqz wbw` ó fšmwjk GjvKv I Av_ -mvgvwrk cöÿvc Ui wbwi L cöv_wgk wkÿvq ˆelg I AmgZv GKwU `xn w` bi mgm v, hv GL bv ez gvb we` vj q fwz I wklbdj AR b D jøl hvm DbœwZ n ji cöwzk~j cwi ekhy³ GjvKv I `wi`ª Av_ mvgvwrk Rb Mvôxi cöwz ˆelg GL bv Kv Uwb M elyvq `vwi`ª Zvi m~pk wn m e ÔLvbvi Lv` wbivcëv e e v KÕ we epbv Kiv n q Q `Lv M Q, RÛvi GjvKv (kni ev MÖvg), wczv-gvzvi wkÿvi Íi BZ vw`i wbwi L cöv_wgk wkÿvq h AmgZv wqj Zv ax i ax i K g G m Q we` vj qi aiy Abymv ii ` k gvb ˆelg i q Q hv wbim bi Rb we kl c` ÿc biqv `ikvi 5. mvwe Kfv e Rbmvavi Yi wkÿvmz hvm Zv I mvÿizv cwiw wzi DbœwZ N U Q cöv_wgk wkÿvq wkï `i fwz wbwðzkiy, wkÿv_ x `i cöv_wgk wkÿv mgvc bi ÿ Î Ae vnz cö Póvmn cöv_wgk wkÿv e e vi bvbvgylx cwiez bi d j evsjv ` ki Rbmvavi Yi mvgwmök wkÿvmz mÿgzvq GKwU BwZevPK cwiez b N U Q 14 6. mevi Rb wkÿv 2015-Gi KvR Amgvß i q M Q Gme Amgvß KvRmn UKmB Dbœqb jÿmg~ ni Ask wn m e 2030 mv ji g a wkÿvi h e nëi jÿ AR b Ki Z n e Zvi Rb cö qvrb ev Íem Z cwikíbv cöyqb I e e vmöny we` vjq _ K S i cov I cöv_wgk wkÿv Amgvß ivlv, we` vjq ewnf Z wkï, m šívlrbk wklbdj AR b Ges cö qvrbxq m ú` wbwðzkiy Amgvß KvR jvi K qkwu G jvi mv _ hy³ n Q 2030 mvj bvmv` AR b Ki Z n e Ggb wkÿv msµvší e nëi jÿ wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
bxwzmsµvší mycvwikgvjv mn ªvã Dbœqb _ K UKmB fwel r, cö qvrb gvbm Z cöv_wgk wkÿvi DbœwZi MwZe w GWz Kkb IqvP 2015 M elyvi djvdj, Z _ i we køly I g~jevz vmg~n bxwzmsµvší w`k wb ` kbvi Bw½Z enb K i G jv we epbvq wb q UKmB Dbœqb jÿ 2030 ev Íevq b wkÿv ÿ Î KiYxq bxwzmsµvší mycvwikgvjv cöyqb Kiv n q Q 1. wewfbœ ai bi we` vjq Ges GKB ai bi we` vj qi g a gvbm úbœ wkÿvi RvMvb I cöwµqv m úwk Z welqmg~ n h ˆelg we` gvb m jv `~i Kivi cöwz bri w` Z n e 2. wkÿv_ x `i wb R `i g a I wkÿv_ x-wkÿ Ki wg_w Œqv m wó I köwykÿ K Avb ``vqk Kivi j ÿ köwy-wkÿ Yi gvb Dbœq bi cöwz AwaKZi Rvi w` Z n e; Gi d j köwyk ÿ wkÿv_ x `i Dcw wz hgb evo e wklbi Z ivwš^z n e 3. AvBb Abyhvqx h_vh_ eq m wkï `i we` vj q fwz DrmvwnZ Ki Z n e; hvi D Ïk n e wkÿvkvh µ g Zv `i AskMÖn Yi ms wzi Dbœqb I G ÿ Î k Ljv cöwzôv Kiv Ges wkl bi AMÖMwZ wbwðz Kiv 4. wkÿv_ x `i `ÿzv I hvm Zvi wel q mvgwmök ` wófw½i cwipq w` Z n e; A_ vr Zv `i ÔAbyavebg~jKÕ hvm Zvi e w I m RbkxjZvi wekvk K iæz mn we epbvq ivl Z n e 5. wkÿvi YMZ gv bi Ici Rvi w` Z wm q mkj wkïi wkÿvq cö e ki AwaKvi I AskMÖn Yi welqwu _ K g bv hvm mwi q Avbv hv e bv wrwwwc I RvZxq ev R Ui cöwÿ Z wkÿvi Rb µgn«vmgvb eivï `Iqvi h cöeyzv ez gv b i q Q, Zvi wecix Z wkÿvq mikvwi eivï e vckfv e evov bvi w` K g bv hvm `Iqv cö qvrb 7. mevi Rb wkÿv 2015 Gi Amgvß KvR mgvß Kivi Rb cö qvrbxq c` ÿc MÖn Yi Ici Rvi `Iqv I M nxz c` ÿcmg~ ni ev Íevqb Z ivwš^z Kiv cö qvrb GKB m ½ cö qvrb 2030 mv ji Rb w ik Z wkÿvi jÿ AR b GKwU mgwš^z RvZxq D ` vm MÖnY Kiv g~jk_v wn m e ejv hvq, MZ `yb `k K Dbœq bi h BwZevPK cöeyzv `Lv M Q Zv Drmvne ÄK A bk wkqzb Kiv n q Q, we kl K i wkÿvi ZvrÿwYK djvdj msµvší welqvw`i ÿ Î wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 15
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv mevi Rb wkÿv 2015 Gi Amgvß KvR Ges 2030 mv ji UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni wkÿvmsµvší e nëi jÿ mg~ ni wkÿvmsµvší e nëi jÿ GKB mv _ Avgv `i mvg b P v jä I my hvm wn m e Dcw Z mv úªwzk eqi jvi BwZevPK djvdj Avgv `i Rb GKwU kw³, hvi Ici wfwë K i AwZ cö qvrbxq wklbdj AR bi wfz& vcbv Kiv Ges wkÿvq AskMÖn Yi `xn w` bi h ˆelg Zv `~i Kivi c` ÿc biqv h Z cv i 2030 mv ji UKmB Dbœqb jÿ gvîv AR bi Rb evsjv `k K mn ªvã Dbœqb hy Mi Zzjbvq Av iv ewk `ªæZZvi m ½ AMÖmi n Z n e 16 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
œvqywekv k mgm vmö Í wkï `i Rb mgvrwfwëk mev I wkÿv cö`v b eª v Ki AwfÁZv Drcj gwjøk cuf~wg eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wp (webwc) m~pbvjmœ _ KB Zvi wewfbœ Kvh µ g cöwzewü wkï `i AšÍf y³ K i Avm Q GiB Ask wn m e webwc 2003 mv j we kl Pvwn`v m úbœ wkï `i Rb MVb K i Children with Special Needs (CSN) BDwbU ciez x Z 2014 mv j GB BDwbU eª vk ^v, cywó I RbmsL v Kg m~wp (GBPGbwcwc)Õi mnvqzvq wbd iv Wfjc g U wwrvwewjwu (GbwWwW) m Uvi ˆZwi Kivi D ` vm bq G ÿ Î A_ bwzkfv e wcwq q _vkv mgv Ri wkï `i cö qvr bi welqwu we epbvq biqv nq Ges cöv_wgkfv e Rjv kni _ K GKUz `~ ii Kvb MÖv g GB K `ª Kivi wm vší nq Ryb 2015 mvj ch ší PviwU K `ª cöwzôv Kiv n q Q GKwU K `ª XvKvi KovBj ew Í GjvKvq vwcz n q Q Ges Ab wzbwu vwcz n q Q cvebv, Lyjbv I MvRxcyi Rjvq wm ju Rjvq Aci GKwU K `ª Lvjvi KvR GwM q Pj Q GB Kvh µgwu eª v Ki mv úªwzk D ` vm niqv Z GB M elyvq D³ K `ª wji Kvh cöwµqv, djvdj, mgm v I mgvavbmg~n we køly I wjwce Kiv n q Q 3 3 Community centre based care and education for children with neuro development disadbility: Experience from BRAC (2015) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cvu mvims ÿc K i Qb Drcj gwjøk wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 17
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv M elyvi D Ïk GB M elyvi g~j D Ïk wqj we ÍvwiZfv e eª vk GbwWwW m Uvi jvi ey bv cö`vb, hvi AšÍf y³ wqj- G jvi cwipvjbvq wk wk KŠkj biqv n q Q, wk mvdj `Lv M Q, wk wk evavi gy LvgywL n Z n q Q Ges Kvh µ gi Av iv Dbœq b Kx ai bi my hvm i q Q mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n wqj: œvqywekv k mgm vmö Í wkï `i we kl Pvwn`vi cöwz ` wó w` q Zv `i mnvqzvq wk ai bi KŠkj biqv n q Q Zv wba viy; K `ªmg~n œvqywekv k mgm vmö Í wkï `i Rxe b, Zv `i cwiev i Ges mgv Ri g a Kvb cwiez b Avb Z c i Q wkbv Zvi AbymÜvb Kiv; K `ª jv hme mev cö`v bi j ÿ ˆZwi n q Q m jv ev Íevq bi c _ we` gvb evavmg~n wpwýz Kiv; cwievi Ges mgv Ri m`m iv GB K `ªmg~n _ K h mev/mnvqzv cvq m m ú K Zv `i wpšívfvebv wk Ges cwiw wz Dbœq b Zv `i AvKv ÿvi wpîwu hvpvb K i `Lv M elyv GjvKv M elyvwu XvKv, Lyjbv I cvebv- GB wzbwu K `ªi Dci Kiv nq; MvRxcyi I wm ju K `ª `ywu GK`g bzzb weavq M elyvi AvIqvZvq Avbv nqwb M elyv c wz M elyvi Z_ msmö n YevPK (Qualitative) c wz e envi Kiv nq M elk wb RB me Z_ msmön K ib K `ª jv cwipvjbvi Rb wewfbœ mgq hme wm vší biqv nq ev wbqg, bxwz wba viy Kiv nq mme bw_cîmn cvvµg, wkÿk cöwkÿy, wkÿvdckiy, wkÿv_ x `i e w³mz wkÿv cwikíbv (IEP) BZ vw` wek`fv e ch v jvpbv I we køly Kiv nq M elk cöwzwu K `ª GKvwaKevi Dcw Z _ K mlv bi mvivw` bi Kg KvÐ ch eÿy K i Qb, we ÍvwiZ weeiy wj L Qb wkš mivmwi K `ªi wbr ^ Kvb Kv R AskMÖnY ev n Í ÿc K ibwb ZvQvov Z _ i Ab Zg Drm wn m e wkÿke `, K `ª mswkøó Kg x I cöavb Kvh vj qi Kg KZ ve `i mv _ 12wU wbweo mvÿvrkvi (IDI) Ges mvz Rb wkÿv_ x, wzb Rb KqviwMfvi I `yb Rb KwgDwbwU 18 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Zv `i Ggb gvbwmkzv wq jvbv, K `ª jv Z KvR Ki Z wm q ax i ax i Zv `i g a I GKUv cwiez b G m Q Ges Zv `i AvZ wek vm e o Q cöwzewü wkï `i m c K Zv `i cwiev ii Ab m`m, AvZ xq- ^Rb, K `ªi cv ki gva wgk we` vj qi A bk wk K I wk v_ x Ges mgv Ri Ab gvby li g bvfve I ` wófw½ Z ek cwiez b n q Q e j Rvbv bv n q Q hviv cö_ g f ewqj Gme K `ª Ggb wkï `i Kvb jvf n ebv Zv `i A b KB GLb ev S Zv `i aviyv wvk wq jvbv Ges Zviv GKUz `~ ii MÖv g G ai Yi wkï c ji eª v Ki K `ª cvvv bvi Rb Aby iva K i mb A _ mvgvwrk m PZbZv ˆZwi Z wkqzuv n ji GB K `ª wj Ae`vb ivl Q muv ejv h ZB cv i M elyvq KwZcq mgm vi K_vI Rvbv hvq h nzz Gme wkï `i cö Z KiB we kl we kl Pvwn`v i q Q ZvB Zv `i Rb `ikvi Avjv`v Avjv`v cvvµg hv ewkifvm ÿ ÎB `Lv hvqwb GB K `ª jv Z ZvQvov hme wkïi cöwzewüzvi gvîv ewk Zv `i Rb K `ª jv mvgvb B mnvqzv w` Z c i Q Kvb K `ªB ch vß ûbj Pqvi bb, kvixwik mgm v Av Q Ggb wkï I Zv `i cwiev ii c ZvB K `ª Avmv A bk KóKi cwievimg~n D jøl K i Qb h vbxqfv e cwienb myweav bv cviqvuv Zv `i `ytwðšívi KviY wn m e KvR K i GKwU K `ª Ggb v b Aew Z hlv b el vi mgq wkï `i h Z mgm v nq cöwzwu K `ª wkïi Abycv Z wk K, KqviwMfv ii msl v h _ó Kg _vkvi Kvi Y Zv `i c cöwzwu wkï K Avjv`vfv e mgq `qv m e nq bv weavq Zviv cö qvrbxq mev I wk v cvq bv me wkÿkb e j Qb h nzz Zv `i h_vh_ cöwkÿy I AwfÁZv bb, ZvB Zviv Gme wkïi wkÿv cö`vb I e e vcbvq ch vß mnvqzv w` Z e _ n Qb `Lv M Q wkÿk `i KDB Av M cöwzewü wkï `i mv _ KvR K ib wb, gvî `yõrb wkÿ Ki AwfÁZv i q Q wb R `i cöwzew wkï jvj bi d j Zviv bvbv mgm vi m ylxb n Qb Ges wk Ki Qb, Kb Ki Qb, wkfv e m jv Av iv fvj Kiv hvq BZ vw` wel q AwbðqZvq fzm Qb wk Ke ` I KqviwMfviiv h fvzv cv Qb Zv Z Lywk n Z cvi Qb bv, G Kvi Y A bk Î Zv `i cwievi G KvRwU Pvwj q wb Z Zv `i AbyrmvwnZ Ki Qb e j Rvbv bv nq 20 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 3. eª vk wkÿv Kg m~wp Ges eª vk ^v, cywó Ges RbmsL v Kg m~wpi AvIZvaxb gvvkg x I jvbb g v brvi `i g a h_vh_ hvmv hvm vc bi cö qvrb i q Q GbwWwW K `ªi R b Zviv hme Kv R wb qvwrz i q Qb mme Kv Ri ÿ Î Zv `i Revew`wnZv K wbwðz Ki Z n e 4. mn R Avmv-hvIqvi Dchy³ v b GbwWwW K `ª vcb Ki Z n e _ivwc Ges Ljvi DcKiY Ges Ab vb welqvw` cövwß wbwðz Ki Z n e cöwzwu wkïi mywbw` ó Pvwn`v c~i Y wkÿyxq cwi ek ˆZwi Ki Z n e Gme wkï `i hv Z h_vh_ wb ` kbv `Iqv hvq Zvi m e v P cª Póv wb Z n e 5. wkÿkmn Ab vb Kg x `i we kl wkÿvi bxwz I `k bmg~ ni Dci Avewk K cöwkÿy w` Z n e ` ki g a Ab cöwzôvbmg~n hviv œvqywekv k mgm vmö Í wkï `i wb q GiKg K `ª cwipvjbv Ki Q mme K `ª Zv `i K GKUz `xn gqv ` ivlvi e e v Ki Z cvi j kªwyk cöwk Yi P q ewk Kv R w` e 6. K `ªi Kg KvÐ cwikíbv I ev Íevq b AwffveK `i AskMªnY wbwðz Ki Z n e hv Z Zviv ïay mev MÖnxZvi Ae v b bv _ K mwµqfv e Ae`vb ivl Z m Pó _v Kb GbwWwW K `ª mswkøó Kg x I cöavb Kvh vj qi Kg KZ ve `i bz Z œvqywekv k mgm vmö Í wkï `i welqmg~n wb q eqie vcx Rviv jv m PZbZvg~jK cöpvi Pvjv Z n e GbwWwW K `ªmg~ ni Dcw wz Rvbv Z I Rbm PZbZv evov Z vbxq I RvZxq ch v qi MYgva g K Avgš Y Rvbvb h Z cv i Gme Kvh µg cöz ÿ Kivi Rb 7. mikvwi cöwzôvb jvi mv _ Av iv djcöm~ hvmv hvm M o Zzj Z n e mb m ½ A_ bwzk I KvwiMwi mnvqzv c Z Ab vb RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk cöwzôv bi m ½I GbwWwW g Wj wb q Avjvc-Av jvpbv Kiv h Z cv i 22 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
wepvi cvevi ÿ Î mykxj mgv Ri Ae`vb evsvi cö Póv: evsjv ` k eª vk gvbevwakvi I AvBbx mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Kvh µ gi GKwU we køly * wgjv mwiwmbv 1 wcuvi P v úg vb 2 ˆmq`v wmziqvz kv n`3 wek e vcx mykxj mgvrwfwëk AvBbx ÿgzvqb Kg m~wpmg~n wepvi e e vq cö ekvwakvi Ges mne vcx Dbœqb cöwµqvq iæz c~y Ae`vb ivl Q wepvi cöwµqvq w`k wb ` kbvi ÿ Î wbi cÿ ga Zv cö`v b mykxj mgvrwfwëk Kg m~wpmg~n KwgDwbwUwfwËK c vivwjm vj `i gva g AwaKvi cöwzôvq I we iva wb úwë Z ev Íem Z c_ Lyu R c Z m Pó _v K 4 G ai bi Kg m~wpmg~n wepvi cvevi ÿ Î cö ekvwakv i mnvqk nq I mikv ii Revew`nxZv `vwe Kivi ÿ Î ms hvrk mok wn m e KvR K i GQvov wb R `i AwaKvi m ú K KwgDwbwU ev mgv Ri Rvbvi Íi K DbœZ K i KLbIev GKwU Íi I gvîv ch ší AvBbx ˆeaZv cvevi ÿ Î, hvõ wkbv ZvrÿwYKfv e mikvwi Kvh µgmg~ n GKKfv e cviqv m eci bq mykxj mgvrwfwëk AvBbx ÿgzvqb Kg m~wpi ^vÿ cögv Yi wfwë axij q e w cv Q eû ` k Gai bi [1] nvfvw K bww zj [2] I cb mvmvbwu dvd Ûkb [3] eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Understanding civil society contributions to access to justice (2016). kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb: AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 23
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Kg m~wpmg~n cöejfv e g~j vwqz n Q Ges AvBbx ÿgzvqb Kg m~wpmg~n wb RivB e e vcbv I g~j vq bi w`k _ K AviI cwikxwjz n q DV Q wek e vcx GbwRI KZ K cwipvwjz AvBbx ÿgzvqb Kg m~wpi g a eª vk GBPAviGjGm e nëg Kg m~wp hv I cb mvmvbwu Rvw m Bwbwm qwufi eªª vk wnd gb ivbum Ges wjm vj mvwf m Kg m~wpi m ½ GKwU wug wn m e KvR K i Q 2014-2016 ch ší GK Î KvR Kivi D Ïk wqj eª vk GBPAviGjGm Kg m~wpi DcvË m ú K AbymÜvb Kiv we` gvb I cövz wnk DcvË msmö ni Dci wbf i K i M elyvq wzbwu welq LuvRvi Póv Kiv n q Q: 1. Kvh m úv`b AbymÜv b Af šíixy DcvË wkfv e mnvqk n e Zv AbymÜvb Kiv Ges wm vší biqv m ú` Kv_vq e Ub Ki Z n e 2. Af šíixy DcvË _ K Kx Rvbv h Z cv i m m ú K mykxj mgv Ri Ab vb msmvbmg~n K bgybv D`vniY cö`vb Kiv Ges 3. GgbUv civgk `Iqv h, wepvi e e vq cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î mykxj mgv Ri KZ v e w³ `i Ae`vb cwigvc Kiv h Z cv i RvwZms Ni UKmB Dbœqb jÿ 16-Gi cö Póvi Ask wn m e Gfv e wepvi e e vq cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î Av iv cwic~y wpî cö`k b Kiv hv e ga Zv m úwk Z we` gvb cökvmwbk DcvË eª vk GBPAviGjGm cö`ë 2012 mvj _ K 2014 mvj ch ší KvU I iwr óªkb mvwf m, cöv³b Ges ez gvb vd `i GKwU ÿz`ª bgybv Rwi ci Ici M elyvwu wbf ikxj wqj Gme DcvË c q U e envi K i Av jvp M elyvq wb ` kkmg~n AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q Gme wb ` k Ki gva g eª vk GBPAviGjGm Ges m ez Ab vb mykxj mgvr msmvbmg~n Zv `i cöv qvwmk Kg m~wpi cöfve cwigvc Ki Z cv i we klfv e AbymÜvb Ki Z PvIqv nq wkfv e eª vk GBPAviGjGm AvBbx mnvqzv mvwf mwu KvR Ki Q 1. cöwzôvbmg~ ni m ½ mvgvwrk m úk kw³kvjxkiy; 2. mevmönykvix `i mvgvwrk myl-mg w ewa ZKiY Ges 3. Gi AvIZvaxb mevmönykvix `i A_ bwzk myl-mg w i DbœwZKiY G ai bi cökvmwbk Dcv Ëi Ici GK PwUqv wbf ikxjzvi mxgve Zv i q Q GB M elyvi jÿ GB bq h, GKwU h_v_ g~j vqb ˆ`ePwqZ K Uªvj Uªvqv ji ai Y ˆZwi Kiv GB M elyvi jÿ GwUI bq h, civgk `Iqv Kxfv e G ai Yi DcvË mvdj RbKfv e wewea 24 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
wepvi cvevi ÿ Î mykxj mgv Ri Ae`vb evsvi cö Póv msmvb I Kg m~wpi ga w` q mvdj RbKfv e msm nxz n e eis GB M elyvwu ewkifvm AvBbx ÿgzvqb wb q KvR Kiv msmvbmg~ ni KvQ _ K cövß mvaviy DcvË _ K wkÿv MÖn Yi cö Póv Pvjvq msmvbmg~ ni bz Z hviv i q Qb Zviv GB DcvË e envi K i fv jvfv e Rvb Z I eys Z cv ib h, wepvi cvevi ÿ Î wepvwik e e vq cö ekvwakv ii wk ai bi Dbœqb N U Q Gfv e cövz wnk I mg qvc hvmx e e vcbv mx všímg~n MÖnY Ges Dc hvrb Kiv h Z cv i e w³ K cö`ë mvwf mmg~ ni ms hvm K kw³kvjxkiy e w³ `i m ½ mikvi Ges emikvwi cöwzôvb jvi hvmv hvm kw³kvjxki Y eª vk GBPAviGjGm Gi Ae`vb cwigv c Av jvp M elyvwu wzbwu wb ` k Ki cöwz ` wó Av ivc K i Q: AvBbx mgm vq cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î AwZwi³ c q U eª vk GBPAviGjGm wb RB n Q cybtmw¾zki Yi GKwU mywbw` ó AwZwi³ c_ Ges 2012 _ K 2014 mv ji g a G ÿ Î Km MÖn Yi cwigvy 6% e w c q Q e j `Lv hvq G ÿ Î mevmönykvix `i GKwU AMÖeZ x wfwë ˆZwi n q Q, hv weevwnz bvix `i cöavbz Lvi cvk cvevi wel q A_ev ^vgx `i Kv Q LiPcÎ cvevi wel q AvBbx mnvqzv wb Z DrmvwnZ K i Q we` gvb mgm vmg~ ni Kvh Ki wm vší MÖnY Ab Kv_vI GKwU K mi mgvav b e _ mevmönykvix K eª vk GBPAviGjGm mnvqzv w` q _v K, Ges hme mevmönykvixi GBPAviGjGm KZ K cwipvwjz GwWAvi e _ n q Q, Zv `i KvU Kvh µ gi mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv nq e w³mz wm v šíi evb i wm qi eª vk GBPAviGjGm mev MÖnYKvix `i mnvqzv w` q Zv K `Lv M Q h, 96% K mi ÿ Î Kgc ÿ GKwU Ôd jvavcõ Kiv nq mevmönykvixi Kj v Yi Rb wewfbœ mev gva g, KwgwDwbwU Ges e w³ ch v qi Kvh Ki ms hv Mi cwiwa ewkifvm eª vk GBPAviGjGm mevmönykvix `i idvi Kiv nq Gme idvwii ev e e vmönykvixi 30% n Q GBPAviGjGm cöwkwÿz KwgDwbwU m`m MY eª vk GBPAviGjGm cöwkwÿz KwgDwbwU AwaKvi mexiv mikvwi mvwf mg~ ni m ½ KwgDwbwU m`m `i hy³ K i `q G ÿ Î 15,000 Rb wbeüb, 5,000-Gi ewk wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 25
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv g Zz wbeüb, cövq 10,000 nvrvi weevn wbeüb Ges 45,000 Rwgi (ewntcwimxgv) cwigv c mnvqzv `Iqv n q Q mvgvwrk myl mg w i Dbœqb M elyvq eª v Ki GBPAviGjGm cökvmwbk Dcv Ëi Dci wbf i Kiv nq PviwU wb ` kk AbymÜv b hv mevmönykvix `i myl-mg w weav b eª vk GBPAviGjGm-Gi Ae`vb g~j vq b mnvqzv K i: Kvb mxgv ch ší eª vk GBPAviGjGm BwZevPK gvb m ú K AewnZ K i wøzxqcÿ Ges Ab vb `i eª vk GBPAviGjGm mevmönykvixi K mi cöwzwui ÿ Î my hvm wb q Q cvwievwik Rxeb I bvixi AwaKv ii gvb`ð m ú K AewnZKi Y hgb, hšzz Ki weiæ AvBbx eva evakzv m ú K Rvbv bv, kvixwikfv e wbh vz bi welqwu h eavbbx KvR Zv AeMZ Kiv, Lvi cvl cvevi AwaKvi m ú K Rvbv, fiy- cvly cvevi AwaKvi ev Í e Gme NUbv ˆZwi nvk ev bv nvk Zv we epbvq biqv nq bv cö`ë mvwf mi cö ekvwakvi Ges mvgvwrk MÖnY hvm Zvi e vwß eª vk GBPAviGjGm AvBbx mnvqzvq Kg g~j wb q _v K Ges mvgvwrk Kj ¼i avi av i bv mevmönykvix `i Rb eª vk GBPAviGjGm mvgvwrkfv e mš wó Drcv`bKvix djvdj Dc vcb K i djvdj _ K mevmönykvixi cövß myweavi mxgv eª vk GBPAviGjGm gyl Z wbwðz K i wm všímg~n hlv b Dfqcÿ weevwnz Ae vq _v K, Ges wøzxq c ÿi ÿ ÎI wm všímg~n wbwðz Kiv nq, hlv b ZvjvKcÖvß x I ev Pv `i fiy cvl Yi Rb A_ `vwe Kiv nq mevmönykvix `i Pjgvb myl-mg w i AvMÖn K UKmBKiY eª vk GBPAviGjGm Kg xiv mevmönykvix `i m ½ e Í _v K ga Zv I KvU Kvh µ gi gva g Ges 96% K mi g a Kgc ÿ GKwU d jv-avc K i GwU wbwðz Ki Z h, Dfqcÿ Zv `i cöwzköæwz ivl Q Gai Yi d jv-avc KLbIev mevmönykvixi M n n q _v K Gfv e eª vk GBPAviGjGm ev Íe Rxe bi Dci e vwzµgx cöfve cušq Z mÿg nq 26 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
wepvi cvevi ÿ Î mykxj mgv Ri Ae`vb evsvi cö Póv A_ bwzk myl-mg w ewa ZKiY eª vk GBPAviGjGm mevmönykvix `i A_ bwzk myl-mg w i ÿ Î wk Ae`vb i L Q ez gvb M elyvq wzbwu wb ` k Ki mnvqzvq Zv Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q: A_ bwzk ÿwzc~iy wbwðzki Y mdjzvi gvîv eª vk GBPAviGjGm gyl Z Gi bvix mevmönykvix `i mnvqzv w` q Q Zv `i ^vgx `i KvQ _ K Lvi cvl Ges fiy cvl Yi A_ D v i D P gvîvq G ÿ Î mdjzv G m Q, hv D³ mevmönykvixi c~e ez x cö Póvq AwR Z nq wb mevmönykvix Rvwb q Q h, Zv `i c ÿ Ab vb c _ GB ÔfiY cvl Yi A_ cövwß m ei n Zv bv Kvh KixKi Yi gvîv eª vk GBPAviGjGm mevmönykvix `i mnvqzv `q Avmj cwigvy ÿwzc~iy cövwßi ÿ Î GKwU fv jv Ask AR b Ki Z wekí we iva wb úwëi gva g mwz Kvifv e h cwigvy A_ `Iqv nq M o Zvi cwigvy nj 759 gvwk b Wjvi Ges KvU K mi Rb G cwigvy n Q 870 gvwk b Wjvi A_ bwzk mydj cövwßi cöfve mxwgz mvÿvrkviwfwëk Dcv Ëi Dci wfwë K i, eª vk GBPAviGjGm-Gi Km jvi ÿ Î hlv b mevmönykvixi Rb A_ cybiæ vi Kiv hvq, m ÿ Î Avðh RbK bv n ji Zv `i Rxeb-RxweKvi Dci BwZevPK cöfve c o bzzb cöyxz UKmB Dbœqb jÿ mg~ ni KvVv gv Z ejv n q Q h, Òmevi Rb wepvi cvevi AwaKvi wbwðz Ki Z n e Ó eª vk GBPAviGjGm Gi g Zv mykxj mgv Ri AvIZvaxb wepvi e e v mswkøó Kg m~wpi AwfÁZv D P g~j cvevi `vwe iv L GB M elyvq Avgiv hme wb ` k Ki AbymÜvb K iwq Zv KejgvÎ cöviw K ch vq wkš Zv wb ` kbv `q h, RvZxq Í i mykxj mgvr wepvi cviqvi AvPi Yi ÿ Î Z_ cvevi GKwU iæz c~y Drm RvwZmsN mikv jvi I mykxj mgv Ri m ½ KvR Ki Q UKmB Dbœqb j ÿ i wb ` kkmg~n ˆZwi I cwiwkwjzki Y GB M elyvwu n Q mykxj mgv Ri Ae`v bi iæz I m ve Zv cwigv ci GKwU D`vniY GmwWwR-Gi jÿ -16 n Q GKwU D PKv Lx jÿ hv Askx`vix Z i wfwë Z niqv DwPZ Avi mb Askx`vixZ niqv DwPZ mikvi Ges mykxj mgv Ri g a ; GUv mikv ii c~y `vwq Z Ges ÿgzvq `Iqvi PvB Z mikvwi Ges emikvwi Dfq cÿb Zv `i AR b Dc vwcz Ki Z cv i, Dbœqb Ki Z cv i Ges wewfbœ ai bi cwic~ik mev cö`vb Ki Z cv i huvi cö Z KwUi g~j gvb n e A bk wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 27
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv eª vk Avievb cövfvwu Kg m~wpi AvIZvq GB cvbju Kg m~wp, ÔAvievb w ªU wpj WªbÕ Kg m~wpwu cwipvwjz nq GB Kg m~wpwui cöv_wgk D Ï k wqj ivrc _ emevmkvix wkï `i Rb wkï cöwzcvjb mvwf m cö`vb Kiv 28 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` k kn ii iv Ívq BZ ÍZ Ny i eov bv wkï `i Rxeb I RxweKvi Ae v * inbygv ingvb Rvqb ivweÿ mgvïvi evsjv ` ki kni jv Z we klz- XvKvi iv Ívq BZ ÍZ Ny i eov bv wkï `i Rxe bi GKUv Ask AwZevwnZ nq ivrc _B SuywKc~Y `j wn m e Giv h _ó D ØMc~Y Rxebhvcb K i Av jvp M elyvwui D Ïk wqj XvKvi c _ emevmkvix Ges Kv Ri mv _ hy³ wkï `i m ú K we ÍvwiZ fv e Rvbv GB Z_ mnvqk n e D³ SuywKc~Y c_ wkï `i Rb GKwU Kvh Ki I h_vh_ Kvh µ gi wekv k G ÿ Î mvgwmök cwiw wz evsvi Rb Ges KvVv gvmz mwnsmzvi ^iƒc - hvi g a c_wkïiv Zv `i Rxeb-RxweKv AwZevwnZ K i, m m ú K I Rvb Z Póv Kiv nq 5 M elyvq Kvb GKwU vb Z vm K i c_ wkï `i Avmvi KviY AbymÜvb Kiv nq, Zv `i cöv_wgk RxebaviY, cövz wnk msmövg, SzuwK gvkvwejv Ges Ab vb KviYmg~n hv mywbw` ófv e c_ wkï `i RxebhvÎvi mv _ m ú ³, m jv m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq M elyvwu wkï `i ivrc _ hvevi Rb Ges mlv b _vkvi ÿ Î wkïiv * Lives of street-connected children in Bangladesh (2015) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb: AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 29
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv h wewfbœ ch v qi P v jä Ges SuywKi m ylxb nq mme AwfÁZvi we ÍvwiZ e vl v I we køl Y m Pó _ K Q GQvov Gme wkï `i Kv Q ÔAvkÖq jõ Gi A_ I iæz wk ZvI Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q Ges GKB mv _ hme welq Zv `i ÔAvkÖq jõ hvevi ÿ Î cöwzeükzv m wó K i m jv kbv³ki YI M elyvwu Póv K i Q mywbw` ófv e Ôc_ wkïõ ev Ôw ªU-wPj WªbÕ Gi msáv `IqvUv KwVb e vcvi `Lv hvq h, wkqz wkï i q Q hviv w` bi ejv ivrc _ KvR Ki Q Ges iv Z Zv `i cwiev ii Kv Q wd i hv Q wb R `i cwievi K mnvqzv cö`v b wkqz wkï kni jv Z P j Avm Q, Avevi KvR k l evmvq wd i hv Q ew Í Z emevmkvix eû wkïb w` bi ewkifvm mgq Rbeûj v b AwZevwnZ K i, hgb- evrvi, evm ev jâ Uvwg bvj I iv Ívq Gme wkï wewfbœ ai bi gvby li m ½ fve wewbgq K i, KvR K i wkÿvbwewk wn m e Ges Zv `i Kv Ri mg qi ewkifvmuvb cwievi _ K `~ i KvUvq ZvB, ejv P j h, Ôc_ wkïõ kãwu GKwU RwUj welq Avgv `i cövß DcvË Abymv i XvKv kn i wewfbœ cökv ii Ôc_-wkïÕ i q Q GB köyxkiy wb œiƒc: 1. GwZg wkï hviv ivrc _ emevm K i; 2. ew Í Z emevmkvix wkï: hviv w` bi ewkievm mgq AwZevwnZ K i ivrc _ Ljv A_ev Kv Ri Kvi Y cwievi _ K `~ i _vk ji iv Z cwiev ii Kv Q wd i hvq 3. AwffveKwenxb c_ wkï (nvwi q M Q, cwiz ³, cvwj q G m Q Ges cwievi _ K c _K n q M Q): Gme wkïiv Zv `i cwievi _ K Avjv`v n q hvq wkqz ÿ Î cwiev ii m ½ wkï `i `ye j cvwievwik eüb _v K Z e Gme wkï `i ewkifvmb AwffveK `i m ½ _v K bv Ges wb R `i g Zv K i Rxebhvcb K i Zviv wb RivB Zv `i RxweKv DcvR b K i Ges ivwîhvcb K i Rbeûj v b hgb, ivrc_, evm Uvwg bvj, AvÛvi/Afvicvm, M v ir A_ev Awdm cvovi eûzj fe bi wmuwo Z 4. AwffveKmn c_ wkï: GB köwyki Yi AvIZvq wkïiv c_ wkï n q hvq Zv `i AwffveK `i Ab vb _ K ivrc _ emev mi Kvi Y evsjv ` k MÖvg-kni Awfevm bi I ew Í D Q `i GKwU Ab Zg mvaviy KviY n Q G Ae v Gme wkïi SuywKi welqwu we epbvq wb q eª vk 2013 mv ji g gv m GKwU cvbju Kg m~wp nv Z bq eª vk Avievb cövfvwu Kg m~wpi AvIZvq GB cvbju Kg m~wp nv Z bqv nq eª vk Avievb cövfvwu Kg m~wpi AvIZvq GB cvbju Kg m~wp, ÔAvievb w ªU wpj WªbÕ Kg m~wpwu cwipvwjz nq GB Kg m~wpwui cöv_wgk D Ï k wqj ivrc _ emevmkvix wkï `i Rb wkï cöwzcvjb mvwf m cö`vb Kiv m`invu Ges wgicy i Aew Z GB Kg m~wpi `ywu cöavb 30 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` k kn ii iv Ívq BZ ÍZ Ny i eov bv wkï `i Rxeb I RxweKvi Ae v wkï K `ªi gva g GB mvwf m cö`vb Kiv nq cöavb K `ª jvi Avkcv ki GjvKvq 16wU Dc K `ªi gva gi GB mvwf m cö`vb Kiv nq wkï `i SuywKc~Y RxebhvÎv gvkvwejvq eª v Ki Kvh µg eª v Ki Avievb w ªU wpj Wªb Kg m~wpi g~j D Ïk n Q mwnsmzv Ges Ab vb KwVb ev ÍeZvi m ylxb cövwšík c_ wkï `i RxebhvÎvi Dbœqb NUv bv G ÿ Î eª v Ki wewfbœ Kvh µg jv n Q: mvÿizv cö`vb, Rxebag x `ÿzv cöwkÿy, Rxeb-RxweKv, cvv µg ewnf Z welq Ges g bv-mvgvwrk mnvqzv cö`vb mn Ab vb welq Dc ivwjøwlz GjvKvmg~ n eª vk Avievb w ªU wpj Wªb Kg m~wp c_wkï `i wb q KvR Ki Q Gme wkï `i eqmmxgv n Q 6-15 eqi, hv `i wb œv³ köwy Z köwye Kiv P j: 1. Awffvewenxb c_wkï (nvwi q M Q, cwiz ³, cvwj q M Q, Avjv`v n q M Q) 2. ew Íevmx Kg hy³ wkï hviv ewkifvm mgq iv Ívq Ny i eovq 3. AwffveK `i mv _ hme wkï iv Ívq vbvšíwiz n q Q Avievb w ªU wpj Wªb Kg m~wpi wb œv³ cöv_wgk ˆewkó mg~n i q Q: 1. c_wkï `i AbvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wkÿv I e wëg~jk cöwkÿ Yi gva g RxebRxweKvMZ Dbœq bi Rb Kg D ` vm m wó 2. Rxebag x `ÿzv cöwkÿy I AvZ wek vm/avkv ÿv m wói cöwkÿ Yi gva g Gme wkï K Ávb `vb Ges `ÿ K i Zvjv hv Z Zv `i g bi g a cöz vkv I Av vi Rb nq Avievb Kg m~wp gšwjkfv e Pvq Gme wkï `i Ggbfv e M o Zzj Z hv Z Zviv wb R `i cwipvwjz Ki Z cv i AvZ cökv ki gva g, e w³mz wekv ki gva g Ges ckvmz Dbœq bi Øviv GQvovI eª vk Avievb, Kg m~wpi AvKv ÿv n Q Gme wkï `i mgv Ri fvimvg c~y, ÿgzvc~y Ges Drcv`bkxj m`m wn m e cöwzôv Kiv M elyvi D Ïk eª vk Avievb Kg m~wpi GB cvbju Kvh µ gi Dci 2014 mv j GKwU ebrjvbb M elyv m úbœ Kiv nq Av jvp M elyvq D³ ebrjvbb _ K wbw` ó c_wkï `i m ú K we ÍvwiZ wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 31
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Rxebv jl Z_ biqv nq Ges Zv GKB GjvKvi Ab Awbw` ó c_wkï `i RxebhvÎvi mv _ Zzjbv Kiv nq GB M elyvwu cöavbz wb œv³ mywbw` ó cökœmg~ ni DËi LuvRvi cö Póv K i Q: iv Ívq Ges AvkÖq K `ª emevmkvix wkï `i Rxebv jl wk ikg? iv Ívq emevmkvix wkï `i hme P v j Äi m ylxb n Z nq Ges hme SuywKi AwfÁZv jvf Ki Z nq Zvi gvîv Kgb? c_ wkï `i Kv Q AvkÖq jv fi A_ Ges iæz Kx? AvkÖq K `ª h Z Kvb welqmg~n Zv `i evav `q? M elyv c wz c_wkï `i RxebhvÎv m ú K Rvb Z YMZ c wzi e envi Kiv nq wgicyi-1 Ges m`inv U ww m ^i 2013 _ K deªæqvwi 2014 ch ší gvv ch v q KvR Kiv n qwqj DcvË msmö n Bb- Wc_-B UviwfD, Km vww Ges dvkvm MÖæc Av jvpbvi mnvqzv biqv nq Bb- Wc_ B UviwfD wqj Gme wkï `i wbku _ K DcvË msmö ni cöv_wgk DcKiY mkj B UviwfD AbywôZ nq AvbyôvwbK Ges gy³ cökœc Îi ai Y Abym Z nq GKwU Avav-msMwVZ (Semi-structured) B UviwfD PKwj Kx Bbdi g U B UviwfD qi Rb GKwU AvavmsMwVZ PKwj ˆZwi Kiv nq PviwU wfbœ wfbœ w` b wgicyi I m`invu m Uv ii wfz i I evb i Dfq v bb AskMÖnYKvix `i Dci ch eÿy c wz cwipvjbv Kiv n qwqj 32 c_ wkï `i wewfbœ ˆewkó mg~n 1. gšwjk RbwgwZK ˆewkó mg~n wkï `i eq mi ÿ Î M elyvq AbymiY Kiv n qwqj Kg m~wp KZ K wba vwiz c _KKiY c wzi bgybv K `yõwu ` j wef³ Kiv n q Q; GKwU ` j AšÍfz ³ n Q 6-10 eqi eqmx wkï Ges wøzxq ` j AšÍfz &³ n Q 11-15 eqi eqmx wkï hme wkïi m ½ Avgiv K_v e jwq Zviv mevb wqj gymwjg ewkifvm wkïb G m Q ewikvj wefvm _ K ewkifvmb G m Q ewikvj, fvjv, eo bv, cuzqvlvwj _ K Gici cövavb cvq wk kvimä, dwi`cyi, Puv`cyi, bvqvlvwj, Kzwgjøv, PÆMÖvg, MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn, h kvi, ˆmq`cyi Ges iscyi Rjv M elyvq AšÍfz ³ `yõrb wkï Rvwb q Q wgicyi GjvKvq Zv `i Rb I eo n q IVvi K_v wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
AskMÖnYKvix wkï `i câvk kzvsk Lye gšwjk Í ii AvbyôvwbK we` vj q cov jlv K i Q B UviwfD biqv AwaKvsk wkï wewfbœ ai bi AbvbyôvwbK ckv hgb: AveR bv msmön, wfÿve wë, gvui f vb av v cö`vb BZ vw` Kv Ri m ½ hy³ wqj 2. M elyvfz³ GjvKvi cuf wg evsjv ` k kn ii iv Ívq BZ ÍZ Ny i eov bv wkï `i Rxeb I RxweKvi Ae v cvbju M elyvi Rb wgicyi I m`invu wbe vp bi KviY n Q GB `yõwu GjvKvi AvKvi, Ae vb Ges D P evwywr K Kvh vejxi mswkøózv ev ÍeZv n Q GB `yõwu vb n Q evsjv ` ki Ab vb bmi Ges kn i hvevi MgY c_ c_wkï `i GKwU Zvrch c~y Ask GB `yõwu GjvKvq K `ªxf~Z _v K wkï `i iv Ívq wepi Yi ÿ Î `vwi`ª Zv ewk cöfve d j GQvov M ni mwnsmzvi wkï K iv Ívq V j w` Z iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i Conticini Ges Hulme (2009) Gi M elyv _ K wb ` kbv cviqv hvq h, `vwi`ªzv eys Z e MZ eâbv K we epbvq wb Z n e mb m ½ M ni mwnsmzvi wkqzuv e vck ch v q wkï `i eva K i iv Ívq wepi Y e MZ Ach vßzv hgb Lv`, e Ges AvkÖ qi AcÖZzjZv Av iv Zxeª nq Av`i-hZœ bv cviqvi eâbvi mv _ d j Zv wkï `i M ni I cwiev ii mxgvbv AwZµ g eva K i Ges Zv `i K wbr ^ Rxeb msmöv g bvg Z eva K i evev-gv wkï `i e MZ I Av emz Pvwn`vc~i Y e _ n ji wkïiv cwiev ii _ K Avjv`v n q iv Ívi Rxeb e Q bq Gme cwiev ii wkïiv ivrmv i wb qvwrz nq ev cwievi Q o hvq Av iv fv jv Rxebhvc bi D Ï k M elyv mswkøó wkqz wkï Rvbvq h, Zviv cwiev ii Kv Q UvKv cvvvq XvKvq A_ev XvKv kn ii evb i Aek hw` wkïiv Zv `i cwiev ii m ½ wb R `i Avq fvm bvi K i, Z_vwc evb i KvR Kiv wkïiv Zv `i cwiev ii m`m `i mnvqzv w` q h Z cv i, h nzz AwffveK `i Avi KvR Kiv mšívb `i e qfvi enb Ki Z nq bv GgbwK Kv bv Kv bv mgq KvRKiv mšívb `i R b ivbœv KivI AcÖ qvrbxq n q c o, h nzz Zv `i ewkifvmb wb R `i Lv ` i ms vb Ki Z mÿg ZvB, iv Ívq KvR Kiv I L Z cviqv wkïiv Zv `i evwo Z Lv` I A_ Avb Q KxÕbv ev Avb Q bv, m welqwu Zv `i cwiev ii R b Avw_ K cökvwší e q Av b M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq, GB e vcviwu wgicyi I m`inv Ui wb œ Av qi cwievi jvi R b GKwU mvaviy NUbv wkï iv Ívq bvgvi Ab vb KviYI we` gvb i q Q hgb cwiev ii Avq Kiv cyiæl m`m wu bv _vkvi Kvi Y (ZvjvK, cwievi cwiz vm ev g Zz BZ vw`) bvix cöavb cwiev ii wkïiv kn i G m c_ wkï n Z eva nq Aci iæz c~y welqwu n Q cvwievwik mwnsmzv, AwffveK `i m ½ ev mr evev-gvõi m ½ SMov Ges kvixwik kvw Í cvevi Kvi YI wkïiv iv Ívi Rxeb e Q bq d j cwiw wz wkï `i Rb Ggb n q `uvovq h, Av`i-hZœ _ K Zviv ïay ewâz wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 33
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv nq bv, Lv`, e Ges evm v bi ev AvkÖq cvevi g Zv gšwjk e MZ Pvwn`vi Ach vßzvi Zv `i M ni I cwiev ii mxgvbv AwZµ g Ges wb Ri g Zv Rxeb e Q wb Z DrmvwnZ K i Ab w` K XvKvi iv Ív Gme wkï `i Kv Q wewfbœ AbvbyôvwbK my hv Mi `yqvi Ly j `q DrmvwnZ Kivi g Zv Dcv`vbmg~n n Q Rxeb-RxweKvi Rb A_ DcvR bi my hvm, AwffveK `i _ K ^vaxbzv jvf Ges iv Ívi ^vaxb Rxeb Dc fv Mi my hvm GB M elyvwu iv Ívq emevmkvix wkï `i fv jvfv e eys Z mnvqk n q Q Gme wkï `i Ae v, Zv `i wpšívaviv, g~j eva I g bvfve BZ vw` m ú K Rvbv m eci n q Q M elyvwu we ÍvwiZfv e evsjv ` ki kni jv Z iv Ívq emevmkvix wkï `i Rxeb-hvÎv msmövg K wpîvwqz K i Q iv Ívi Rxe b wkïiv hme P v jä I SuywKi AwfÁZv jvf K i GB M elyvq Zv cökvwkz n q Q mzk we køly I Ae vi ch v jvpbv Ges iv Ívi wkï `i wewfbœ msmövg gyli RxebhvÎv _ K M elyvq `L Z cviqv hvq h, g~j avivi RbMY _ K Gme c_wkï Zvrch c~y fv e wfbœ Rxebavivq Pjgvb i q Q GB M elyvq D b vwpz n q Q h, iv Ívq emevm I KvR Ki Z h q c_ wkïiv wewfbœ ai bi cözviyv I `ye env ii m ylxb nq M elyvq Av iv wpwýz n q Q h, ewkifvm c_ wkïi Rxe bb Av`i-hZœ I h_vh_ `Lv kvbvi welqwu e vckfv e Abycw Z Avi ZvB, Lv`, evm vb I wkÿv QvovI c_wkï `i Rb GKwU gšwjk Pvwn`v n Q Av emmz mnvqzv cviqv Ges GKRb `vwqz kxj Awffve Ki KvQ _ K hyw³m Z w`k-wb ` kbv I ZË veavb cviqv G ÿ Î eª vk Avievb w ªU wp ìªb cövmövg mwµq f wgkv ivl Z cv i M elyvq Aek GUv `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q, Kxfv e iv Ív _ K wdwi q Avbv wkï `i eª vk cwipvwjz AvkÖq K `ª cöwzw` bi Rxebavivi g a BwZevPK wkÿv cöwµqv ev Íevqb Kiv hvq ZvB, c_ wkï `i Rxebaviv Dbœq b h Kvb Kvh µ gi ev Íevqb wbtm ` n GKK GKwU G RwÝ ev msmv bi Rb P v j Äi welq Zv ^ Z I, SzuwKc~Y wkï `i R b cö Póvi ÿ Î Dbœq b AbymiY Ki Z n e hš_ D ` v Mi c_ wkï `i ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi mv _ Nwbôfv e mswkøó wewfbœ AskxRb `i G ÿ Î msne Ki Z n e- hgb AvBb cö qvmkvix ms v, wkï `i wewfbœ Kv R wb qvm`vbkvix KZ cÿ, mvgvwrk buiqvk Ges wkï ev SzuwKc~Y `j wb q KvR K i Ggb Ab vb mikvwi ms vmg~n 34 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
Kg ms vb Ges ^ Qj RxweKv A_ -DcvR bi Dcvq: eª vk `ÿzv Dbœqb D ` v Mi GKwU g~j vqb * Awbw `Zv fævpvh gv. Kvgiæ¾vgvb eª vk 2012 mv j Skills Training for Advancing Resources (STAR) 6 Kg m~wpwu GKwU cvbju wn m e Avi K i GB Kg m~wpi jÿ n Q kû i ZiæY `i Rb `ÿzv wekv ki my hvm m wó Kiv hv Z Zviv mwvk Kg ms vb Lyu R cvq cvbju cökíwu jÿ AR b mÿg KxÕbv Zv Rvb Z Ges GB cök íi kw³ ev `ye jzv wpwýzki Y eûmsl K YevPK I cwigvyevpk DcvË msm nxz nq 2012 _ K 2013 mv ji g a cwigvyevpk djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, AskMÖnYKvix `i Kg ms v bi I DcvR bi ÿ Î cök íi kw³kvjx BwZevPK cöfve i q Q Ab K_vq ejv hvq h, GB cökíwu e vckfv e mdj n q Q AskMÖnYKvix `i `ÿzv wekv k, hvi gva g Zviv wewfbœ ai bi Avqea bg~jk Kv R hy³ n Z c i Q Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnYKvix `i Lvbvmg~ ni evwl K Avq e w c q Q D jøl hvm fv e GB cök í wkï `i mvdj RbKfv e AskMÖnY Ges GKB m ½ Avq-e w cviqvi Gi m ve KviY n Z cv i Kg m~wp c~e ez x mg q, Kg m~wp Z Towards employability and better livelihood kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc (2016) mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb: AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 35
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv AskMÖnYKvix `i Zzjbvq Zzjbvg~jK ` ji Lvbvmg~ ni Mo evwl K gv_vwcqz Avq 3,713 UvKv ewk wq jv Z e 2013 mv j Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi ciez x Z GB cv_ K AvKw Kfv e w`k cwiez b K i Q GB mg q Zzjbvg~jK ` ji Zzjbvq Kg m~wp Z AskMÖnYKvix `i Lvbvmg~ ni Mo evwl K gv_vwcqz Avq 2,529 UvKv ewk wq jv M elyvi ˆewkó mg~n GB M elyvi cöavb ˆewkó mg~n n Q: 1. Kg m~wpfz³ Ges Kg m~wpfz³ bq Ggb AskMÖnYKvix `i cwiwpwz m ú K GKwU we ÍvwiZ aviyv biqv (cvwievwik cuf wgmn); 2. AskMÖnYKvix `i Dci cök íi cvbju ch v qi ^íkvjxb cöfve g~j vqb; G ÿ Î hme wel qi Dci iæz `Iqv n q Q m jv nj- Avqea bg~jk Kvh vejx Z Ask biqv; Kg ÿ Î cwi ek m ú K Zv `i Rvbvi Av`k gvb/möny hvm Zv, fv jv fwel Zi Rb ev Íeev`x fwel r cwikíbv ˆZwi Z Zv `i mÿgzv, BZ vw` 3. cökí KvR ev Íevq b wewfbœ AskxRbiv hme P v j Äi m ylxb nb Zv Zz j aiv; 4. fwel Z cökíwui Dbœq b/kw³kvjxki Y wewfbœ AskxRbiv hme gzvgz w` q Qb Zv mskwjz Kiv wewfbœ ai bi Avqea bg~jk Kvh vejx Z hy³ nevi ÿ Î GB cökí e vckfv e mdj n q Q AskMÖnYKvix `i `ÿzvi wekv k djvdj ^iƒc Zv `i AvqI e w c q Q D jøl Kivi g Zv cwiez b Kg m~wp Z Ask biqv Lvbvmg~ ni m`m `i evwl K Av qi ÿ Î ` k gvb wqj m ez wkï `i cök í mvdj RbKfv e Ask biqv Ges Av qi ÿ Î AbyµwgK e w N U Q Kvh µ gi c~ e 2012 mv j, Zzjbvg~jK ` ji Lvbvmg~ ni Mo evwl K gv_vwcqz Avq cövq 3,713 UvKv ewk wqj wuªu g U ` ji (Kg m~wpfz³ `j) cöÿvc U Z e 2013 mv j cv_ K i w`kwu cwiewz Z nq Rvov jvfv e GKB ai bi cwiez b `L Z cviqv hvq Lvbvmg~ ni Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Av iv KwZcq wb ` k Ki cöÿvc U cöwkÿy mg qi c i Kg m~wp Z Ask biqv GKwU ÿz`ª MÖæ ci KvQ _ K cövß YevPK Z_ GUv cöwzwôz K i h, AskMÖnYKvix `i mk jb vi cökí Kvh µ gi c i Zv `i ^ ^ cöwkÿycövß Kvh µ g wb qvwrz nq hlb Zv `i Kv Q Kvh µg ciez x Avqg~jK Kvh vejx m ú K we ÍvwiZ Rvb Z PvIqv nq, ZLb Zv `i ewkifvmb D jøl K i h cökí mswkøóiv 36 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 38 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv Dbœqb: evsjv ` ki `w Ycwðgv ji wk kviwk kvix `i ` Zv e w Z eª vk Kg m~wpi cöfve ch v jvpbv * gv: nvwme irv, Zvbfxi kvwzj gv: mv R`yi ingvb, gvnv ` Avãyj gv jk cuf wg7 BDwb m di mv cöwzk cöwz e`b Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki gvu RbmsL vi cövq 23 kzvs ki eqm 10-19 eq ii g a wekvj GB Rb Mvôx K gvuv `v M wk kviwk kvix ejv n q _v K Ges Zviv ` ki fwel r kªgkw³i me P q eo hvmvb`vzv wn m e we ewpz wkš, GB weivu Rb Mvôxi GKUv eo Ask Kvb m vbrbk Kvb Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n Z cvi Q bv GB NUbvi wcq b me P q D jøl hvm KviY jvi gv S GKwU nj wk kvi-wk kvix `i g a cö qvrbxq ` Zvi Afve mvgwmökfv e, evsjv ` k wk kvi-wk kvix `i cö qvrbxq ` Zv AR bi my hvm mxwgz Z e, `w Y-cwðgv ji wk kvi-wk kvixiv GB Î AviI ewk cðvrc` cö qvrbxq AeKvVv gvi AcÖZzjZvi * The Impact of Skills Development Initiatives for Adolescents on Climate Adaptive Livelihoods in Southwestern Bangladesh (2016) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c mvi-ms c K i Qb gvt nvwme irv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 39
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv cvkvcvwk cwi ek wech qi weiƒc cöfve GB A ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i K AviI ewk P v j Äi gy L V j w` q Q Rjevqyi weiƒc cwiez bi d j wemz `ỳ k K `w Ycwðgv ji K wlwfwëk RxweKv e e vq eo cwiez b j Kiv M Q wpivpwiz c wzi avb Pvl _ K m i wm q G A ji Awaevwmiv grm Pvl I emzevwui Avw½bv msjmœ z`ª PvlwfwËK RxweKv e e v K D jøl hvm nv i MÖnY Ki Q wkš, wk kvi-wk kvixiv GB cwiez bi mv _ mn R LvcLvB q wb q Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n Z cvi Q bv Rjevqy cwiewz Z cwiw wz Z Lvc Lvq A_ev Awf hvwrz nq Ggb RxweKvmg~ n hy³ nevi Rb h ai bi ` Zv _vkv `ikvi Zv GB A ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i ` k Z bv _vkvi Kvi Y GgbUv n Q e j cözxqgvb nq GgZve vq, eª vk GB A ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i g a Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKvi Dci ` Zv e w Kivi D Ï vm MÖnY K i Q eª vk g b Ki Q, GB D Ï v Mi gva g wk kviwk kvixiv cö qvrbxq ` Zv AR bi gva g Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n Z cvi e Ges ciez x Z Zv `i Rxebgvb Dbœqb Ki Z m g n e msw ßmv i eª v Ki ` Zv e w i D ` vm `w Y-cwðgv ji `ywu Rjv- Lyjbv Ges mvz xivq 2016 mv ji gvp gv mi Z Zxq mßv n wk kvi-wk kvix `i ` Zv e w Kg m~wpwu eª vk KZ K cwipvwjz nq cök íi AvIZvq GKkRb wk kvi-wk kvix K (hv `i cövq A a KB wk kvix) c~y GK w` bi Rb wzbwu Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv - gv Qi Lv` Drcv`b, K cv mvi ˆZwi, Ges Kgjv Avukhy³ wgwó Avjy Pv li Dci cöwk Y I cöwk Y g vbyqvj ev wb ` wkkv cö`vb Kiv nq gšwlk Dc vcbvi cvkvcvwk cöwk Yv_ x `i K cöwk Yi welqe mg~n nv Z-Kj g `wl q `Iqv nq Gmgq, gv Qi Lv` Drcv`b, K cv mvi ˆZwi I Kgjv Avukhy³ wgwó Avjyi Pvl wkfv e wk kviwk kvix `i K Rjevqy cwiewz Z cwiw wz Z RxweKv Dbœq b f wgkv ivl Z cv i m wel qi wek` Av jvpbv Kiv nq eª v Ki GK`j cöwkw Z cöwk K cöwk Y welqk Kvh µgmkj m cv`b K ib M elyvi D Ïk Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv Dbœq bi j wk kvi-wk kvix `i ` Zv e w Kivi D ` vm eª v Ki GKwU bzzb Kg m~wp eª vk Avkv K i h GB Kg m~wpwu Kvh Kifv e wk kvi-wk kvix `i ` Zv e w K i Zv `i K Avq-DcvR bg~jk Kv R Ask wb Z mnvqzv Ki e Z e Gme wel q eª v Ki Zgb Kvb ev Íe AwfÁZv bb myzivs, GB bzzb Kg m~wpwu KZUv Kvh Ki n e 40 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` ki `wÿy-cwðgvâ ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i `ÿzv e w Z eª vk Kg m~wpi cöfve ch v jvpbv Zv eª v Ki Rb Rvbv iæz c~y GQvov, Kg m~wp K ciezx Z Av iv m cömvwiz I Z ivwš^z Kivi Rb h welqmg~n cwiez b, cwiea b A_ev cwigvr b Kiv cö qvrb mb m c K mg K aviyv jvf KivI Lye Riæwi myzivs, Av jvwpz D Ïk mg~n K mvg b i L GB M elyvi gva g wb œwjwlz cökœmg~ ni DËi Luy R ei Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q: 1. cöwk Y m c K wk kvi-wk kvix `i g bvfve Kgb? 2. wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv m cwk Z Ávb I Zvi cö qvm, Zv `i D ` v³v g bvfve, Ges fwel r Avkv-AvKv vi Dci ` Zv e w Kg m~wpi cöfve wk? 3. cöwk Y MÖn Yi ci wk kvi-wk kvixiv wk Kvb Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv MÖnY K i Q Ges Zvi gva g wk Avq-DcvR b Ki Z c i Q? 4. cöwk Y MÖnY wk kvi-wk kvix `i cvwievwik welqmg~ n wb R `i wm vší cö`v bi Î Kvb cöfve d j Q wk? GmKj cö kœi DËi `Iqvi mv _ mv _ M elyvwu ek wkqz mycvwik ck Kivi cö Póv K i Q hv Z K i eª v Ki GB ` Zv e w Kg m~wp fwel Z Av iv Kvh Ki Ae`vb ivl Z cv i Zvi Kvw Z j AR bi Î M elyv c wz msl vz K Ges YMZ-Dfq ai Yi c wz cö qv Mi gva g GB M elyvwu m cv`b Kiv n q Q msl vzvwë K c wzi Aax b i vb WvgvBRW K Uªvj Uªvqvj KŠkj AbymiY K i ` Zv e w Kg m~wpi Kvh KvwiZv cwigvc Kiv n q Q Aciw` K, YMZ c wzi Aax b KBm vww ev NUbv Aa qb Ges jvbfwjûw Uªv RKUwi ev RxweKvi cwiµgv Aa qb KŠkj cö qvm K i GB Kg m~wpwui ev Íevqb c wz Ges Kvh KvwiZvi wbqvgk I cöwzeükzvmg~n wek`fv e AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q i vb WvgvBRW K Uªvj Uªvqvj wewfbœ Av_ -mvgvwrk Kg mw~pi Kvh KvwiZv cwigv ci Rb eûje eüz GKwU weávbwfwëk KŠkj ez gvb M elyvi Î GB KŠk ji Aax b wewfbœ Av_ mvgvwrk Ges RbZvwË K ˆewkó I ` Zv e w Kg m~wpi myweav fvmx ev AskMÖnYKvix wbe vp bi wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 41
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv gvb`ðmg~ ni wfwë Z Lyjbv Ges mvz xiv Rjvi 5wU Dc Rjvi 50wU wk kvix K v ei cövq 1400 Rb m` m i g a _ K 200 Rb hvm wk kvi-wk kvix K e Q biqv nq cöwzwu wk kvix K ve _ K M o 4 Rb K i wk kvi-wk kvix wbe vpb Kiv nq GB 200 Rb m` m i cövq A a KB wk kvix Gici, GB 200 Rb wbe vwpz wk kvi-wk kvix K ˆ`ePqb ev juvix c wz cö qv Mi gva g mgvbfv e `yõwu MÖæ c ev ` j fvm Kiv nq cöwzwu ` j 100 Rb K i wk kvi-wk kvix AšÍf y³ nq AveviI juvwii gva g GKwU `j K wbe vpb Kiv nq wuªu g U MÖæc ev AskMÖnYKvix `j wn m e Aci `jwu wbe vwpz n q hvq K Uªvj MÖæc ev A-wbqwš Z `j wn m e AskMÖnYKvix ` j AšÍfz ³ mkj wk kvi-wk kvixiv GK w` bi GB ` Zv e w Kg m~wp Z hvm`vb K i Aciw` K, A-AskMÖnYKvix ` j AšÍfy ³ wk kvi-wk kvix `i K GB Kg m~wp Z hvm`vb Kiv n Z weiz ivlv nq GB `ỳ ji gv S wewfbœ AvDUKvg fwi qej ev djvdj wba viyx PjKmg~ ni Zzjbvg~jK we køl Yi gva g ` Zv e w Kg mw~pi Kvh KvwiZv ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q bgybv wbe vpb, DcvË msmön I we køly msl vzvwë K c wz Z Kg m~wpwui Kvh KvwiZv cwigv ci Rb i vb WvgvBRW K Uªvj Uªvqvj KŠk ji gva g wbe vwpz 200 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix KB bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q wbw` ó cökœgvjvi Ñ wfwë Z mv vrkvi MÖn Yi gva g bgybv wn m e wbe vwpz cö Z K wk kviwk kvixi KvQ _ K Zvi I Zvi Lvbvi wewfbœ Av_ -mvgvwrk I RbZvwË K ˆewkó Ges wbe vwpz djvdj wba viyx PjKmg~ ni Dci WvUv ev DcvË msmön Kiv n q Q `ỳ dvq Zv `i mv vrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq- GKevi ` Zv e w Kg m~wp Z hvm`vb Kivi c~ e (2016 mv ji gvp,) Ges Avi GKevi hvm`vb Kivi c i (2016 mv ji g gv mi PZz_ mßv n) h_vh_ ey bvg~jk I wm všíjä cwimsl vwbk KŠkj cö qvm K i msm nxz msl vz vwëk DcvË mg~n we køly Kiv n q Q YMZ c wz Z AbymÜv bi Rb PviwU wfbœ Dc Rjvi 13 Rb cöwk YMÖnYKvix wk kviwk kvix K bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q GB 13 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix K bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kivi mgq vbxq fšmwjk ˆewkó I Rxeb-RxweKvi aib, wk kvi-wk kvix `i ˆjw½K Zdvr Ges Zv `i Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk cv_ K K we epbv Kiv n q Q Bb- Wc_ B UviwfD ev wbweo mvÿvrkvi MÖnYc wz cö qvm K i bgybv wn m e wbe vwpz wk kvi-wk kvix `i KvQ _ K Zviv cöwk Y AskMÖnY I Zv ev Íevqb Ki Z wm q hmkj e w³mz AwfÁZv AR b K i Q m m c K wek` DcvË msmön Kiv n q Q GQvovI, dvkvm MÖæc wwmkvkb ev mywbw` ó `jxq Av jvpbv, Kx Bbdig v U B UviwfD ev cöavb Z_ `vzvi mv vrkvi Ges Bbdigvj wwmkvkb ev N ivqv Av jvpbvi gva g Av iv A bk cövmw½k welqvw`i Dci we ÍvwiZ DcvË msmön Kiv nq mkj DcvË GB ` Zv e w Kg mw~p ev Íevq bi ci ( g gv mi Z Zxq-PZz_ 42 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` ki `wÿy-cwðgvâ ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i `ÿzv e w Z eª vk Kg m~wpi cöfve ch v jvpbv mßv n) msmön Kiv nq GmKj YMZ DcvËmg~n MÖvD ÛW w_iwi ev Î DrmvwiZ ZË Ges KBm A vbvjvbwmm ev NUbv we køly cš v Aej ^b K i we køly Kiv n q Q M elyvjä djvdj RwicK Z wk kvi-wk kvix `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I RbZvwË K ˆewkó msl vzvwë K DcvË Abyhvqx wuªu g U MÖæc ev AskMÖnYKvix I K Uªvj MÖæc ev A-AskMÖnYKvix Dfq ` j AšÍfy ³ wk kvi-wk kvixiv MocoZv 15 eqi eq AskMÖnYKvix ` ji 96 kzvsk Ges A-AskMÖnYKvix ` ji 92 kzvsk wk kvi-wk kvix ez gv b Kvb bv Kvb wk vcöwzôv b covïbv Ki Q AskMÖnYKvix Ges A-AskMÖnYKvix ` ji D ` v³v gzv myp Ki gvb 100 Gi wfzi h_vµ g 63 Ges 65 AskMÖnYKvix ` j AšÍfy ³ wk kvi-wk kvix `i Lvbvi MocoZv gvwmk Avq 12,705 UvKv, wbr ^ Rwgi cwigvy cövq 36 kzk Ges gvu m c `i cwigvy 1,41,878 UvKv Aciw` K, A-AskMÖnYKvix ` j AšÍfy ³ wk kvi-wk kvix `i Lvbvi MocoZv gvwmk Avq 10,493 UvKv, wbr ^ Rwgi cwigvy cövq 29 kzk Ges gvu m c `i cwigvy 1,36,422 UvKv `yb ` jib cö Z K wk kvi-wk kvix Zvi Lvbvi Ab vb m`m `i mv _ wbr ^ N i evm K i AskMÖnYKvix Ges A-AskMÖnYKvix ` ji h_vµ g 93 kzvsk I 82 kzvsk wk kviwk kvix `i Lvbvi m`m iv wude q ji wbivc` cvwb cvb K i cöwk Y AskMÖnY Ges ` Zv AR b I cö qvm msl vzvwë K Dcv Ëi ey bvg~jk we køl Yi gva g cviqv Z_ Abyhvqx- cövq 93 kzvsk cöwk Y MÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix g b K i h ` Zv e w i j cö`vbk Z GK w` bi cöwk Y Kvh µgwu Kvh Kix wqj Zviv Av iv g b K i h, GB D Ï vmwu Zv `i g a Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv Dbœq bi Rb cö qvrbxq ` Zv AR b mnvqzv K i Q cöwk Yi mgq cö`vbk Z g vbyqvj ev wb ` wkkv m c K I Zviv BwZevPK aviyv cvly K i cövq 73 kzvsk cöwk YMÖnYKvix Z_ msmönkvix `i K `Lv Z c i Q h Zviv wb ` wkkv h_vh_fv e msi Y Ki Q Ges cö qvr bi mgq Zv e envi Ki Q Z e, wk kvi-wk kvix `i GKwU eo Ask g b K i h GB D ` vm K AwaK djcöm~ Kivi Rb cöwkÿy Kg m~wpwu Av iv GKUz `xn mgq wb q cwipvjbv Kivi cö qvrb wqj cöwk Y ciez x `ygv mii Kg mg qi g a cövq 15 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix Zv `i AwR Z ` Zv Kv R jvwm q Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKvq hy³ n q M Q D jøl, GB 15 R bi g a 10 RbB wk kvix msl vzvwë K DcvË Abyhvqx, 8 Rb (6 Rb wk kvix) gv Qi Lv` Drcv`b ïiæ wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 43
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv K i Q Av ivi 2 Rb wk kvi I 3 Rb wk kvix ïiæ K i Q K cv mvi ˆZwi Kgjv Avuk hy³ wgwó Avjy Pvl ïiæ K i Q 1 Rb K i wk kvi-wk kvix GmKj KvR ïiæ Ki Z wm q 9 Rb wk kvi-wk kvix Zv `i wbr ^ Rwg Kv R jvwm q Q d j Rwgi e envii e o Q Z e, BwZg a ïiæ Kiv GmKj Kg KvÐ n Z GLb ch ší KD Kvb wkqz Avq Ki Z cv i wb RxweKv Dbœq bi mnvqk Dcv`vb I cöwzeük Rjevqy Awf hvwrz GmKj RxweKvq hy³ n Z wm q cöwk Y AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvixiv ek wkqz cöwzeükzvi m ylxb n Q cövq 52 kzvsk AskMÖnYKvix cö qvrbxq g~ja bi Afve K me P q eo cöwzeükzv wn m e wpwýz K i Q GQvov, cövq 13 kzvs ki g Z gv Qi Lv` Drcv`b, K cv mvi ˆZwi Ges Kgjv Avuk hy³ wgwó Avjy Pv li e vcv i vbxq RbMY Lye GKUv mrvm bv Gi d j vbxqfv e GmKj KvR n Z Drcvw`Z c Y i Pvwn`vI Kg hv GiKg RxweKv ïiæ Kiv A_ev Pvjy ivlvi Î GKwU iæz c~y cöwzeük Gi evb i, cövq 6 kzvs ki gz cöwk Yv_ x g b K i h, gv Qi Lv` Drcv`b, K cv mvi ˆZwi Ges Kgjv Avuk hy³ wgwó Avjy Pvl Kivi Rb h mkj KvuPvgvj `ikvi Zv vbxqfv e AcÖZzj Z e, hmkj wk kvi-wk kvix Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKvq hy³ n Z c i Q Zv `i AwaKvskB (cövq 75 kzvsk) g b K i h Lvbvi Ab vb m`m `i mn hvwmzvq Zviv Dc iv³ cöwzeükzvmg~n Rq Ki Z c i Q GQvov 19 kzvs ki g Z, Drcvw`Z c Y i Dci Lvbvi wbr ^ Pvwn`v _vkvuvi Zv `i GB Kv R hy³ niqvi Î mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i Q Kg m~wpi cöfve cwigvc A vb Kvfv (ANCOVA) ev A vbvjvbwmm Ad Kvf vwi qý bvgk GKwU msl vzvwë K KŠkj cö qvm K i wewfbœ AvDUKvg fwi qej ev djvdj wba viyx PjKmg~ ni Dci ` Zv e w Kg m~wpi cöfve cwigvc Kiv n q Q G Z wb œwjwlz djvdj j Kiv M Q: Kg m~wpwu D jøl hvm nv i A-AskMÖnYKvix ` ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix ` ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv m cwk Z KvwiMwi Ávb cövq 47 kzvsk e w K i Q Kg m~wpwu AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix `i mg qi e env i D jøl hvm nv i BwZevPK cwiez b NwU q Q `Lv hv Q, wk kvi-wk kvixiv Av Mi P q mßvn cöwz cövq 2.81 N Uv ewk mgq e q Ki Q wewfbœ Avq-DcvR bg~jk Kg Kv Ði wcq b Zviv GLb Av Mi P q A-AskMÖnYKvix ` ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i Zzjbvq mßvn cöwz cövq 6.45 N Uv Kg mgq e q Ki Q wekªvg Kivi Rb Z e, G Z Zv `i z j Ges K v e Dcw wzi mg qi Î Kvb bwzevpk cöfve c o wb 44 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
evsjv ` ki `wÿy-cwðgvâ ji wk kvi-wk kvix `i `ÿzv e w Z eª vk Kg m~wpi cöfve ch v jvpbv Z e, GKwU iæz c~y PjK- wk kvi-wk kvix `i D ` v³v gzv e w i Î GB Kg m~wpwu D jøl hvm nv i Kvb cöfve ivl Z cv i wb GQvov, GB mg qi g a wk kvi-wk kvix `i Av qi DciI Kvb cöfve j Kiv hvq wb Kg m~wpi cöfv ei YMZ ch v jvpbv YMZ DcvË we køl Yi gva g cövß Z_ n Z MyiæZ c~y wkqz djvdj j Kiv M Q, h_v: AwaKvsk AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix g b K i h Zviv cöwk Yi welqe mg~n mwvkfv e eys Z c i Q G Î, mvejxj gšwlk Dc vcbvi cvkvcvwk cöwk Y wb ` wkkv cö`vb Ges nv Z-Kj g `Lv bv K Zviv Kvh Ki mnvqk Dcv`vb wn m e wpwýz K i Q AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix `i g Z cöwk Yi gva g h bzzb KvwiMwi ` Zv AwR Z n q Q Zv Zv `i g bvej K A bkvs k evwo q w` q Q Ggb Rjevqy weiƒc cwiw wz Z RxweKv Dbœq bi Rb GB ` Zv Zviv mdjfv e Kv R jvmv Z cvi e e j wek vm K i Z e, ek wkqz wel q Zviv GL bv mw `nvb hgb, KvuPvgv ji mwvk hvmvb, vbxq evrvi Pvwn`v Ges cvwievwik mnvqzv cövwß YMZ DcvË n Z `Lv hvq h, mnvqk Av_ -mvgvwrk cwi ek I cvwievwik mnvqzv cövwß Gai bi Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckv ïiæ Kivi Î me P q iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb Ki Q h K qkrb wk kvi-wk kvix cöwk Yi ci Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckv ïiæ Ki Z c i Q Zv `i mk ji cwievib gvbwmk Ges Avw_ K fv e A_ev cö qvrbxq Rwg w` q mnvqzv cö`vb K i Q AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix `i we klk i wk kvix `i gv S GKwU ` p wek vm R b Q h Zv `i Øviv wkqz Kiv m e GB ` Zv e w Zv `i Rb my hv Mi Rvbvjv Ly j w` q Q e j g b Ki Q GQvovI Zv `i g Z, ` Zv e w Zv `i e w³mz Ae vb K cvwievwik ch v q wkqzuv n ji DbœZ K i Q mycvwik I Dcmsnvi evsjv ` ki `w Y-cwðgv j Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv Dbœq bi j wk kviwk kvix `i cö qvrbxq ` Zv e w Kg m~wpwu mvgwmökfv e mdj n q Q e j cözxqgvb nq GwU AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvix `i gv S bzzb Pv j i mâvi K i Q Zv `i A b K BwZg a cöwk Y n Z AwR Z KvwiMwi ` Zv Kv R jvwm q Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n Z ïiæ K i Q Z e cöwk Y ciez x `ygv mi g a Zgb Avq e w Ki Z bv cvi ji Zviv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 45
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Zv `i KvwiMwi Ávb K D jøl hvm nv i evov Z c i Q mv _ mv _, Zviv Av Mi P q GLb Avq-DcvR bg~jk Kv R ewk mgq e q Ki Q cvkvcvwk, Zviv Zv `i cwievi K wb R `i fv jv wm v šíi c mnvqk fzwgkv cvjb Kiv bvi Î ek Kvh Kifv e cöfvwez Ki Z cvi Q dj ^iƒc, AskMÖnYKvix wk kvi-wk kvixiv GB ` Zv e w Kg m~wp K wb R `i Rxebgvb Dbœq bi Î my hvm m wói Lvjv Rvbvjv wn m e we epbv Ki Q Z e, wkqz wkqz Î GB cöwk Y Kg m~wpi Kvw Z Kvh KwiZv wbwðz Kivi wbwg Ë eª vk wb œwjwlz mycvwikmg~n we epbvq wb Z cv i: hmkj wk kvi-wk kvix BwZg a Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n q Q Zv `i K wbqwgz ZË veavb Kiv Ges cö qvrbxq w`m-wb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv, hviv A _ i Afv e GLbI Avq-DcvR bg~jk ckvq hy³ n Z cv iwb Zv `i K eª vk gvb µvdvbb v Ýi c _ K cö qvrbxq cöviw K g~ja bi hvmvb `Iqv, wk kvi-wk kvix `i Lvbvi Ab vb m`m `i Ges vbxq MY gvb e w³em K GB Kg m~wpi Kvh vejx I Kvh KwiZv m c K mwvkfv e AewnZ Kiv, Ges GB Kg mw~p ev Íevq bi mv _ mswkøó eª v Ki G Wv jv m U W fjc g U cövmövg (ADP), GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ dzw wmwkdwiwu cövmövg (AFSP), Ges gvb µvdvbb vý cövmövg (MF) K wb q GKwU mgwš^z Kg cš v MÖnY Kiv cwi k l, Dc iv³ mycvwikmg~n K we epbvq wb q eª vk wk kvi-wk kvix `i g a Rjevqy Awf hvwrz RxweKv Dbœq bi wbwg Ë ` Zv e w i GB Kg m~wp K ciez x Z Av iv m cömvwiz Ki Z cv i 46 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
`y ai Drcv`b, wecyb I fvm Kivi Î evsjv ` ki cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni Ae vb we køly * gvt nvwme irv, gvt wmivryj Bmjvg, gvt Avwe` Dj Kwei f wgkv8 `ya GKwU K wlrvz cy AvšÍR vwzk `y» msn (International Dairy Federation) Gi wn me Abyhvqx mgmö c w_exi cövq 1 wewjqb ev 100 KvwU gvbyl `ya Drcv` bi mv _ RwoZ Giv cöwz eqi M o cövq 730 wgwjqb Ub ev 73 KvwU Ub `ya Drcv`b K i _v K hv 6 wewjqb ev 600 KvwUiI ewk gvby li Pvwn`v guvq `y ai Lv` Y A bk GwU gvbe ` ni Rb cö qvrbxq cövwub Ges K vjwmqv gi eo hvmvb`vzv wkï `i gvbwmk I kvixwik wekv ki Rb `ya Acwinvh GQvov, ga eqmx bvix `i K vjwmqv gi NvUwZ c~i Y `ya cv bi iæz A bk `ya Drcv`b ckv wn m ei ek RbwcÖq we k cövq 750 wgwjqb ev 75 KvwU Lvbv `ya Drcv`b K i Zv `i RxweKvi GKwU eo Ask wbe vn K i _v K BDGmwWG ev hy³iv ªi K wl wefvm KZ K cökvwkz mv cöwzk Z_ g Z, MÖvgxY evsjv ` k cöwz wzbwu Lvbvi * Milk consumption behaviour by the poor in Bangladesh (2016) kxl K M elyvi mvims c mvims c K i Qb gvt nvwme irv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 47
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv g a `ywu Lvbv `ya Drcv` bi Rb Mev`x cïcvjb K i Ges Drcvw`Z `y ai GKwU Ask wewµ K i RxweKvi ms vb K i `ya cvb Kivi Î DbœZwe k i `k jvb GwM q Av Q BDGmwWGi wn me g Z, Avqvij v Ûi GKRb e w³ w` b M o cövq 371 wgwjwjuvi `ya cvb K i cöwz ekx `k fvi Z GB nvi RbcÖwZ M o w` b cövq 108 wgwjwjuvi wkš, evsjv ` k GKRb e w³ w` b M o gvî 44 wgwjwjuvi `ya cvb K i, hlv b AvšÍR vwzk Lv` ms v (WHO) KZ K mycvwikk Z cwigvy b~ bzg 250 wgwjwjuvi wewegm KZ K cökvwkz Lvbvi Avq-e vq Rwic cöwz e`b 2010 Abyhvqx, evsjv ` k `ya Ges `y»rvz Lvevi MÖn Yi nvi RbcÖwZ w` b gvî 33.7 MÖvg Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj hvmvb, mxwgz µq gzv, evrv i `y ai mnrcövc Zv bv _vkv Ges `ya L q wvkgz nrg bv niqv evsjv ` ki gvby li Kg cwigvy `ya LvIqvi KviY wn m e wpwýz Kiv nq M elyvi D Ïk 1. MÖv gi cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni `ya Drcv`b I weµ qi cwigvy cöv jb Kiv, Ges `ya weµ qi vb Ges cövß weµqg~j m c K aviyv jvf Kiv; 2. MÖv gi Ges kn ii ew Í Z emevmiz cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni `ya µ qi vb Ges µqg~j m c K aviyv jvf Kiv; 3. `ya µ qi wm v šíi Î Lvbvi cöavb bvix m` m i AskMÖn Yi cök wz m c K Rvbv; 4. GmKj cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni `ya cv bi nvi I cwigvy cöv jb Kiv Ges cvbk Z `y ai aiy m c K aviyv jvf Kiv; 5. we kl K i, GmKj Lvbvi wkï I bvix m`m `i `ya cv bi nvi I cwigvy cöv jb Kiv; Ges 6. `ya Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~n Ges A-`ya Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi Lvbvmg~ ni g a `ya cv bi nvi I cwigv Yi Zzjbvg~jK ch v jvpbv Kiv 48 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
`y ai Drcv`b, wecyb I fvm Kivi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni Ae vb we køly M elyv c wz, DcvË msmön I we køly GwU GKwU wbix vg~jk M elyv hlv b msl vzvwë K c wz e envi Kiv n q Q M elyvi D Ïk mg~n K mvg b i L wzbwu AÂj _ K `wi`ª Lvbvmg~n K wbe vwpz Kiv n q Q AÂj wzbwu nj - e ovi mvwiqvkvw ` Dc Rjv, iscy ii cximvqv Dc Rjv, Ges XvKv kn ii KovBj ew Í mvwiqvkvw ` Ges cximvqv Dc Rjv MÖvgxY evsjv `k K cöwzwbwaz Ki Q cö Z KwU AÂj _ K ˆØePqbwfwË Z 100wU K i gvu 300wU Lvbv wbe vpb Kiv n q Q mvwiqvkvw ` Ges cximvqv Dc Rjv _ K h Lvbvmg~n wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Zv `i wbr ^ Rwgi cwigvy m e v P 1.49 GKi ev 149 kzk mvwiqvkvw ` Dc RjvwU `ya Drcv`bKvix AÂj wn m e cwiwpz Ges GLvb _ K h 100wU Lvbv K wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Zv `i mk jb `ya Drcv`b K i cximvqv Dc Rjv Ges KovBj ew Í _ K h 200wU Lvbv K wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Zviv `ya Drcv`b K i bv wbw` ó cökœgvjvi wfwë Z 2016 mv ji Ryb-RyjvB gv m wbe vwpz 300wU Lvbvq Rwic Pvjv bv nq Rwi ci gva g cöwzwu Lvbvi Av_ -mvgvwrk I RbZvwË K ˆewkó mg~ ni Dci msl vzvwë K DcvË msmön Kiv nq cvkvcvwk, cö Z KwU Lvbvi mkj m` m i `ya cv bi Af vm m c K we ÍvwiZ DcvË msmön Kiv nq GQvov, `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni `ya Drcv`b msµvší wewea wel qi Dci cö qvrbxq DcvË msmön Kiv nq h_vh_ ey bvg~jk cwimsl vbg~jk KŠkj cö qvm K i msm nxz msl vzvwë K DcvËmg~n we køly Kiv n q Q M elyvjä djvdj RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni Av_ -mvgvwrk I RbZvwË K ˆewkó msm nxz DcvË we køly K i cviqv hvq h, RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni Mo m`m msl v 4-5 Rb Lvbv cöavb `i eqm M o 40-47 eq ii g a hv `i 94 kzvskb nj cyiæl `ya Drcv`Kvix Lvbvmg~ ni (mvwiqvkvw ` Dc Rjvi) AwaKvsk Lvbv cöav bi g~j ckv nj K wlkvr cövq 45 kzvsk Lvbv cöavb GB ckv K g~j ckv wn m e ey bv K i Q GQvov, 15 kzvsk w`bgryi `qv Ges 13 kzvsk e emv K g~j ckv wn m e ey bv K i Q c bi kzvsk Lvbv cöavb `ya Drcv`b I wewµ K Zv `i g~j ckv wn m e AwfwnZ K i Q GKBfv e, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni (cximvqv Dc Rjvi) AwaKvsk Lvbv cöav bi (38 kzvsk) g~j ckv nj w`bgryi `qv GQvov, 25 kzvsk Lvbv cöavb K wlkvr K Ges 16 kzvsk Lvbv cöavb z`ª e emv K Zv `i g~j ckv wn m e ey bv K i Q Aciw` K, XvKvi KovBj ew Í Z emevmiz Lvbvmg~ ni AwaKvsk Lvbv cöav bi g~j ckv nj QvU emikvwi PvKzwi (32 kzvsk), w`bgryi `qv (27 kzvsk) Ges z`ª e emv (17 kzvsk) `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni RbcÖwZ MocoZv gvwmk Avq 2,476 UvKv Ab w` K, `ya Drcv`bKvix Ges ew Í Z emevmkvix wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 49
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Lvbvmg~ ni RbcÖwZ MocoZv gvwmk Avq h_vµ g 3,886 UvKv Ges 2,977 UvKv RbcÖwZ MocoZv wbr ^ Rwgi cwigvy `ya Drcv`bKvix, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Ges ew Í Z emevmkvix Lvbv mg~ ni Î h_vµ g 8 kzvsk, 18 kzvsk Ges 4 kzvsk `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni `y ai Drcv`b I weµ qi wpî `ya Drcv`bKvix cöwzwu Lvbvq M o 1wUi AwaK Miæ Av Q Gme Miæ eq i M o cövq 8 gvm `ya `q G KKwU Lvbv cöwzw`b M o cövq 8 wjuvi K i `ya Drcv`b K i ˆ`wbK M o cövq 7 wjuvi K i `ya wewµ K i G KKwU Lvbv Ges cövq 1 wjuvi K i `ya i L `q Lvbvi m`m `i LvIqvi Rb AvUvbeŸB kzvsk Lvbv e emvqx `i Kv Q Zv `i Drcvw`Z `ya wewµ K i evwk 2 kzvsk wewµ K i cöwz ekx `i Kv Q cöwz wjuvi `y ai `vg Av m M o cªvq 32 UvKv RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni `ya cv bi nvi I cwigvy `ya cv bi nvi I cwigv Yi Î MÖv g emevmiz `ya Drcv`bKvix I `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv Ges kn ii ew Í Z emevmkvix Lvbvmg~ ni g a ` k gvb cv_ K j Kiv M Q `ya Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~ ni g a kzkiv 96 fvm Lvbvq AšÍZ 15 w` b GKevi `ya cvb Kiv nq e j Rvbv M Q Aciw` K, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~ ni Î GB nvi gvî gvî 20 kzvsk kn ii ew Í Z emevmkvix Lvbvmg~ ni g a 23 kzvsk ey bv K i Q h Zviv AšÍZ 15 w` b GKevi `ya cvb K i cöwzw`b Kgc ÿ GKevi `ya cvb K i Ggb Lvbvi msl v `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbv mg~ ni Î cövq 90 kzvsk `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Ges ew Í Z emevmkvix Lvbvmg~ ni Î GB nvi h_vµ g 12 kzvsk Ges 28 kzvsk Zij, cv wiz Ges ov `ya K we epbv K i `ya cv bi cwigvy cöv jb Kiv n q Q DcvË n Z `Lv hvq h, RwicK Z Lvbvmg~n RbcÖwZ ˆ`wbK M o 64 wgwjwjuvi `ya cvb K i wkš, ïaygvî `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~n K we epbv Ki j `Lv hvq h G mkj Lvbvq RbcÖwZ ˆ`wbK `ya cvb Kivi cwigvy M o 164 wgwjwjuvi Aciw` K, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~n RbcÖwZ ˆ`wbK M o gvî 11 wgwjwjuvi K i `ya cvb K i kn ii ew Í Z emevmkvix Lvbvmg~ ni ÎI RbcÖwZ ˆ`wbK `ya cvb Kivi cwigvy gvî 17 wgwjwjuvi cö_vmz RbcÖwZ wn m ei evb i wm q hw` GKwU Lvbvi mkj m`m `i ˆ`wbK gvu `ya cv bi Mo cwigvy cöv jb Kiv nq Z e m ÎI `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni mv _ Ab vb `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv mg~ ni wekvj ZviZg Pv L c o MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix GKwU Lvbvi mkj m`m wg j M o w` b cövq 668 wgwjwjuvi `ya cvb K i MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi Î GB cwigvy h_vµ g 41 wgwjwjuvi I 59 wgwjwjuvi gvî `ya cv bi wewfbœ gvîvi wecix Z RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni Zzjbvg~jK Ae vb web vm we ÍvwiZfv e mviyx 1-G Dc vcb Kiv nj 50 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
mviyx 1 `ya Drcv`bKvix Ges A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni `ya cv bi Zzjbvg~jK wpî `ya cv bi cwigvy (wgwjwjuvi) `y ai Drcv`b, wecyb I fvm Kivi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni Ae vb we køly MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbv (kzvsk) MÖvgxY `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv (kzvsk) kû i ew Íi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv (kzvsk) 0 4 80 77 51-250 5 14 16 251-500 28 5 3 501-1000 57 1 4 1001-1500 5 0 0 1500+ 1 0 0 gvu 100 100 100 RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni wkï I bvix m`m `i `ya cv bi nvi I cwigvy MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix Ges MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv mg~ n M o 1 R bii Kg msl K AbwaK 5 eqi eqmx wkï Av Q `ya Drcv`bKvix 100wU Lvbvq mewg j wkï Av Q 41 Rb `ya A-Drcv`bKvix 100 wu MÖvgxY I Aci 100 wu kû i ew Íi Lvbvq mewg j GB eqmx wkïi msl v h_vµ g 26 Rb I 51 Rb bvix m` m i msl v meai bi Lvbvq MocoZv cövq 2 Rb `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~ ni wkï `i gvî 3 kzvsk AšÍZ 15 w` b 1 evi `ya cvb K i Aciw` K, `ya Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~ ni wkï `i Î GB nvi 85 kzvsk Ges kû i ew Í Z emevnkvix Lvbvmg~ ni wkï `i Î Zv gvî 8 kzvsk `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi wkïiv M o w` b cövq 165 wgwjwjuvi `ya cvb K i Ab w` K, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi Lvbvi wkï `i w`bcöwz `ya cvb Kivi cwigvy h_vµ g M o 8 wgwjwjuvi I 12 wgwjwjuvi wkï `i gz bvix `i ÎI GKB ikg wpî j Kiv M Q wewfbœ DcvË _ K `Lv hvq h, MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi bvix `i w`bcöwz `ya cv bi cwigvy M o 153 wgwjwjuvi Aciw` K, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi Lvbvi bvix `i w`bcöwz `ya cvb Kivi cwigvy h_vµ g M o 10 wgwjwjuvi I 14 wgwjwjuvi cuqzvwjøk EaŸ bvix `i Î w`bcöwz `ya cv bi cwigvy M o 86 wgwjwjuvi Z e, `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi GB eqmx bvix `i w`bcöwz `ya cv bi cwigvy M o 164 wgwjwjuvi hv `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi bvix `i Zzjbvq 5 YiI ewk wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 51
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv cvbk Z `y ai aiy MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix Ges A-Drcv`bKvix Dfq cökv ii mkj Lvbvmg~n ïaygvî Miæi `ya cvb K i Aciw` K, kû i ew Í Z emevmkvix `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~n Miæi `ya Ges cv wiz `ya Lvq kû i Lvbvmg~ ni g a 76 kzvsk Lvbv cöavbz Miæi `ya cvb K i Ges evwk 24 kzvsk Lvbv cv wiz `ya cvb K i RwicK Z Lvbvmg~ ni `ya µ qi vb Ges µqg~j DcvË n Z `Lv hvq h, `ya Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvi m`m iv ïaygvî wb R `i Lvbvq Drcvw`Z `ya cvb K i, evrvi ev Ab Kvb vb _ K Zviv Kvb `ya µq K i bv wkš, `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi m`m iv vbxq evrvi A_ev cöwz ekx `i KvQ _ K `ya wk b _v K MÖvgxY `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni cövq 99 fvm Lvbv vbxq evrvi _ K `ya µq K i, evwk 1 fvm µq K i cöwz ekxi KvQ _ K Ab w` K, kû i ew Í Z emevmkvix `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbv mg~ ni 65 fvm Lvbv `ya µq K i vbxq evrvi _ K, evwk 35 fvm Lvbv `ya µq K i cöwz ekxi KvQ _ K MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~n h `ya K b Zvi Mo g~j wjuvi cöwz 44 UvKv K i c o Ab w` K, kû i Lvbvmg~n `ya K b wjuvi cöwz M o 64 UvKv ` i Lvbvi `ya µ qi wm v ší bvixi AskMÖnY kni I MÖvg f ` Lvbvq `ya µq Kivi wm v šíi Î bvixi AskMÖn Y wfbœzv cwijw Z nq `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvmg~ ni g a 25 fvm Lvbvq `ya µq Kivi Î cöavb bvix m`m wm vší wb q _v K evwk 75 fvm Lvbvi g a 55 fvm Lvbvq `ya µq Kivi wm vší bq cöavb cyiæl m`m Ges 20 fvm Lvbvq cöavb bvix I cyiæl m`m hš_fv e wm vší bq Aciw` K, kû i ew Íi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvmg~ ni g a 39 kzvsk Lvbvq `ya Kbvi wm vší bq cöavb bvix m`m evwk 40 kzvsk Lvbvq cöavb cyiæl m`m Ges 21 kzvsk Lvbvq cöavb bvix I cyiæl m`m hš_fv e `ya Kbvi wm vší bq Dcmsnvi `ya LyeB cywóki Lvevi we klz, wkï I bvix `i ^v MVb I myi vi Rb G Z cö qvrbxq A bk Lv` Y Av Q `ya Drcv`b ckv wn m ei ek MÖnY hvm MÖvgxY evsjv ` ki A bk cövwšík cwievi ev Lvbv `ya Drcv`b K i RxweKv wbe vn K i G Z A_ Av qi cvkvcvwk Lvbvi m`m `i `y ai Pvwn`vI g U 52 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
`y ai Drcv`b, wecyb I fvm Kivi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni Ae vb we køly evsjv ` k, `ya Drcv`bKvix GKwU MÖvgxY Lvbv cöwzw`b M o cövq 8 wjuvi `ya Drcv`b K i Zv _ K M o 7 wjuvi `ya cövq Ges Zv 32 UvKv ` i wewµ K i ˆ`wbK 224 UvKv Avq K i Gme `y ai wmsn fvm Zviv vbxq `ya e emvqxi Kv Q wewµ K i _v K M o cövq 1 wjuvi K i `ya GmKj Lvbv wb R `i cv bi Rb i L `q MÖv gi mkj cövwšík Lvbv h `ya Drcv`b K i Zv bq MÖv gi cvkvcvwk kn ii ew Í Z emevmiz cövwšík Lvbvmg~nI mvaviyz `ya Drcv`b K i bv Gme Lvbvmg~n mvaviyz vbxq evrvi A_ev cöwz ekx `i KvQ _ K `ya wk b _v K Z e, `ya µ qi Î GKwU welq j Yxq h, MÖv gi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi Zzjbvq kn ii ewkifvm `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi bvix m`m iv `ya µ qi Î wb Riv wm vší wb Z cv i G ` ki cövwšík Lvbvmg~ ni m`m iv AvšÍR vwzk gvb` Ði wfwë Z cö qvr bi Zzjbvq A bk Kg `ya cvb K i Z e, `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi m`m iv `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY I kû i ew Íi Lvbvi m`m `i Zzjbvq ˆ`wbK M o cövq 2.5 Y ewk `ya cvb K i `ya A-Drcv`bKvix MÖvgxY Lvbvi m`m iv kû i ew Íi Lvbvi m` m i Zzjbvq MocoZv wkqzuv Kg `ya cvb K i MÖvgxY `ya Drcv`bKvix Ges A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi m`m iv cöavbz Miæi `ya cvb K i wkš, kû i Lvbvi GKwU eo Ask cv wiz `ya w` q Zv `i Pvwn`v guvq hmkj Lvbv `ya Drcv`b K i mmkj Lvbvi AwaKvsk wkïb `ya cvb K i wkš, `ya Drcv`b K i bv Ggb Lvbvi wkï `i Kg AskB `ya cv bi my hvm cvq kn ii Zzjbvq MÖv gi `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi wkïiv Zzjbvg~jKfv e Av iv ewk wcwq q i q Q G Î `y ai cwigv Yi w`k _ K we epbv Ki ji GKB ikg wpî cviqv hvq `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi wkïiv `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi wkï `i Zzjbvq ˆ`wbK M o cövq 14 Y ewk `ya cvb K i bvix m`m `i `ya cv bi cwigv Yi Zzjbvg~jK wpî wkï `i gzb G Î, `ya Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi bvix m`m iv we kl K i cuqzvwjøk EaŸ bvixiv `ya A-Drcv`bKvix Lvbvi GKB eqmx bvix `i Zzjbvq ˆ`wbK M o cövq 15 Y ewk `ya cvb K i wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 53
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv ewkifvm bvixb Zv `i Avqg~jK Kvh vejx Z n Íwkí mvgmöx ˆZwi Z wb qvwrz _v K Kvh µgfz³ I Zzjbvg~jK Dfq GjvKv ZB bvix `i AskMÖn Yi kzkiv nvi GKB ikg `L Z cviqv hvq 54 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
bvivqym Ä Mwie I SuywKc~Y bvix `i A_ bwzk ÿgzvq bi cöfve g~j vqb: GKwU ebmjvbb cöwz e`b * dv Zgv Rûiv LvZzb gvnv ` mvdv qz Lvb wek Ry ob bvixiv mvaviyfv e Drcv`b Drmmg~n Ges A_ bwzk my hvm-myweavq cö ekvwakv ii ÿ Î mgvb my hvm _ K ewâz nq bvixi ÿgzvqb cyiæ li m ½ Zv K GKB mv _ mgv R Ae`vb ivl Z mnvqk nq I mgv Ri mkj Í ii Dbœqb cöfvwez Ki Z mnvqzv K i bvixi ÿgzvqb Zvi wb Ri cwiev ii Ges wb Ri fvjg `i wm vší wb Z mnvqk nq eª vk RÛvi Rvw m Ges WvBfviwmwU cövmövg GKwU Kg m~wp ev Íevqb K i Q hv bvivqymä Rjvi Mwie Ges SuywKc~Y bvix `i Rb cwipvwjz nq 9 cöfve wb ` kk GB M elyvi mywbw` ó jÿ mg~n n Q `wi`ª I SuywKc~Y bvix `i A_ bwzk ÿ Î AskMÖn Yi Íi g~j vqb Kiv, A_ bwzkfv e Drcv`bkxj Kvh vejxi cöwzeükzvmg~n wba viy Ges vbxq mev cö`vbkvix `i Ávb I Abykxj bi Íi wba viy cök íi cöfve g~j vq b GB M elyvwu YevPK I cwigvyevpk Dfq c wzb e envi K i Q mbm ½ e eüz n q Q i v ÛvgvBR * Impact evaluation of economic empowerment of the poor and vulnerable women in Narayanganj: a baseline report (2015-16) kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms ÿc mvi-ms ÿc K i Qb: AvjZvgvm cvkv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 55
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv K UªvjW Uªvqvj emjvbb Rwic _ K GUv Rvbv hvq h, ïaygvî 3.9 kzvsk bvixi wbr ^ e emv i q Q wkš 31.3 kzvsk Avq e w g~jk Kv Ri m ½ hy³ ewkifvm bvixb Zv `i Avqg~jK Kvh vejx Z n Íwkí mvgmöx ˆZwi Z wb qvwrz _v K Kvh µgfz³ I Zzjbvg~jK Dfq GjvKv ZB bvix `i AskMÖn Yi kzkiv nvi GKB ikg `L Z cviqv hvq ebrjvbb Rwi c Ask wb qwqj 1,300 Rb bvix Z e GKeQi c i GÛjvBb Rwi ci mgq DcvË msm nxz nq D³ bvix `i g a 1,118 R bi G ÿ Î emjvbb bgybv AvK wz _ K 14% bvix S i hvq M elyvq Av iv `L Z cviqv hvq h, Dfq MÖæ ci 90.2 kzvsk bvixi cwikíbv wqj bzzb Kv R wb R `i wb qvwrz Kivi ev bzzb e emv ïiæ Kivi cöwzwu MÖæ ci AskMÖnYKvix `i 34 kzvsk AZx Z A_ bwzk Kvh µg nv Z wb qwqj Ges cöwzeükzvi m ylxb n qwqj AskMÖnYKvix I wbqwš Z MÖæ ci bvix `i g a Ab vb ÿgzvqb msµvší wb ` kbvmg~n, hgb bvixi wm vší MÖn Yi mÿgzv, MwZkxjZv Ges RÛviMZ Áv bi ÿ Î cv_ K `L Z cviqv hvq Z e GwU cwimsl vbmzfv e Zvrch c~y bq GB cöwÿ Z 2015 mv ji g gv m GKwU GÛjvBb Rwic m úbœ Kiv n qwqj GÛjvBb Rwi ci c i `L Z cviqv hvq h, Avqg~jK Kv R bvix `i AskMÖnY h _ó e w c q Q G ÿ Î wuªu g U MÖæ c Avqg~jK Kv R Ask biqv bvixi kzkiv nvi wø Y n q hvq GB mg qi g a bvixi mâqi h _ó e w c q Q Aek G ÿ Î fwel Z D ` v Mi Rb FY MÖnY n«vm c q Q wuªu g U MÖæ ci Avqg~jK KvR _ K gvwmk AvqI cövq wø Y n q Q emjvbb _ K (GLb cövq 4,244 UvKv); Z e Zv wbqwš Z MÖæc _ K Zvrch c~y fv e cv_ K m~pbv K i bv bvixi ÿgzvq Yi Ab vb wb ` kkmg~n hgb, bvixi wm vší biqvi hvm Zv, GKeQ i mvgvb cwiewz Z n q Q Aek wbqwš Z `j _ K ÿgzvqb wb ` kkmg~n GLbI Zvrch c~y fv e c _K bq GB M elyvi wfwë Z GgbUv mycvwik Kiv hvq h, wewfbœ Avqea K Kvh vejx Z bvix `i AskMÖnY wbwðz Kivi gva g Zv K GKRb D ` v³v wn m e Dc vcbvi ÿ Î mkj ai bi mvgvwrk cöwzeükzv wbim b iæz v ivc Ki Z n e GB cöwzeükzv ïiæ nq Lvbv Íi _ KB Zvici AšÍfz ³ nq KwgDwbwU Íi Ges Zv bvixi mwµq AskMÖnY I AvZ wbf ikxjzv K evavmö K i ZvB bvix `i cö qvrbxq `ÿzv Dbœqb cöwkÿy cö`vb iæz c~y, hv Zv `i GKRb D ` v³v wn m e AvZ cökv k Drcv`bkxj Kvh vejx Z wb qvwrz n Z mnvqzv K i bvix `i Drcv`bkxj Kv R AMÖYx n Z bvix, Lvbv m`m `i I KwgDwbwUi gvbyl K RÛvi Bmÿ Z Av iv m PZb K i Zzj Z n e GQvov KwgDwbwUi cöfvekvjx e w³z Ges mykxj mgv Ri Ab vb `ii RÛvi ms e`bkxj wel q Av iv m PZb Ki Z n e Gfv e mgv Ri Gme jvk K msne Ki Z n e Ges bvix D ` v³vevüe cwi ek ˆZwi Z mgv Ri Gme gvby li mg_ b wbwðz Ki Z n e 56 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 58 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv wewµz jeyi i q Q G ÿ Î Kg m~wp _ K Rapid Test Kit, LyPiv we µzv `i Kv Q e Ub Kiv nq Ges Zv `i cöwkÿy `Iqv nq je Y Av qvwwb i q Q wkõbv Zv Kxfv e GB Test Kit Gi gva g wby q Kiv hv e Gfv e Zviv cvbkvwi evrvi _ K jey µq Kivi c~ e cixÿv Kivi gva g Rvb Z cv i je Y Av qvwwb Av Q wkbv KwgDwbwU Í i GB Kg m~wp zjmvgx Kgeqmx wkï `i wbe vwpz K i Zv `i m PZbZv e w Z hv Z Zviv Av qvwwb `Iqv jey MÖn Y m PZb nq LyPiv we µzv `i nv Z Av iv U wku cö`vb evrvi _ K bkj Av qvwwbhy³ jey ewn v i mnvqk n q Q LyPiv we µzv `i ejv n qwqj c~e ez x Kvb NvlYv bv w` q ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vwpz je Yi c v KU cixÿv Kivi hw` djvdj bwzevpk nq ZvÕn j cvbkvix we µzv `i KvQ _ K ev evrvi _ K Gme Av qvwwbwenxb jey µq _ K Zviv weiz _vk Z cvi e LyPiv we µzv `i civgk cö`vb Kiv n qwqj hb Av qvwwbwenxb jey µq bv K i G ÿ Î LyPiv we µzviv hv Z Av qvwwb mg jey weµq K i Ges welqwu hv Z mvgvwrkfv e MÖnY hvm nq Zv wbwðz Kiv Kg m~wpi Rb GKwU P v jä ^iƒc wqj AviwU K KŠkj Kvh Ki Y eª vk Kg m~wp: eª vk ^v, cywó Ges RbmsL v Kg m~wp AviwU K KŠkj ev Íevq b wb œv³ Kvh vejxmg~n nv Z wb q Q: mvg_ ˆZwi (capacity building) Kg m~wp _ K Kg m~wp msmvk `i cöwkÿy `Iqv nq LyPiv we µzv `i g a m PZbZv evov bvi Rb G ÿ Î Nb Nb mvgvwrk msne Ki Yi gva g Ges je Yi c v KU msmö ni v b civgk cö`v bi gva g m PZbZv m wói Póv Kiv nq Gme mvwf mi AšÍfz ³ n Q 1. z j hvevi eqmx wkï `i wpwýz K i Zv `i Av qvwwb wgwköz je Yi Avewk K welq m ú K AewnZKiY hv Z mvgvwrk m PZbZv e w cvq 2. Av qvwwb mg jey e env i wkÿk `i ms e`bkxjzv I m PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv hv Z QvÎ-QvÎx `i m ½ Zviv G wel q Av jvpbv Ki Z cv i 60 3. LyPiv we µzvi jey wewµi aiywu Ae jvkb Kiv hv Z KŠkjwUi cöfve ch eÿy Kiv hvq wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
Av qvwwbmg jey MÖn Y m PZbZv ˆZwi Ges je Y Av qvww bi Dcw wz wby vqk e e vcbv c wz... 4. we` vjqmvgx wkï Ges viwkcvi `i wbku mvgmöx mievin Kiv 5. Kg m~wp msmvk `i wbku _ K jey wewµi Rb AviwU K -Gi f wgkv m úk we ÍvwiZ Z_ cö`vb I d jvavc Kiv Ges cywógv bi Ae vb m ú K AeMZ niqv hv Z Av qvwwbrwbz NvUwZ n«vm Kiv hvq 6. Kg m~wp msmvk `i gva g U wku e Ub Ae vnz ivlv nq Ges ˆÎgvwmKfv e LyPiv we µzv/ `vkvb`vi `i m ½ 7-8wU mkb/ dvivg wbw` ó K i `Iqv nq cöwzwu mk b 20 Rb K i AskMÖnYKvix Ask bq KwgDwbwUwfwËK m PZbZv e w cöpviyv 1. we` vjqmvgx QvÎQvÎx 7-9 MÖ Wi bx P hviv i q Q Zv `i K GB Kg m~wpi m ½ m ú ³ Kiv n q Q Av qvwwbhy³ jey gvbe ` ni Rb KZLvwb iæz c~y Ges Gi Afv e gvbe ` ni Ici Kx ai bi cöfve c i Zv GB Kg m~wpi mk b AšÍfz ³ Kiv n q Q cöwzwu mk b QvÎ-QvÎxi msl v wqj 40 Rb K i 2. Av qvwwbhy³ jey MÖn Yi cwigvy e w Z m PZbZv evov bv wkï `i ÁvbMZ wekv k Av qvww bi Acwinvh Zv m ú K e vl v `Iqv nq MjMÐ ev N vm ivm cöwz iv a cöpviyv Pvjv Z we` vj q hviqv, civgk cö`vb Ges LyPiv we µzv I `vkvb`vi `i dviv g cöpviyv KŠk ji Ae jvkb I g~jvqb 1. U wku jvi e envi m ú K Ae jvkb Kiv hv Z Zv `i cöfve m ú K AeMZ niqv hvq 2. Kg m~wp msmvkiv AviwU K-Gi e envi Ae jvkb Ki eb LyPiv we µzv ev `vkvb`v ii Í i 3. Kg m~wp msmvk cvbkvix we µzvi KvQ _ K jey µ qi cöwµqv msµvší Z_ Ae jvkb K i 4. `vkvb A_ev LyPiv we µzv Í i gvbm Z Av qvwwb mg je Yi cövßzv wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 61
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 5. KwgDwbwU Z ch vß Av qvwwb mg jey weµ qi µ gvbœwz ik W i gva g Ae jvkb Kiv 6. GBPGbwcwc-Gi wu gi Kv Q mkj Ae jvkb wi cvu cöiy Kiv n e D Ïk mg~n mvaviy D Ïk GB M elyvi cöavb D Ïk n Q AviwU K e env i, LyPiv e emvqx `i Kgcøv qý m ú K AbymÜvb Kiv Ges GwU evsvi Póv Kiv h, Kvh µg Kg m~wpi DrmvncÖ`vb Kvh vejx vbxq `vkvb jv Z Av qvwwbhy³ jey cövwß e w Ki Q KxÕbv Ges e envikvix `i Øviv Gi MÖnY hvm Zv Kgb Zv ch eÿy mywbw` ó D Ïk mg~n AskMÖnYKvix `i g a Av qvwwbhy³ jey m ú K Ávb, aviyv Ges e envi m ú K evsvi Póv Kiv AbymÜvb K i `Lv h, LyPiv we µzviv AviwU K Uzj e envi K i cvbkvix we µzv `i KvQ _ K jey µ q m Z KxÕbv vbxq `vkvb jv Z Av qvwwb mg je Yi cövßzv AviwU K Uzjmg~n e env i e w c q Q KxÕbv Zv wpwýzkiy I g~j vqb eª vk KZ K cwipvwjz ms e`bkxjkiy Kvh µg µzv `i g a Av qvwwbmg jey MÖnY hvm Zv e w K i Q KxÕbv Zv evsvi Póv Kiv AviwU K Uzjmg~n e env i cöwzeükzvmg~n/p v jämg~n wpwýzkiy 62 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
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eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv DcvËmsMÖn c wz G c wzi AšÍfz ³ wqj Bb- Wc_ mvÿvrkvi, dvkvm MÖæc wwmkvkb (GdwWwR) I Bbdigvj wwmkvkb, LyPiv we µzv, Kg m~wp msmvk Ges µzv `i ikw mg~n PK Kiv djvdj M elyvjä djvdj _ K `Lv hvq h, cvbkvwi we µzv `i KvQ _ K jey µq Kivi ÿ Î LyPiv we µzviv AviwU K e env i AvMÖn `Lvq; Aek ewkifvm ÿ ÎB Zviv wwjvi `i KvQ _ K jey cixÿvq mn hvwmzv c Z ewâz nq Av qvwwbwenxb I Kg `v gi je Yi cöwz mvaviy RbM Yi `vwei welqwui Zviv D jøl K ib Aek Zviv ^xkvi K ib h, wg_ v j ejhy³ c v KURvZ jey evrvi _ K ax i ax i Kg Q Gi KviY n Q civgk g~jk Kvh µg MÖnY Ges AviwU K KŠk ji ev Íevqb M elyvjä DcvË _ K Av iv Rvbv hvq h, KwgDwbwU Z Av qvwwbhy³ jey m ú K Ávb ch vß bq, ewkifvm µzvb Av qvwwbhy³ jey m ú K m PZb bb Gme µzvi wkqz msl K Av qvwwb m ú K ï b Qb, wkš Gi iæz m ú K Zgb AeMZ bb G Kvi Y mvaviy gvbyl Lvjv Ae vq wewµz jey µ q Drmvnx nq h nzz Zv `v gi Kg mvaviy gvby li e³e wqj GB h, hw` Zv `i mwvkfv e Rvbv bv nõz Av qvwwb ^ízv m ú K, ZvÕn j Zviv Av qvwwb mg jeyb µq Ki Z m PZb n Zv Dcmsnvi M elyvi djvdj _ K ejv hvq h, Kg m~wpi jÿ AR b Nb Nb civgk cö`vb Ae vnz ivl Z n e LyPiv we µzv `i msmwvz Kivi gva g Ges mgvr ev KwgDwbwU K Av qvwwbhy³ jey e env i msmwvz Ki Z KvR K i h Z n e Av qvwwb mg je Yi wel q m PZbZvi Íi evov Z mikvi Ges wgwwqvi mgwš^z I Aweivg cö Póvi cvkvcvwk Ni _ K N i mvwf m cö`vb Av iv Kvh Ki n Z cv i G ÿ Î wb œv³ mycvwikmg~n we epbvq biqv h Z cv i: K. hw` m eci nq ^íg~ j Av qvwwbhy³ jey mieivn Kiv (eª vk jey e ZxZ) hv Z Zv `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Rb myjf nq 64 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
Av qvwwbmg jey MÖn Y m PZbZv ˆZwi Ges je Y Av qvww bi Dcw wz wby vqk e e vcbv c wz... L. AviwU K bgybv KwgDwbwUi g a I z ji wkï `i Kv Q mieivn Kiv h Z c i Zv `i G m úwk Z aviyv evov bvi Rb Ges evrv ii jey Av qvwwbhy³ KxÕbv Zv cixÿv Kivi Rb M. KwgDwbwUi Pvwn`v gvzv ek eª vk Av qvwwbhy³ jey Av iv AvKl Yxq gvo K I i O evrvirvz Kiv N. wewfbœ c wzmg~n hgb wjd ju, w Kvi Ges n vû wej mkj Lvbv I `vkv b wewj-e Ub Kiv Ges jvkmsmxz I c_bvuk ev w_ quvi BZ vw`i gva g Av qvwwbmg jey m ú K cöpviyv Kiv O. AviwU K KŠkj m ú K LyPiv we µzv I Ab vb `i AewnZKi Y Av iv wbweo Av jvpbv I wbqwgz civgk cö`v bi mkb Av qvrb Ki Z n e hv Z GB KŠkj m ú K Av iv m PZbZv I cö Yv`bvi m wó nq Nb Nb civgk cö`vb ev Av jvpbvi Rb AwZwi³ Kg x wb qvm `Iqv h Z cv i vbxq evrv i hv Z ch vß cwigv Y Av qvwwbhy³ jey cviqv hvq mrb wwjvi, jey e UbKvix, gyw`i `vkvb`vi Ges jey cö ZKvix `i g a mvgvwrk I KwgDwbwU Í i D ` vm biqv h Z cv i P. Kg m~wp KZ K cwipvwjz GB Kvh µg kl nevi c i Av qvwwbhy³ jey MÖn Yi Ae v Rvb Z, Ges GZ`msµvšÍ Áv bi I m PZbZvi Íi ev gvîv m ú K Rvb Z Bb- Wc_ M elyvi cö qvrb i q Q wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 65
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv bvixi cöwz wewfbœ mwnsmzvi g a kvixwik mwnsmzv Ab Zg Gic ib cövavb c q Q gvbwmk wbcxob 66 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
cyiæ li ` wó Z bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv: GKwU g~j vqb gvnv ` ivwd, w`jiæev evby gv. Avãyj Avjxg, kvnxb Av³vi cwievi, mgvr I ivóª - g~jz G wzb Î bvix wbh vwzz nq ev mwnsm AvPi Yi wkkvi nq Avi Gi g~j KviY n Q cyiæ li ` wófw½ cyiæ li mwnsmzv I bvixi cöwz ^ QvPvix g bvfve bvixi mvgvwrk I GKvšÍ Rxeb K ZQbQ K i `q ewkifvm ÎB cyiæl `i KvQ _ K Z_ bqv n q Q bvix mv vrkvi cö`vbkvixi msl v Kg wqj MÖv gi gvbyl bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv K me P q eo mgm v wn m e ` L bv MÖv g m ó me mgm vi bx P Gi vb 11 bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv mgmö c w_ex Ry o GK iæzi mgm v G mwnsmzv bvbv iƒ c `Lv `q hgb gwnjv `i kvixwikfv e AvNvZ Kiv, al Y, gvbwek gh v`vi ` wó KvY _ K Ae njv Kiv, MvwjMvjvR Kiv, gšwjk Pvwn`v _ K ewâz Kiv BZ vw` GwU GKwU gvbevwakvi msµvší Bmÿ mvs wzk I ag xq * An assessment of male attitude towards violence against women kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (2003) mvi-ms c K i Qb AvjZvgvm cvkv (cybg ỳ ªY) wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 67
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv cwigð ji bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi exr Mfxifv e cöw_z i q Q mwnsmzvi G fq¼i iƒc cyiæl kvwmz mgv R cövwzôvwbkzv c q Q G M elyvq bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvq cyiæ li g bvfve evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q G M elyvwu `yõwu iæz c~y aviyv K wn i AvewZ Z n q Q cö_gz bvixi cöwz cyiæ li mwnsmzv Ges wøzxqz G mwnsmzv Lvbvi cyiæliv Kvb ` wó Z ` L bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv kvixwik, hšb nqivwbi I gvbwmk eâbvi AvKv i `Lv `q GgbwK Gme mwnsmzvi ûgwki bvix K gvkvwejv Ki Z nq G Î bvixi ^vaxbzv ^ QvPvixfv e cyiæl `gb Ki Z m Pó nq G ai bi mwnsmzv I ^ QvPvix g bvfve bvixi mvgvwrk I GKvšÍ Rxeb K ZQbQ K i `q G Î Pvi ai bi mwnsmzvi K_v D jøl Kiv h Z cv i gvbwmk I kvixwikfv e AvµgYvZ K AvPiY, bvix K Zvi AwaKvi _ K ewâz Kivi Rb mwnsm AvPiY Kiv Ges bvix cöwzev`x n j Zvi AvKv v `gb Ki Z mwnsmzvi Avkªq bqv ewkifvm ÎB cyiæl mv vrkvi cö`vbkvixi KvQ _ K cviqv Z _ i wfwë Z G M elyvwu Kiv nq ^í msl K bvixi mv vrkvi cö`vb K ib Lvbv Rwic, g bvfve msµvší j, wbweo mv vrkvi, Km vww Ges dvkvm MÖæc Av jvpbvi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv nq Ges G wel q Zv `i m PZbZv m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv nq bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv mgvav b ev mgm v n«vm Ki Z Avgv `i mgv R wk ai bi wpšívfvebv Kiv nq Zv Rvbvi D Ï k dvkvm MÖæ c Av jvpbv Kiv nq gqgbwmsn Rjvi ZvivKv `v I dzjcy ii c _K c _K Lvbvi 15 eqi ev Z`yaŸ eq mi 502 Rb cyiæ li mv vrkvi bqv nq M elyvq `Lv hvq h, MÖv gi gvbyliv bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv K me P q eo mgm v wn m e ` L bv MÖv gi me mgm vi GKwU ZvwjKv evbv j me mgm vi bx P Gi vb Z e G AvPi Yi ^iƒc I cwiez bi aviv m ú K Zviv m ú~y IqvwKenvj bvixi cöwz wewfbœ mwnsmzvi g a kvixwik mwnsmzv Ab Zg Gi c ib me P q iæz c q Q gvbwmk wbcxobg~jk mwnsmzv g q `i Kvb Kv Ri cwi cöw Z ev KvRwU g bi gz bv n j cyiæl KZ K h mwnsm AvPiY cökvk cvq Zv K Ab vb me mwnsm AvPi Yi g a Kg iæz c~y e j DËi`vZviv g b K i bvixi cöwz m vb `Lv bvi e vcv i DËi`vZv `i g a wgkª cöwzwµqv `Lv hvq GKw` K cyiæliv g b Ki Qb mvaviyfv e g q `i h_vh_ m vb `qv DwPZ, Ab w` K Gme cyiæ li g a B bvix `i KvRKg wbqš Y Kivi Ges Zv `i Dci KZ Z Av iv ci ev Rvwni Kivi g bvfvei `L Z cviqv hvq cyiæ li wk vi Íi I GbwRIÕi mv _ m ú ³Zv bvixi cöwz Zvi g bvfve wba vi Y iæz c~y cöfve d j 68 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
cyiæ li ` wó Z bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv: GKwU g~j vqb M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix `i g a bvixi cöwz h BwZevPK g bvfve cökvk c q Q Zvi wfwë wqj ewkifvm ÎB Bmjvg ag m úwk Z Ávb Ges AwfÁZvjä ch e Y wecyj msl K cyiæl DËi`vZv bvixi AwaKvi m ú K weiƒc g bvfve e ³ K i Qb G Î Zv `i hyw³ n Q, bvixiv wb R `i AwaKvi m ú K m PZb n j cyiæl Zvi wbqš Y cöwzôv Ki Z e _ n e bvix G Î cö_ g cyiæ li Kv Q wbr AwaKvi m ú K `vwe Zzj e Ges ciez x ch v q ^vgx I evevi Dci Rvi LvUv e Zv `i `vwemg~ ni ev Íevq b Avi GgbwU NU j ^vgx I eveviv Zv `i x Ges Kb vi Kv Q gzvnxb n q hv eb - Ggb fxwz memgq cyiæl `i g b KvR K i M elyvq `Lv hvq h, bvixi AwaKvi K A ^xkvi Kivi g bvfve Ges bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi cöeyzv A bk ÎB mgv_ K n q _v K cyiæl `i hyw³ n Q bvixiv AwaKvi m ú K m PZb n j cyiæl Zvi wbqš Y cöwzôv Ki Z e _ n e gšwjk Pvwn`v hgb- Lv`, wpwkrmv BZ vw`i cö vc U bvix K ewâz Ki Z mvaviyfv e cyiæliv Pvq bv mgvrmsmv i wm vší MÖn Yi Î bvix K AMÖvwaKvi w` Z ewkifvm cyiælb Pvq bv hw`i m úwëi gvwjkvbv AR b bvix K wm vší MÖn Y mg_ niqv/cövavb we Ív i mnvqzv K i _v K Avgv `i mgv R bvixi cöwz Qwe n Q `ye j I Amnvq G ai bi g bvfveb Rb w` q Q Ggb aviyvi h, bvix cyiæ li P q Kg hvm Zvm úbœ bvix `i gv qi cöwziƒ c Kíbv Kiv n ji, G Î M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv g b K i h bvixi Dci cyiæ li KZ Z LvUvevi AwaKvi i q Q A_ vr mgv R bvix Kvb Kvb f~wgkv cvjb Ki e Ges Zvi MgbvMgb vb wba vwiz n e GKRb cyiæl KZ K mgv R bvixi f~wgkv I Pjv div wba vwiz nq ev msiw Z nq c` v cö_vi gva g M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv Av iv wek vm K ib h, xi Kvh vejx wbqš Yi AwaKvi ^vgx `i i q Q G ai bi g bvfve xi Kvh vejx wbqš Y I Ae jvk b ^vgxi AvKv v K cöwzdwjz K i Avi G ai bi AvKv v _ KB bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv e w cvq wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 69
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv M elyvq `Lv hvq h, cyiæliv mvaviyfv e bvixi Dci Kvb iæzi kvixwik mwnsmzvi we ivax hgb - eîvnvz ev G ai bi kvixwik AvNvZ Kivi c cvwz cyiæliv bb hw`i GgbwU g b Kiv nq h Kvb Ae v ZB gwnjv `i wbcxob Kivi AwaKvi cyiæl `i bb Z e Kvb bvixi AvPiY hw` Bmjvg a g i weavb ev Av `k-wb la Agvb K i Zvn j Zv iæzi cvc e j MY nq Ges Zv kvw Í hvm Aciva e j wpwýz nq Aek M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv G K bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv bv e j Zv K cwiï Ki Z Ôkvw ÍÕ cö`vb wn m e wpwýz Ki Z AvMÖnx A_ vr Zv `i g Z bvixi cöwz G Î Kvb wbcxob Kiv nq bv, eis mgvr I ag K envj ivl Z bvix K kvmb Kiv nq gvî M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix cyiæliv gwnjv `i gšwjk AwaKvi jv m ú K m PZb Ges mb mv _ Zviv GgbwU wek vmi K ib h, gwnjv `i AwaKvi _ K ewâz Kiv n j Zviv gvbwmk wbh vz bi wkkvi nb Avevi cyiæl `i c _ K Pvc m wó Z gvbwmk Pvc h ek Kvh Ki nq GUvI M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv ^xkvi Ki Z KzÚv eva K ib bv G Î g qi evev-gv ev cwiev ii KvQ _ K hšzzk `vwei welqwui gyl n q D V Q GKwU wel q M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv cövq Awfbœ gzvgz `b h, cyiæl KZ K gwnjv `i PjvPj wbqwš Z n j Zviv gvbwmkfv e Pig hš Yvi g a _v Kb mgv R bvix Kvb Kvb f~wgkv cvjb Ki e Ges Zvi MgbvMgb vb wba vwiz n e GKRb cyiæl KZ K mgv R bvixi f~wgkv I Pjv div wba vwiz nq ev msiw Z nq c` v cö_vi gva g G M elyvq Ask bqv ewkifvm DËi`vZv g b K ib gwnjv `i Lvevi Ges gšwjk Pvwn`v _ K ewâz Kiv wvk bq ewkifvm DËi`vZvB g b K ib gwnjv `i mv _ gzv fvmvfvwm KivUv Kvb Kv Ri K_v bq bvixi Zzjbvq cyiæl kªô G cö vc U gwnjv `i mv _ cyiæ li gzvi fvmvfvwm Ges gwnjv `i gzv e env ii welqwu K DËi`vZviv mg_ b K i Qb mgv R cöpwjz kªg wefvrb ev Kv Ri ai bi evb i gwnjviv KvR Ki e G ai bi g bvfv ei wec Ae vb bb M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv ZvB gwnjv `i DcvR b ^vgxi nv Z Zz j 70 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
cyiæ li ` wó Z bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv: GKwU g~j vqb w` Z ejcö qvm K h_v_ e j Zviv g b K ib KviY Zvn jb ^vgxiv x `i AwR Z A _ i gvwjk n Z cv ib mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvix `i cöwz cyiæliv mnvbyf~wzkxj g bvfve cökvk K ib G `i A b KB GgbUv wek vm K ib h, bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv Kvb bv Kvbfv e Zv `i RxebhvÎv K cöfvwez K i Ges Zv `i cwievi GgbwK MvUv mgvrb wzmö Í nq Zviv g b K ib mwnsmzvi djvdj MÖnY hvm bq G Î Zv `i g bvfve e w³ ^v _ i Øviv cöfvwez n q Q mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvixi cöwz Zv `i mg_ b G Î MŠY wqj Avevi A bk Î mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvixi eâbvi Kó Ges e w³ ^v_ DfqB cyiæ li g bvfve K cöfvwez K i Q bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi KviYmg~n bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi KviYmg~n m~²fv e wby q Kiv KwVb e vcvi ez gvb M elyv _ K cövß Z _ i Av jv K bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi KwZcq KviY wbw` ó Kiv n q Q: A_ bwzk myweav cvevi AvKv vq mwnsmzv N U hgb, hšzzk cvevi Rb kvixwik I gvbwmk wbh vzb A_ev kvixwikfv e wbh vzb Kiv GQvovI, ^vgx A_ DcvR bi Rb wbcxo bi gva g x K eva K i Ab cyiæ li mv _ hšb m úk vc b cyiæ li AnwgKv eva Ges Av cvlnxb g bvfv ei Kvi Y bvix mwnsmzvi wkkvi nq cyiæl ev ^vgxiv g b K i we qi gva g Zviv x `i wbqš Yi jvb mý c q hvq x `i Dci Zv `i B Qv Ges AvKv v K Pvwc q w` Z Pvq G Î ^vgx `i cöz vkv _v K xiv hb Zv `i AvKv vi mv _ mvgäm Zv i L P j ev Zv `i B Qvc~i Y m Z nq ^vgxiv g b K ib Zviv x `i ^Ë vwakvix ev gvwjk n q M Qb x K bvbv wewa-wb la Øviv wbqš Y Kiv K ^vgxi AwaKvi wn m e g b Kiv nq xiv ^vgxi AvKv vi we ivwazv Ki j ^vgxiv zä nb x `i G ai bi we ivwazv K Zviv x wbqš Y Zv `i A gzv wn m e wpwýz K ib cö qvr b Gme ^vgx Zv `i ^vgxz djv Z xi Dci wbcxob Pvjvq Ges wnsmª n q D V bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi eû NUbv KB mwnsmzv wn m e g b Kiv nq bv we klz hw` Zv ^vgxi Øviv msnwuz nq G Î x ev bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv K aiv nq ms kvab Kivi c wz wn m e Avm j ms kva bi K_v e j bvix K wb Ri B QvgvwdK Pvjv Z Pvq cyiæliv d j bvixi Dci mwnsmzvi gvîv e o hvq wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 71
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv e w³ ^v _ i Kvi Y eû ÎB cyiæliv m úk M o Zv j bvix `i mv _ wkš hlb cyiælwu `L Z cvq h, Zvi D Ïk nvwmj n Q bv, ZLb m G m úk PzwK q dj Z we `ygvî `ix K i bv GgbwK G m úk wqbœ Ki Z H g q K fq-fxwz cö`k bmn mwnsm AvPiY Ki ZI wøav eva K i bv al Yi Î hšb Av em G ai bi mwnsmzv msnu b cöiyv`vqk kw³ wn m e KvR K i G ai bi KvR Kievi c ii Acivax hlb cvi c q hvq, ZLb G ai bi mwnsmzv AveviI Ki Z Acivax K cöjyä Kiv nq Avgv `i mgv R h _ó msl K cyiæl i q Q hviv KejgvÎ e w³ ^v _ bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi wec Ae vb bq wkš mwz Kvifv e bvixi cöwz mnvbyf~wzkxj bq D jøwlz Z_vKw_Z mnvbyf~wzkxj cyiælmn hme cyiæl bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi wec Ae vb K i bv Zv `i msl v evsjv ` ki gvu cyiæl RbmsL vi GKwU wekvj Ask Aek B Giv bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvi ^iƒc K Zxeª K i Zv j M elyvq AskMÖnYKvixiv mgv R cöpwjz kªg wefvr bi evb i gwnjviv KvR Ki e Ggb g bvfv ei wec Ae vb bb bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvrwbz mgm vi mgvav b Ges cyiæ li g bvfv ei cwiez bk í G M elyvi Av jv K KwZcq mycvwikgvjv Dc vwcz nj: mycvwikgvjv kvixwik ev gvbwmkfv e mgm vmö Í cyiæl `i mwnsm-avpiy cwiez bi Rb Ges mwnsm AvPiY Qvov wkfv e mgm vi mgvavb Kiv h Z cv i Zv klv Z Kvh µg MÖnY Ki Z n e ZiæY `i Av em hv Z m Rbkxjfv e cökvwkz nq mrb h_vh_ wk Y cöwµqv AbymiY Kiv h mvgvwrk g~j eva I wek vm cyiæl `i g a bvixi cöwz mwnsm AvPi Yi Rb `q Zvi cwiez b cöwk Y Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i 72 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
cyiæ li ` wó Z bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv: GKwU g~j vqb cwiev ii wfz i Ges cwiev ii evb i cyiæl I bvixi m ú K i Î BwZevPK g bvfve M o Zzj Z n e ZvÕn j bvixi cöwz mwnsm AvPiY n«vm cv e G cö vc U Ôbexb ` úwz Kvh µgõ MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i G Kvh µ gi D Ïk n e bexb ` úwzi Ávb I AwfÁZvi KvQvKvwQ hvevi Póv Kiv Gi gva g cwiev i mšnv` c~y m úk wekwkz n e, mšívb jvjb-cvj b `vwq Z i mge Ub NU e, cwiev ii g a kª gi mwvk wefvrb n e Ges Avqea K Kv Ri cwi ek m wó n e wewfbœ mn hvwmzvg~jk Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i hv Z bvix-cyiæ li hš_ AskMÖnY _v K Gme Kvh µg bvixi cöwz mšnv` c~y AvPiY ˆZwi Z mnvqk n e Ges bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv we ivax g bvfve M o DV e Gi d j bvixi KvR Kivi cwi ek DbœZ n e, my hvm e w cv e Ges GbwRI jvi z`ªfy Kg m~wp Z bvixi cö ekvwakvi e w cv e mwnsmzv wpwýzkiy I gvkvwejvq bvixi gzv I mvg_ e w Kiv D`vniY ^iƒc, cyiæ li mwnsmzvi weiæ m ve Kvh Ki c` c wb Z bvixi hvmv hv Mi ` Zv Ges GZ`msµvšÍ m PZbZv evov Z n e msw ß mg qi g a bvixi cöwz mwnsmzvg~jk g bvfv ei cwiez b NUv Z n e wk v cöwzôv b hviv hv Qb bv we klz Zv `i Rb m PZbZvg~jK Kg m~wp MÖnY Ki Z n e G Î m PZbZv e w K í cvi úwik mn hvwmzv evov Z n e, m PZbZv e w i Rb AvPi Yi cybwe b vm Ki Z n e, cöpviyv Pvjv Z n e Ges mwnsm NUbvi Ges Gi cöwzweavb m úwk Z Z _ i Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev wewbgq _vk Z n e Zvn jb mgv Ri gvbyl Dcjwä Ki Z cvi e h, bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv Avgv `i mgv Ri Rb GKwU eo mgm v bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv we ivax g bvfve RvMv Z cyiæ li g bvfve cwiez bi cöwµqv wk v cöwzôvb jv _ K ïiæ n Z cv i wk v m úwk Z bxwzgvjv jv cvv µg Ges wk v cö`vb c wzi Dci K `ªxf~Z _vk Z n e d j bvixi cöwz h_vh_ m vb `Lv bvi cöeyzv, AwaKvi cö`vb I mgvr Ges Kg Î b vh Zv weavbmn mswkøó g~j eva jv ^xk wz cv e AvBbMZ e vl v cö`v bi j AvBb K n Z n e úó Ges Aciv ai Rb ch vß kvw Íi e e v _vk Z n e Ggb e e v _vk Z n e hv Z RvZxq msm` GKevi h AvBb cöyqb Ki e Zv hb AKvh Ki bv nq Ggb e e vcbvi wekvk NUv Z n e hv bvixi gvbevwakvi Ae jvkb I msi Y Ki e wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 73
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv mvi (ivmvqwbk) gvi Z gvi Z RwgWv i SuvRiv KBiv dvjvbwq GLb mvi bv gvi j gvwu kw³ cvq bv, ZvB mvi gviv Qvov Kvb Dcvq bvb 74 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
we kl cöwz e`b avb Pv l cwi ekevüe cöhyw³i e envi I we Ívi: K wl Z UKmB Dbœqb/ UKmB K wl Zvbfxi kvwzj K wlwfwëkmgv R Kvb wbw` ó cöhyw³ ev UKbjwRi we Ívi K evsvi Rb wbweo msl vzvwë K Z_ msmö ni cvkvcvwk ÔmgvR engvbzv KÕI eys Z cviv GKwU Riæwi welq we kl K i cöhyw³wui m ½ m úwk Z gvby li wpišíb Af vm, Kg cöyvjx, Kg aviy, mgq e q,aekvvv gvmz ev ÍeZv BZ vw` bvbv wel q Z_ msmön Kivi gva g mgv Ri GKUv mvgwmök wpî cviqv Riæwi Kbbv cöhyw³i e envi I we Ívi K eys Z n j Ôe w³kõ ch v qi ev ÍeZvi mv _ cwi ek, cöwz ek, ewk K ev ÍeZv, ewk K A_ bwz, wek vqb cöf wz mkj wel qi mgwš^z Ávb Z_v ÔnwjmwUKÕ GKUv evsveyws Ô UKmB Dbœqb jÿ gvîvõ AR b wk f~wgkv ivl Q Zv eys Z n e G ÿ Î evsjv ` ki K wl Z cöhyw³i e envi Z_v K lk mgv R cöhyw³i we Ívi I e envi wel q hw` fvev hvq Z e, Pvl c wz wkfv e UKmB n e m w` K bri `qv cö qvrb we kl K i mp Kv R f~mf cvwbi jvmvgnxb e envi, KxUcZ½ I AvMvQv `gb BZ vw` wel q UKmB Kvb e e vi K_v wpšív Kiv DwPZ K wl Z KxUcZ½, ivmevjvb I AvMvQv `g b h cwigvy KxUbvkK e envi Kiv nq Zvi K_v Avgv `i K lkiv wb RivB iy Ki Z fq cvb GgbB GKRb K l Ki mv _ `Lv n qwqj e ovi a~bu Dc Rjvq wzwb Rvbvb h, wzwb GLb Avi e b L Z mvnm cvb bv Kbbv wzwb Zvi e b ÿ Z djb a i ivlvi Rb h cwigvy KxUbvkK wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 75
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv e envi K i Qb Zv ey bvzxz G wel q wzwb e jb, ÒGLb Avi e b LvB Z mvnm cvbbv e b Avi wel mgvb K_v; e b LvIqv h K_v wel LvIqv GKB K_v Ó Ggb nvrvi D`vniY evsjv ` ki MÖv g M Ä cviqv hv e K lk wb RI wei³ n q M Q mvi, KxUbvkK, evjvbbvkk e envi Ki Z Ki Z wkš AvR Zviv eva n q c o Q Kbbv G jv e envi bv Ki j Zv `i djb fvj nq bv wk kvim Äi GKRb K lk whwb Zvi avb ÿ Z ivmvqwbk mvi e envi Ki Z Ki Z K vší; wzwb e jb, Òmvi (ivmvqwbk) gvi Z gvi Z RwgWv i SuvRiv KBiv dvjvbwq GLb mvi bv gvi j gvwu kw³ cvq bv, ZvB mvi gviv Qvov Kvb Dcvq bvb Ó Aci w` K cvumöv gi GKRb K lk Rvbvb h Zviv ev iv gšmy g avb ÿ Z mp w` Z w` Z nvwc q D Vb, A bk UvKvi cvwb e envi Ki Z nq ev iv gšmy g wzwb e jb, Òcvwb Avi UvKv cövq mgvb Ó Gi A_ n jv mp Li P Zvi cvwbi gz UvKv e q n q Q wzwb mp eve`/uvkv e q n Q m welqwu K iæ Z i mv _ h e jb, wkš cvwbi AcP qi K_v KLbI we epbv Z Av bb bv G _ K f~mf cvwb mp Kv h e eenv ii wel q K l Ki m PZbZv I Af vm Kgb Zvi GKUv bgybv `Lv hvq we klz avb Pv l K l Ki f~mf cvwb e env ii h Af vm Zv Kvbfv eb Ô UKmBÕ Kvb e e v bv cökvivší i K l Ki G nb Af vm Ô UKmB Dbœqb jÿ gvîvõi wecix Z Ae vb K i K wl Z Ô UKmB DbœqbÕ wbwðz Ki bi Rb ÔMÖxb B KvbwgÕ ev ÔmeyR A_ bxwz KÕ we epbvq wb q Avm Z n e GB ÔmeyR A_ bxwzõi mvgwmök msáv cö`v bi RvqMvq Kvj evikvu Gi msávq b h QqwU m± ii K_v ejv n q Q m jvi gv S IqvUvi g v br g U I j vû g v br g U welq `ywu K wl ÿ Î cöz ÿfv e RwoZ f~mf cvwbi wmsnfvm e eüz n Q K wl ÿ Z Avi we kl K i avb Pv l h cwigv Y e envi n Q Zv A bk ewk ev cö qvr bi AwaK GK A _ f~mf cvwb m ú `i AcPq Avevi h nv i KxUbvkK e envi nq Zv ev e e v Z_v cöwz e ki cöwz ûgwk ^iƒc Avi hw` Lv` wbivcëvi w`k _ K `L Z PvB Z e Zv wbivc` Lv` wbwðzki bi cwicš x hv cökvivší i gvbe ^v i Rb SuywKi KviY n q `uvov Q Avevi hw` Kvj evikv Ui ÔmeyR A_ bxwziõ Av ikuv m±i j vû g v br g U Gi K_v we epbv Kiv nq `Lv hv e h ivmvqwbk mvi I KxUbvkK K wl Rwg K Dli K i Zzj Q, Rjvf~wgi cvwb K welv³ K i Zzj Q Ges RjR RxeKzj K ûgwki gy L dj Q G jv meb ev e e v I cöwz ek cök wzi Dci mvivmwi AvNvZ GKRb K lk G wel q Rvbvb h, Zv `i K wl Rwg Z Av Mi gz Ku Pv `L Z cviqv hvq bv wkš Ku Pv Rwgi De izv evov Z f~wgkv iv L; ZvB Ku Pv K ejv nq K l Ki eüz wzwb g b K ib GB ivmvqwbk KxUbvkK I mvi e env ii d j K lk eüz nviv n Q A_ vr K l Ki ÿ Z Ku Pvi gz DcKvix Rxe ûgwki gy L co Q K wl ÿ Î UKkB Dbœqb wbwðzki Yi j ÿ ÔmeyR A_ bxwzõ AvwËKi Yi ga w` q K l Ki Òwbwg Z Af vmó mg~n cwiez b f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Ggb cöhyw³ ev aviyv K l Ki gv S Qwo q `qv ez gvb mg qi Pvwn`v GiB avivevwnkzvq eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm Ges A ªwjqvi gbvkwek we` vjq, gj evb KZ K hš_fv e cwipvwjz ÒMÖvgxY evsjv ` k cöhyw³i e envi I Lv` wbivcëvó(technology Adoption and Food Security in Rural Bangladesh) kxl K M elyvq evsjv ` ki 300 MÖv g 8000 K wllvbvi msl vzvwë K 76 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
avb Pv l cwi ekevüe cöhyw³i e envi I we Ívi: K wl Z UKmB Dbœqb/ UKmB K wl Rwic cwipvjbvi cvkvcvwk b eávwbk ` wófw½ii mvnvh bqv nq GB M elyvq wuªu g U MÖæ ci K lk `i gv S wbweo c wz Z avb Pvl ev The System of Rice Intensification ms ÿ c SRI Gi Dci cwipvwjz cöwkÿy K l Ki evsveyws I Af v mi RvqMvq wk cwiez b Avb Z c i Q G welqwu evsvi Rb K l Ki cöpwjz Pvl c wz Z GB cöhyw³ ev Z_ fvðvi Kxfv e KvR Ki Q Zv `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q System of Rice Intensification ev SRI c wzwu 1983 mv j gv`vmvmkv ii GK ag hvr Ki nv Z D vwez nq GUv hzuv bv cöhyw³ Zvi P q ewk avb Pv l wkqz PP vmz Af v mi mgwó wksev c wz GB c wzwu Z PwP Z welq jv cwiez bi A hvm Kvb welq bv K wl ev ÍeZvi mv _ mvgäm c~y cwiez bi ga w` q SRI c wzwu cöwzwbqz iƒcvwqz n Q GiB avivevwnkzvq evsjv ` k eª v Ki K wl I Lv` wbivcëv Kg m~wp, K wlwe` W. wmivryj Bmjv gi ZË veavq b evsjv ` ki K l Ki ev ÍeZvi mv _ m½wz i L GB cöhyw³wu K l Ki gv S Qwo q `Iqvi Rb KvR Ki Q Av` Z, SRI c wzwu Ggb GKwU Pvl c wzi wkqz PP vmz Af vm K DrmvwnZ K i hv wkbv K l Ki Drcv`b LiP Kwg q djb e w i cvkvcvwk Ô UKmB K wlõi wekv ki f~wgkv iv L GB SRI c wzi Dcv`vb jv K l Ki g a Qwo q `Iqvi gva g RvwZms Ni Ô UKmB Dbœqb jÿ gvîvó AR b f~wgkv ivl Z cv i eª v Ki cö ÍvweZ SRI c wzi h QqwU welq ev Dcv`vb K iæ Z i K `ª ivlv nq m jv n jv- (1) Aí eq mi (15-20) Pviv ivcy Kiv, (2) wbw` ó `~i Z (10 Bw x 10 BwÂ) cöwz MvQvq 1-2 wu K i Pviv e envi K i mvwie fv e ivcy, (3) ch vqµwgk fv e Rwg frv bv I ïkv bv (AWD), (4) AvMvQvbvkK e envi bv K i hvwš K c wz Z AvMvQv `gb, (5) KxUbvkK e envi bv K i cövk wzk Dcv q cvkvgvko `gb Kiv, (6) ivmvqwbk mv ii e envi Kwg q wb q G m AwaK cwigv Y ˆRemvi e envi Kiv GB 6wU Dcv`v bi g a ïay Pviv ivcy m úwk Z Af vm jv Qvov me jv Af vmb cöwz ek I cövk wzk m ú `i myôz e env ii mv _ m ú ³ Ges cöwz ek evüe GB c wz we Ív ii d j GKai bi cöwz ek evüe Pvlvf vm K l Ki gv S M o DV e hv K wl ÿî K UKkB Ki e cÿvší i RvwZmsN KZ K cöyxz 17wU UKmB Dbœqb j ÿ i g a AšÍZ 4wU jÿ (2.ÿzavgyw³, 3.mȳ ^v, 12. UKmB Drcv`b c wz I cwiwgz fvm, 15. jfv Mi Rxeb I cöwz ek myiÿv) AR b GB cökí cöz ÿ I c ivÿ f~wgkv ivl e GB M elyvq Av iv `L Z PvIqv n qwqj h, SRI c wzwu K lk `i g a Qwo q w` Z Zv `i mvgwrk m úk jv wkfv e KvR K i A_ vr bzzb GKwU cöhyw³ we Ív i K l Ki mvgvwrk cuywr Kxfv e Kv R jvmv bv m e GB M elyvi Ask wn m e wkqz K lk K SRI c wzi Dci cöwkÿy cö`vb Kiv nq GLv b SRI c wzwui we Ívi wel q `Lv hvq h, evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY mgvr e e vq K lk `i gv S GK ai Yi wpivqz mvgvwrk eüb we` gvb K lkiv MÖvgxY cwi e k G K Ac ii mv _ m úk ervq i L P j; MÖvgxY mvgvwrk m úk hw` ch eÿy Kiv hvq, Z e `Lv hv e h, GKwU MÖv gi cö Z Ki mv _ cö Z Ki m ú K i wbweozv Ggb h, Dci _ K `L j g b n e G K Ac ii AvZ xq wksev ÁvwZ m ú K Ave G welqwu jÿ Kiv hvq hlb Zv `i G K Aci K m ^vab K i, G K Aci K wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 77
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv Kvb bv Kvb AvZ xqzvi m ^va b m ^vab Ki Q hw`i G welquv evovwj ms wzi Ave n jvwjz fvlv e env iib GKUv Ask wksev gvuv `v M ejv hvq evovwj ms wzib Ask Zvi c ii MÖvgxY mgvr e e vq we klz K lk mgvr e e vq h ÒmvgvwRK eübó jÿ Kiv hvq Zv mvgvwrk m úk wel q cö_vmz wpšívi evb i Avjv`v GKUv iæz Av ivc K i K lk mgv Ri GB k³ eü bi HwZnvwmK GKUv cöÿvcui i q Q Z e ez gvb ÒevRvi A_ bxwzms wzó gvbyl K Òe w³ Kw `ªKZviÓ w` K avwez Ki Q cöwzwbqz hvi cöfve evsjv ` ki MÖvgxY mgv Ri DciI co Q K wli evwywr KxKiY AvR µgea gvb m Av jvpbv Aek wfbœ cöm ½i AeZviYv Ki e Z e ÒMÖvgxY evsjv ` k cöhyw³i e envi I Lv` wbivcëvó (Technology Adoption and Food Security in Rural Bangladesh) kxl K M elyvi Ae vb _ K hlb `Lvi Póv Kiv nq, avb Pv li wbweozvi Dci cwipvwjz GKwU cöwkÿy K lk mgv R wk cöfve d j ev Kxfv e GB c wz K lk mgv R we Ívi jvf K i mvgvwrk m úk I hvmv hv Mi gva g Zv Aek B GKwU iæz c~y welq M elyvi gvv ch eÿy I K lk `i mv _ AvjvcPvwiZvi cöwÿ Z Rvbv hvq, GB cöwkÿy AbywôZ niqv Z Zv `i g a GKUv ÔK wl eübõ ˆZwi n q Q ZvQvov GKai Yi m PZbZvI e w c q Q AZx Z cö_vmz mbvzbx c wz Z avb Pv li h PP v; hvi g a djb e w Kivi Rb wbweo cö Póv Zgb fv e Dcw Z wqj bv wkš GB cöwkÿ Yi d j Zv `i g a djb e w Ki Yi GKUv cö Póv I m PZbZv jÿ Kiv hvq GLv b GKUv welq jÿ Yxq h, GKwU MÖv gi GK`j K lk GKB ai Yi cöwkÿy cviqv Z Zv `i gv S GK ai Yi wpšívi mgiƒczv cwijwÿz nq Zviv avb Pv li bzzb c wz (SRI) wb q wb R `i g a Avjvc Av jvpbv K i, hv Av M GZUv `L Z cviqv hz bv K lk `i hvmv hv Mi gva g n jv KvR k l hlb Zviv MÖv gi evrv i hvq GjvKvi Pv qi `vkv b em j Zv `i g a Pvlvev` m ú K K_vevZ v nq wkfv e Pvlvev` K i djb e w Kiv hvq ZvQvov K lkiv hlb G K A b i evwo Z hvq ZLb Zv `i gv S bzzb Pvl c wz wb q Av jvpbv nq GQvovI K lkiv hlb Rwg Pvl Ki Z gv V hvq ZLb GKR bi Rwgi mv _ Ab R bi Rwg _vkvi Kvi Y K lk `i gv S Pvlvev` m ú K Av jvpbv nq Ges Zv `i gv S GK ai Yi hvmv hvm vwcz nq ïay avb Pvl m úwk Z Av jvpbvb h nq Zv bq, Zv `i gv S mvgvwrk bvbv welqvw` wb qi Av jvpbv nq Z e Zv `i GB ai Yi Av jvpbvi ga w` q Zviv Zv `i K wlwelqk bvbvb Amyweav jv wb R `i gv S Av jvpbv K ib Ges G _ K DËi Yi c_i Lyu R _v Kb G ÿ Î GKwU D`vniY _ K `Lv hvq h- GKwU MÖv gi K lkiv SRI c wz Z avb Pvl Kivi Rb Pviv ˆZwi K i Qb wkš Pvivi eqm e o M ji g~j Rwg Z jvmv Z Zv cv ib wb m Pi Afv e Kbbv GjvKvi whwb wwc wudei q ji gvwjk wzwb wb Ri gybvdvi K_v wpšív K i `wi K i ÿ Z cvwb Q o Qb GgZve vq K lkiv mb wwc wudei q ji gvwj Ki mv _ Av jvpbvq em ji mgq gz ÿ Z cvwb cvb wb Z e GB K lkiv g b K ib, Zviv hw` Zv `i GB HK Uv Av iv ` p Ki Z cvi Zb, Z e wwc wudei q ji gvwjk K Zv `i cö qvrbuv evsv Z mÿg n Zb ev Zv K mvgvwrk Pv c ivl Z cvi Zb Zviv Av iv Rvbvb h, wwc wudei q ji gvwjk wb RI GKRb K lk wkš wzwb SRI 78 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
avb Pv l cwi ekevüe cöhyw³i e envi I we Ívi: K wl Z UKmB Dbœqb/ UKmB K wl c wz m ú K Zgb wkqz Rv bb bv ZvB wzwb cöpwjz c wz Z avb jvmv bvi mgq gvwdk ÿ Z cvwb mieivn Ki ZB ewk AvMÖnx K lk `i mv _ Av jvpbvi gva g Rvbv hvq GKB MÖv gi g a h K lkiv SRI c wzi Dci cöwkÿ Y Ask MÖnY K i Qb Zv `i wb R `i g a K wl wel q AvjvcPvwiZv, hvmv hvm Ges G K Aci K mnvqzv Kivi gvbwmkzv e w c q Q GB cöwkÿ Yi d j K lk `i g a wpivqz m ú K i gv S bzzb GK gvîv ˆZwi n q Q hv Pvlvev ` we kl f~wgkv ivl Z cvi e e j K lkiv g b K ib K lkiv Rvbvb cöwkÿ Yi d j cöwkwÿz K lkiv `jmz fv e Póv Ki Qb wkfv e SRI c wz Z Pvlvev `i gva g djb e w Kiv hvq, hw`i Zviv cöpwjz Pvl c wzi Kvi Y I AvenvIqvi cöwzk~jzvq mdj n Z cvi Qb bv MÖv g GB SRI c wz we Ívi n Z mgq jvm e e j Zviv g b K ib G wel q K lkiv Av iv Rvbvb h, SRI c wz Z avb Pvl Kivi Rb K lk `i gv S cvi úwik m úk hw` greyz nq Zvn j K lkiv DcK Z n eb G ai Yi cöwkÿy K lk `i gv S m úk mỳ p Ki Z f~wgkv ivl Z cv i e ji Zviv gz cökvk K ib ïay cöwkÿy wb qb kl bv, GB cöwkÿ Yi welqvw` wb R `i g a PP v Ki Z Zv `i gv S m úk mỳ p Kivi ZvwM`I Zvi Abyfe K ib Zviv g b K ib K lk `i gv S m úk hlb greyz n e ZLb Zviv h Kvb wel q GKRb Av ikr bi mv _ civgk Ki e ZvB K lk `i gv S m úk Dbœq bi Rb K lk msmvb Ki Z n e hv Z K lkiv GK mv _ em Z cv i Ges Zv `i mgm v wb q Av jvpbv Ki Z cv i GB cöwkÿy K lk `i gv S m Dcjwä ˆZwi Ki Z c i Q Zviv g b K i cöwkÿ Yi Kvi Y Zviv GKwÎZ niqvi GKUv my hvm c qwq jb wkš G ÿ Î `xn mg q mydj e q Avb Z wb R `i mymsmwvz niqvi Zv `i Rb Riæwi ZvQvov K lk `i gv S msmvb _vk j mikvwi ev Kvb emikvwi ms v _ K K lk `i Rb mvnvh mn hvwmzv Avm j K lkiv Zv mn RB c Z cv i msmv bi gva g, hvi d j K lk DcK Z n Z cv i Avi hw` msmvb bv _v K Z e Zv K lk `i nvz ch ší cšqvq bv ZvB K lk `i g a m úk greyz niqv Riæwi G welqwu K lkiv Dcjwä Ki Z cvi Qb Avi GB cöwkÿ Y Ask MÖn Yi ci Zv `i g a K wl m úwk Z hvmv hvm e w c q Q GB cöwkÿ Yi e `Šj Z Gwel q cöwkÿy cövß K lkiv g b K ib - GKRb K lk hlb SRI c wz Z avb Pvl K i ewk Drcv`b Ki e ZLb m Zvi AwfÁZvi Av jv K Ab K lk KI Pvlvev` Kivi Rb DØy Ki eb Ab K lki ZLb SRI c wz Z avb Pvl K i jvfevb n eb ZvQvov GKRb K lk hlb mwvk mg q mwvk c wz Z Pvlvev` K i jvfevb n eb ZLb msmv bi Ab K lkivi Zv AbymiY K i DcK Z n e GBfv e G K A b i mn hvwmzvi gva g avb Pv li djb e w K i wb R `i DbœwZi cvkvcvwk ` ki Lv ` i Pvwn`vI wguv Z cvi eb ZvB GB ai Yi M elyv mvg bi w` b eª v Ki cvkvcvwk Ab vb Dbœqb mn hvmx msmvb I ivóª K UKmB Dbœq bi jÿ gvîv AR b bzzb Kg m~wp ev Kg c wz wba viy Ki Z mnvqzv Ki e GB M elyv K wl A_ bxwz UKmBKi b mk ji ` wó AvKl Y mÿg n e e j Avgvi wek vm wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 79
eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi _ K ïiæ K i ÔK wli evwywr KiYÕ mkj wkqzb bvov w` q M Q evsjv ` ki wpivqz K wl ms wz K 80 wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv
we kl cöwz e`b Òe`jx KvgjvÓ: GKwU gvv ch v qi mgxÿy Zvbfxi kvwzj Ôe`jx KvgjvÕ Ggb GKwU welq hv evsjv ` ki K lk mgv R AZxZ _ K P j Avm Q GUv K lk mgv Ri hy_e Zv I mvgvwrk msne Zvi Pvÿzl ` óvší hv ez gvb evrvi A_ bxwzi mg qi Kg ewk weivrgvb ez gvb evrvi-a_ bxwzi mg q mgvr we klz ÔwkívwqZ bvmwik mgvrõ cöÿvc U µgkb Ôe w³ Kw `ªKZviÕ w` K avegvb wkš evsjv ` ki K lk mgvr ÔevRvi ms wziõ Rvqv ii gv S GLbI Zvi Avw`g mgvr e e vi wkqz Abym½ enb K i P j Q hw`i ez gvb A_ bwzk ev ÍeZv A bk ÿ ÎB bvbv fv e K lk mgv Ri GB mvs wzk HwZn K `ye j Z_v ÿq K i P j Q ÔevRvi A_ bxwz ZÕ wu K _vkvi cö qvr b K lk K mg qi Zv j nuvu Z n q Q Ges Zviv nuvu QbI BwZg a wemz K qk `k K evsjv ` ki K wl e e vq G m Q e vck cwiez b AvaywbK cöhyw³i e envi _ K ïiæ K i ÔK wli evwywr KiYÕ mkj wkqzb bvov w` q M Q evsjv ` ki wpivqz K wl ms wz K Avi K lk mgv Ri mvs wzk cwiez bi g~ j KvR K i Q ez gvb ÔevRvi A_ bxwziõ cöwz hvwmzvcöey ˆewkó Gi d j f~wg e e vcbv _ K ïiæ K i K wl Z cöhyw³ e envi I evrvirvzki Yi me Í ib cwiez b jÿ Kiv hvq QvU wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv 81