Perspectives with PANDA The new accelerator complex of GSI The antiproton s s activity The PANDA scientific program Paola Gianotti LNF
FAIR The GSI future facility FAIR Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research SIS UNILAC SIS 100/300 Primary Beams 10 12 /s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238 U 28+ Factor 100-1000 present in intensity 2(4)x10 13 /s 30 GeV protons 10 10 /s 238 U 73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u FRS ESR CBM Secondary Beams PP Atomic Physics p Target Super FRS HESR PANDA Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5-2 GeV/u; up to factor 10 000 in intensity over present Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV CR + RESR Key Technical Features NESR FLAIR Cooled beams Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets Storage and Cooler Rings Radioactive beams e A collider 10 11 stored and cooled 0.8-14.5 GeV antiprotons
HESR - High Energy Storage Ring Production rate 2x10 7 /sec P beam N stored = 1-15 GeV/c _ = 5x10 10 p Internal Target High luminosity mode High resolution mode Lumin. = 2 x 10 32 cm 2 s 1 δp/p ~ 10 4 (stochastic cooling) δp/p ~ 10 5 (electron cooling) Lumin. = 10 31 cm 2 s 1
Summary of Research Areas at the GSI Future Facility Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei - Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Hadron Structure and Quark-Gluon Dynamics - Antiprotons Non-pertubative QCD Quark-gluon degrees of freedom Confinement and chiral symmetry Hypernuclear physics Nuclear Matter and the Quark-Gluon Plasma - Relativistic HI - Beams Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter - Bunch Compression Properties of high density plasmas Phase transitions and equation of state Laser - ion interaction with and in plasmas Temperature [ev] Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry Magnetic Fusion Inertial Cofinement Fusion Sun Core PHELIX Laser Heating as sm led up pla al co Ide gly as on sm Ion Beam Str pla Heating SIS 18 Sun Surface Density [cm-3] Ultra High EM-Fields and Applications - Ions & Petawatt Laser QED and critical fields Ion - laser interaction Ion - matter interaction solid state density Jupiter
Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium ( cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on the quark confinement. Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 5 GeV/c 2 ). Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium, and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks. Precision γ-ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction. Inverted DVCS to extract parton distributions. Proton form-factors at large Q 2 up to 25 GeV 2 /c 4. D-meson decay spectroscopy BR and decay dalitz plots CP-Violation in the D/Λ sector.
Charmonium Physics e + e Ψ γχ 1,2 γγj/ψ γγe + e _ p p χ 1,2 γj/ψ γe+ e e+e interactions: - Only 1 states are formed - Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution) _ pp reactions: - All states directly formed (very good mass resolution) _ Br( pp η c ) = 1.2 10 3 100 CBall ev./2 MeV χ c1 3500 3510 3520 MeV CBall E835 Br(e + e ψ) Br(ψ γη c ) = 2.5 10 5 1000 E 835 ev./pb E CM
Charmonium Physics Charmonium spectrum, glueballs, spin-exotics cc-glue cc-glue hybrids hybrids with with experimental results results m r 0 2S+1 LJ 1 S0 3 S1 1 P1 3 P0 3 P1 3 P2 1 D2 3 D2 3 D3 1 F3 3 F3 n.a. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 η c J/Ψ h c χc0 χ c1 χ c2 experiment DD ** DD CP PACS Columbia hybrids glueballs 0 + 2 + J PC 0 + 1 1 + 0 ++ 1 ++ 2 ++ 2 + 2 3 3 + 3 ++ exotic From G.S. Bali, Eur. Phys. J A 19 (2004) 1 0 + 1 + 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 m/gev?(3943) enancement in J/Ψω mass spectrum X(3872) first seen by Belle Then confirmed by others B-factories are abundant sources of data on charmonium
Mass η c 2979.6±1.2 Decay channels studied Total BR seen (%) Decay Channels With error <30% 21 60.3 3 η c 3654.0±6.0 4 ~ 0 0 J/ψ 3096.92±.01 135 44.2 83 ψ 3686.09±.03 62 77.1 29 χ c0 3415.2±0.3 17 12.3 10 χ c1 3510.59±.10 13 33.6 6 χ c2 3556.26±.11 19 26.3 10 h c 2? 0 ψ (3770) 3770.0±2.4 2 ~ 0 1 ψ (3836) 3836±13 1 ~ 0 0 X(3872) 3872.0±0.6 3 ~ 0 0 ψ (4040) 4040±10 6 ~0 1 ψ (4160) 4159±20 1 ~0 0 ψ (4415) 4415±6 2 ~0 0
Exotic hadrons The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components The exotic hadrons fall in 3 general categories: 1 -- 1 -+ Multiquarks (qq)(qq) Hybrids Glueballs (qq) g gg + 10 2 1 Exotic light qq Exotic cc 10-2 0 2000 4000 MeV/c 2 In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap
Exotic hadrons In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as Exotics. Almost all of them have been seen in pp... f 0 (980) f 0 (1500) f 0 (1370) f 0 (1710) η(1410); η(1460) f 1 (1420) Main non-qq candidates 4q state 0 ++ glueball candidate 0 ++ glueball candidate 0 ++ glueball candidate 0 + glueball candidate hybrid, 4q state π 1 (1400) hybrid candidate 1 + π 1 (1600) hybrid candidate 1 + π (1800) hibrid candidate 0 + π 2 (1900) hybrid candidate 2 + π 1 (2000) hybrid candidate 1 + a 2 (2100) hybrid candidate 1 ++
Charmed Hybrids Flux tube-model predicts H DD** (+c.c.) decays If m H <4290 MeV/c 2 Γ H < 50 MeV/c 2 Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states LQCD: r 0 =0.5fm Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD*+c.c. e.g.: J PC (H)=0 +- Flux-tube allowed χ c0 ω,χ c0 φ,χ c2 ω,χ c2 φ, η c, h 1, h 1c η Flux-tube forbidden J/ψf 2,J/ψ(ππ) S Small number of final states with small phase space m H ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; J PC 1 -+
Mesons in nuclear matter One of the fundamental question of QCD is the generation of MASS The light meson masses are larger than the sum of the constituent quark masses! Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive role in the mass generation of light mesons. How can we check this?
Hadrons in nuclear matter Since density increase in nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed Deeply bound pionic atoms Kaon-production environments Proton-Proton Collisions Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions f* π = 0.78f π K - K - K + K +
Mesons in nuclear matter Mass modifications of mesons With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studies will be extended Sub-threshold enhancement for D and D meson production expected signal: strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D + D - yields, in the near/sub-threshold region. pionic atoms π KAOS/FOPI K π - 25 MeV π + K + 100 MeV σ(nb) 10 3 10 2 10 1 10-1 10-2 D - D + pp D + D - in-medium free masses D HESR vacuum K - D - 50 MeV D + nuclear medium ρ = ρ 0 4 5 6 7 T (GeV)
Mesons in nuclear matter The lowering of the DD thresh. allow Ψ,χ c2 charmonium states to decay into this channel thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states states above DD thresh. would have larger width Idea Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium state Ψ(3770). BR into l + l (10-5 in free space) GeV/c 2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 Mass ψ(1 3 D 1 ) η c (1 1 S 0 ) ψ(3 3 S 1 ) ψ(2 3 S 1 ) χ c2 (1 3 P 2 ) χ c1 (1 3 P 1 ) χ c1 (1 3 P 0 ) ψ(1 3 S 1 ) DD 3,74 vacuum 3,64 1ρ 0 3,54 2ρ 0 Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275
Other physics topics Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Drell-Yan processes CP-violation (D/Λ sector) -D 0 D 0 mixing SM prediction < 10-8 - compare angular decay asymmetries for ΛΛ SM prediction ~ 2 10-5 Rare D-decays: D + µ + ν (BR 10-4 ) Cross section σ 2.5pb @ s 10 GeV 2 L = 2 10 32 cm-2 s-1 10 3 events per month c d W + µ + ν
Other physics topics Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Proton in the Time-Like Region from threshold up to 20 GeV 2 /c 4 Precise measurement of cross-sections for neutrino factory design
QCD systems to be studied at PANDA
General Purpose Detector Detector requests: nearly 4π solid angle (partial wave analysis) high rate capability (2 10 7 annihilations/s) good PID (γ, e,µ, π, K, p) momentum resolution (~1%) vertex info for D, K 0 S, Λ (c τ = 317 µm for D ± ) efficient trigger (e, µ, K, D, Λ) modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)
PANDA Detector (top view) DIRC: Detecting Internally Reflected Cherenkov light target spectrometer straw tube tracker mini drift chambers muon counter forward spectrometer iron yoke Solenoidal magnet electromagnetic calorimeter micro vertex detector Length: ~2 m upstream, ~10 m downstream
Summary A new new Hadron-Facility is is underway in in Europe: FAIR FAIR @ GSI GSI A wide wide experimetal physics program going going from from meson meson spectroscopy to to hypernuclear physics etc. etc. will will be be accessible with with the the new new GSI GSI antiproton beam beam New New and and interesting results results will will come come in in many many fields fields thanks thanks to to the the unprecedent characteristics of of the the beam beam and and to to the the potentiality of of the the PANDA general porpose detector