Light-Meson Spectroscopy at Jefferson Lab

Light-Meson Spectroscopy at Jefferson Lab Volker Credé Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida PANDA Collaboration Meeting Uppsala, Sweden 06/10/2015

Outline Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 3 4 5

Introduction Non-Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) QCD is the theory of the strong nuclear force which describes the interactions of quarks and gluons making up hadrons. Strong processes at larger distances and at small (soft) momentum transfers belong to the realm of non-perturbative QCD. Quarks are confined within hadrons. Confinement of quarks and gluons within hadrons is a non-perturbative phenomenon, and QCD is extremely hard to solve in non-perturbative regimes: Knowledge of internal structure of hadrons is still limited. V. Credé First Round of Experiments in Hall D

Non-Perturbative QCD How does QCD give rise to excited hadrons? 1 What is the origin of confinement? 2 How are confinement and chiral symmetry breaking connected? 3 What role do gluonic excitations play in the spectroscopy of light mesons, and can they help explain quark confinement? Hadron Spectroscopy: (Baryons) What are the effective degrees of freedom inside the nucleon? (Mesons) What are the properties of the predicted states beyond simple quark-antiquark systems (hybrid mesons, glueballs,...)? provide a measurement of the excited QCD potential. Hybrid baryons are possible but do not carry exotic quantum numbers.

Outline Introduction Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 1 Introduction 2 Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 3 4 5

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy Hadron Spectroscopy π + Nucleus γ p Photoproduction e + e p p The GlueX Collaboration 110 members, 21 institutions (USA, Canada, Chile, Armenia, Greece, Russia, UK) Commissioning in full swing First physics in 2016 DIRC quartz bars: 2018+

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy Search for exotic mesons: Box Linearly-polarized photons; Box coherent edge at 9 GeV. GlueX High intensity (2017+). Goal: 5 x 10 7 γ/s (coh. peak) Sophisticated analysis tools. Partial Wave Analysis (PWA) target start counter barrel calorimeter time-of -flight forward calorimeter photon beam diamond wafer electron beam tagger magnet tagger to detector distance is not to scale 75 m electron beam central drift chamber superconducting magnet forward drift chambers

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy May 2014 Hall D Jefferson Lab Upgrade to 12 GeV 10.1 GeV achieved, Fall 2014 Hall D complete

Introduction Barrel CALorimeter (BCAL): 48 4-m long modules Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 2.0 T superconducting solenoid Ü Ü Coh. Peak: 8.4-9.0 GeV ~γ σe/e 0.1 %, P 40 % h± σp/p 1-3 % σe/e 6 %/ E 2 % γ FDC: four six-plane forward drift chambers V. Credé Ü Ü Ü CDC: 28-layer straw-tube chamber FCAL: 2800 lead glass blocks Goniometer: 20 µm diamond TOF: two planes of 2.5 cm scintillator bars First Round of Experiments in Hall D

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy GlueX Upgrade: Focusing DIRC Detector DIRC bars DIRC bars DIRC Detector Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light Use 48 of BaBar DIRC quartz bars Separation of π/k up to 4 GeV Installation in FY 2018 Physics Motivation A study of decays to strange final states with GlueX in Hall D using components of the BaBar DIRC. arxiv:1408.0215 [physics.ins-det].

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy Commissioning: Fall 2014 and Spring 2015 Vertex reconstruction from tracking β TOF: positive tracks π p Data from all subsystems Signal coincidence & hit correlation between detectors p z Vertex [cm] p [GeV/c] de/dx [a.u.] π Particle ID p p [GeV/c]

Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy Quark-Model Classification: Ordinary & Exotic Mesons Quantum Numbers J PC Parity: P = ( 1) L+1 2S+1 L J Charge Conjugation: C = ( 1) L+S (defined for neutral mesons) G parity: G = C ( 1) I L = 0, S = 0 : e.g. π, η (J PC = 0 + ) L = 0, S = 1 : e.g. ρ, ω, φ (J PC = 1 ) Forbidden States (Exotics): J PC = 0 +, 0, 1 +, 2 + 12 GeV CEBAF upgrade has high priority (DOE Office of Science, Long Range Plan) [key area] is experimental verification of the powerful force fields (flux tubes) believed to be responsible for quark confinement.

Outline Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 3 4 5

Hybrid Meson Decays and Interesting Channels Ideas on Hybrid-Meson Decays: (angular momentum in the flux tube stays in one of the daughter mesons) Evidence for J PC = 1 + wave Interpretation controversial... 0 + h 0 b 1 π π + π π 0 π 0 π 0 ; h 1 η b 0 π(1300)π; h 1 π 1 + η 1 a 1 π 2π + 2π ; π(1300)π L = 1 π 1 f 1 π ηπππ; b 1 π, πρ, ηa 1 2 + h 2 ρπ πππ; b 1 π, ωη b 2 a 2 π; a 1 π, h 1 π, ωπ L = 0 Lattice calculations: (lightest hybrid) M 1 + (1.9±0.2) GeV/c 2 Multi-particle final states with neutral and charged particles!

Meson Spectroscopy on the Lattice negative parity parity positive parity parity exotics 2.5 2.0 1.5 m π = 396 MeV 1.0 1 isoscalar isoscalar 0.5 0 + isovector YM glueball isovector J. J. Dudek et al., Phys. Rev. D 84, 074023 (2011)

Meson Spectroscopy on the Lattice negative parity negative parity positive parity parity exotics exotics 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 + 1 Big Box Lattice QCD Predictions isoscalar Constituent glue isovector with J PC = 1 + YM glueball Lightest nonet: 1, (0 +, 1 +, 2 + ) J. J. Dudek et al., PRD 84, 074023 (2011)

Experimental Searches for Hybrid Mesons There is convincing evidence for an exotic J PC = 1 + wave. The interpretation remains controversial. Exotic waves are (all) observed in diffraction-like reactions. Observation of π 1 (1400) ηπ in p p remains exception. 1 π 1 (1400) ηπ Tetraquark? Nothing? (too low in mass for hybrid) 2 π 1 (1600) Appears to be robust signal. Diffractive Production Process Natural parity exchange: J P = 0 +, 1, 2 +,... Unnatural parity exchange: J P = 0, 1 +, 2,... Same production mechanism, M ɛ, expected for all decay modes. Review: C. Meyer & Y. Van Haarlem, PRC 82, 025208 (2010)

The J PC = 1 + Exotic Wave: E852 Experiment There is convincing evidence for an exotic J PC = 1 + wave. 1 π 1 (1400) ηπ 2 π 1 (1600) η π; f 1 (1285)π Natural-parity exchange. π 1 (1600) b 1 π π 1 (1600) ρπ π(1600) ρπ (E852 : π p π + 2π p) M = 1598 ± 8 +29 47 MeV Γ = 168 ± 20 +150 12 MeV Better understanding requires a spectrum of hybrid mesons. Unnatural-parity exchange dominates.? M ɛ = 0, 1 M ɛ = 1 +

) 2 Events / (5 MeV/c Introduction COMPASS Experiment (1): π Pb π π π + (Pb) 3 10 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 a 2 (1320) a 1 (1260) π 2 (1670) event distribution background wave 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 2 Mass of π - π - π + System (GeV/c ) ) 2 Intensity / (40 MeV/c 800 -+ 1 1 + ρπ P (d) P 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 1 + Exotic Wave 1 + 1 + ρπ P 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2 Mass of π - π - π + System (GeV/c ) Based on 420, 000 events using a 180 GeV π beam: π 1 (1600): M = 1660 MeV π 2 (1670): M = 1658 MeV Γ = 269 MeV M. Alekseev et al., PRL 104, 241803 (2010) Phase (degrees) 150 100 50 0-50 -100-150 Γ = 271 MeV π 1, π 2 constant φ? φ (1 + 2 + ) -+ + -+ + φ (1 1 ρπ P - 2 0 f 2 π S) (b) -200 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2 Mass of π - π - π + System (GeV/c ) Exotic 1 + wave dominantly produced in natural-parity (M ɛ = 1 + ) exchange.

Entries / 20 MeV/c 2 Introduction COMPASS Experiment (2): π p η ( ) π (p) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 16 14 12 Acceptance [%] 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 m(η π ) [GeV/c 2 ] Events / 40 MeV/c 2 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 1 + Exotic Wave η π P-wave, L = 1 0 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 m(η π ) [GeV/c 2 ] C. Adolph et al., PLB 740, 303 (2015) Φ 1 Φ 2 [deg] 250 200 150 100 50 0-50 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 m(η ( ) π ) [GeV/c 2 ] Collaboration refrains from proposing resonance parameters for exotic P wave. Odd partial waves with L = 1, 3, 5 (non-q q QN) suppressed in ηπ with respect to η π. Even partial waves similar (intensity & phase behavior). Dominant 8 8 (ηπ) & 1 8 (η π) nature of SU(3) flavor configurations gq q and q qq q configurations predicted to have 1 8 character.

Meson Spectroscopy in Photoproduction: CLAS Results on light mesons from CLAS at Jefferson Lab Search for the photo-excitation of exotic mesons in the π + π + π system: (M. Nozar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102002 (2009)) Events/40 MeV Events/40 MeV 3 10 70 a. 60 50 40 30 20 10 3 10 50 45 c. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -+ 2 ( ) P,F ++ 1 ( ) 1 - M( 1.2 1.4 + + ) 1.6 (GeV) 1.8 2 S b. d. -+ 2 (f ) 2 S -+ 1 ( ) P 1 (1600)? 1 1.2 M( + 1.4 + - 1.6 1.8 2 ) (GeV) P charge exchange CLAS π P? neutral exchange E852 CLAS does not observe a resonant structure in the 1 + (ρπ) P partial wave. p

Meson Spectroscopy in Photoproduction: CLAS Results on light mesons from CLAS at Jefferson Lab Search for the photo-excitation of exotic mesons in the π + π + π system: (M. Nozar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102002 (2009)) A J PC = 1 + gluonic hybrid should be photo-produced at the same rate as the a 2 (1320), whereas in pion production it should be suppressed by a factor of 10. (Close & Page, Phys. Rev. D 52, 1706 (1995)) charge exchange CLAS Upper limit for the π 1 (1600) of 13.5 nb, less than 2 % of the a 2 (1320). Recent CLAS-g12 data have an order of magnitude more statistics. neutral exchange E852 e.g. γp n π + π + π, γp p π + π π 0 (J PC = 1 + isoscalar production?) P π P? p

First GlueX Physics : Observation of vector mesons Events 140 GlueX Commissioning: Fall 2014 120 100 80 60 40 20 γp π + π - π 0 (p) Data ω π + π - π 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 2 π + π - π 0 Invariant Mass (GeV/c ) γ p p π + π π 0 ω Proton PID based on de/dx Events Exclusive process (missing mass cut) 500 GlueX Commissioning: Fall 2014 400 300 200 100 - γp π + π (p) Data 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4-2 π + π Invariant Mass (GeV/c ) ρ π 0 π γγ: reconstructed from forward calorimeter (σ 11 MeV, calibration ongoing)

First GlueX Physics : Observation of K S and Λ Events 800 700 GlueX Commissioning: Fall 2014-600 K π + S π 500 width: 13.0 ± 1.2 MeV 2 400 m fit = 497.7 ± 1.0 MeV/c 2 300 m PDG = 497.65 MeV/c 200 counts: 1461.3 ± 109.8 100 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6-2 π + π Invariant Mass (GeV/c ) 1.8 2 Reconstruction p & π ± PID based on de/dx, β Detached vertices No direct K ± meson ID, yet. But Events 300 250 200 150 100 50 K S π + π Λ pπ clearly observed. 0 GlueX Commissioning: Fall 2014 - Λ p π 2 max bin center: 1116.25 MeV/c 2 = 1115.68 MeV/c m PDG 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2-2 p π Invariant Mass (GeV/c )

First GlueX Physics : Polarized ρ Photoproduction Studies of diamond radiator in beam confirmed understanding and control of photon polarization and diamond orientation. 2.5h of pol. beam ( 10 na), P max = 65 %, P ave = 47 % Enhancement Crystal Alignment Events XXXX coh. peak at 3 GeV E γ [GeV] E γ ρ π + π π + π Invariant Mass [GeV/c 2 ] Enhanced Polarized Photon Spectrum 8-fold peaking (symmetries): Lattice planes: [022], [02 2], [004], [040] Each plane: φ, φ + π

First GlueX Physics : Polarized ρ Photoproduction Polarized ρ Production with the Hall D Photon Beam Events Events 100 80 60 40 20 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 Diamond Amorphous Spring 2015 Commissioning (a few hours of beam) -150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 Angle Between Polarization and Decay Planes: (deg.) Energy of Beam with Different Radiators for p p Events Spring 2015 Commissioning (a few hours of beam) coherent bremsstrahlung peak has high degree of linear polarization Diamond Amorphous 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Energy of Beam Photon (GeV) Energy of Beam Photons [GeV] d d p! 0 p! + p (1 + P cos 2 ) Decay Plane p Photon Beam Polarization Plane Polarization P is preserved in production. p

First GlueX Physics : Initial Analyses Polarized ρ Production with the Hall D Photon Beam Events Events 100 80 60 40 20 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 Diamond Amorphous Spring 2015 Commissioning (a few hours of beam) -150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 Angle Between Polarization and Decay Planes: (deg.) Energy of Beam with Different Radiators for p p Events Spring 2015 Commissioning (a few hours of beam) coherent bremsstrahlung peak has high degree of linear polarization Diamond Amorphous 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Energy of Beam Photon (GeV) p! 0 p! + p Detector Understanding: d (1 + P cos 2 ) d γp p π 0 γp p η γp p ρ γp p ω Initial Exotic γp p η Hybrid Searches γp p φ γp ηπ (n, p) γp η π (n, p) γp ρπ (n, p) γp ωπ (n, p) Polarization γp P ωππ (n, p) is preserved γp ηππ (n, p) p Decay Plane p in production. Photon Beam Polarization Plane Strange Baryons: γp K + Λ, K Σ, KK Ξ

Outline Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 3 4 5

on the Lattice J. J. Dudek and R. G. Edwards, Phys. Rev. D 85, 054016 (2012) 2000 1500 1000 m π = 524 MeV m π = 396 MeV 500 0 The mass scale is m m ρ for mesons and m m N for baryons. Common scale of 1.3 GeV for gluonic excitation.

on the Lattice J. J. Dudek and R. G. Edwards, Phys. Rev. D 85, 054016 (2012) 2000 1500 1000 m π = 524 MeV m π = 396 MeV 500 0 Letter of Intent to JLab PAC 43 Search for Hybrid Baryons with CLAS 12 in Hall B The mass scale is m m ρ for mesons and m m N for baryons.

Opportunities for Baryon Spectroscopy at GlueX Spectroscopy of ssn Ξ baryons: Very few established states Hardly any J P measured Possibly narrow resonances The multi-strange baryons provide a missing link between light-flavor and heavy-flavor baryons. Program on Cascades involves: Measurement of Ξ Ξ 0 splittings. J P measurements. Search for new states. 8 F Ξ Ξ(1820) 10 F Ξ(1530)

Planned Experiments at Jefferson Lab Broad and rich physics program in Hall D using the GlueX detector: Mapping the Spectrum of Light-Quark Mesons and with Linearly-Polarized Photons. (arxiv:) A study of decays to strange final states with GlueX in Hall D using components of the BaBar DIRC. (arxiv:1408.0215) Precision Measurement of η Radiative Decay Width via Primakoff Effect. Measuring the Charged-π Polarizibility in the γγ π + π Reaction. Symmetry Tests of Rare η Decays to All-Neutral Final States. Spectroscopy Program in Hall B with CLAS 12: Search for hybrid mesons. Study of very (doubly) strange baryons; hybrid baryon program.

Outline Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Detector and Commissioning Status Light-Meson Spectroscopy 3 4 5

Summary Introduction The GlueX experiment is ideally suited to study the spectrum of light-flavor mesons up to M 2.8 GeV and if existing the pattern of the gluonic excitations produced in γp collisions: It is important to establish the existence and the nonet nature of the 1 + state (and of 0 +, 2 + ) For a given produced resonance, linear polarization will allows us to distinguish between naturalities of exchanged particles. About 70 % of the photoproduction cross section in the energy region E γ 7 12 GeV has multiple neutrals and is completely unexplored. Many opportunities for GlueX to make key experimental advances in our knowledge of excited mesons and baryons. Advances in both theory and experiment will allow us to finally understand QCD and confinement.