Runaway electron losses enhanced by resonant magnetic perturbations G. Papp 1,2, M. Drevlak 3, T. Fülöp 1, P. Helander 3, G. I. Pokol 2 1) Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden 2) Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary 3) MaxPlanckInstitut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 1 /13
Introduction Runaway electrons generated in disruptions pose a serious threat on large devices Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP) significantly alter the magnetic structure and transport of tokamaks The undesired population of high energy runaway electrons can be lowered by RMP in experiments RMP can influence the lowenergy edge runaways Large amount of runaways can be removed in ITER An effective RMP configuration was identified G. Papp et al, Nuclear Fusion 51 043004, 2011. G. Papp et al, PPCF 53 095004, 2011. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 2 /13
Modelling of RMP Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP) is a possible method to reduce the number of runaway electrons Promising, but inconclusive experimental results 1,2 Theory suggest that db/b=0.1% is enough to suppress the avalanche generation 3 Runaway transport in perturbed fields is very complex 3D numerical modelling is required Solving the complete kinetic problem requires tremendous computational power Approximation: test particles in predefined 3D fields [1] M. Lehnen et al, PRL 100 255003, 2008. [2] V. Riccardo et al, PPCF 52 124018, 2010. [3] P. Helander et al, PoP 7 4106, 2000. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 3 /13
Modelling of RMP Relativistic drift equations to follow the particle propagation in 3D EM fields Extended version of the ANTS (plasma simulation with drift and collisions) code 4 Collisions with background plasma are calculated with an MC collision operator valid for arbitrary energies 5 Synchrotron and Bremsstrahlung radiation losses Cartesian coordinate system for the highest flexibility and accurate treatment of arbitrary magnetic fields [4] M. Drevlak, ECA 33E P4.211, 2009. [5] G. Papp et al, Nuclear Fusion 51 043004, 2011. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 4 /13
Modelling for TEXTOR TEXTORlike plasma Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED) system n=2 DC configuration superposed on the VMEC equilibrium field db/b=0.1% up to!=0.8 @6kA Edge ergodic zone at! > 0.8 DED I I (5,2) (4,2) (3,2) 10 3 X ( db/b ) 2 flux 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 F.Average db/b IDED=6kA 0.1% Islands Ergodic Magnetic Poincaré, IDED = 6 ka 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Radial position (normalized flux) G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 5 /13
Drift topology magnetic topology! Increasing energy runaway population is shifted towards the LFS causes significant losses regardless of the DED Effect of RMP decreases with increasing particle energy Core is intact G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 6 /13
Loss enhancement Low energy (~1 MeV) particles closer to the edge (!>0.7) are affected Particle losses initiate sooner, similar loss dynamics At higher energies the difference is negligible Runaway current damping rate is the same order as in experiments Simulations did not explain the loss of core and high energy electrons 0 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 time [ms] It may be explained by MHD instabilities onset by the disruption 6 in small tokamaks % of particles lost 100 80 60 40 20 0 = 0.7 E tor = 14 V/m E init = 1 MeV RMP ON RMP OFF I DED = 6 ka I DED = 0 ka [6] V. Izzo et al, Nuclear Fusion 51 063032, 2011. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 7 /13
Runaway losses in ITER ITER inductive scenario #2, IP=15 MA RMP with the ELM perturbation coil system (9 X 3 coils) n=3 and n=9 perturbations with db/b=0.1% up to!=0.5 n=3 creates broader islands, hence, is more effective 4 configs. tested 10 3 x ( db/b ) 2 flux 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Averaged db/b I RMP : 60 ka 0.1% n=9 R n=3 n=9 n=3 (all) n=9 midreversed n=9 basic 0.2 0.0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 Radial position (normalized flux) G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 8 /13
2 out of the 4 configurations is shown Magnetic Poincaré (a) Aligned Particle Poincaré (10 MeV) (c) Stochasticity Magnetic Poincaré (b) Nonaligned Particle Poincaré (10 MeV) (d) Islands G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 9 /13
Confinement volume shrinkage Losses due to energy gain Up to 50% shrinkage for 10 MeV particles (10% without RMP) Up to 60% for 100 MeV >50% without RMP RMP is less effective for high energies Not many particles reach up to 100 MeV B is the best configuration 7 [7] G. Papp et al, PPCF 53 095004, 2011. n=3 "A" n=3 "B" n=3 "C" n=3 "D" UNPERT. E tor = 0 V/m I RMP = 60 ka n=3 "A" n=3 "B" n=3 "C" n=3 "D" UNPERT. E tor = 0 V/m I RMP = 60 ka G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 10 MeV 100 MeV 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 30 time [us] % of conf. V. shrinkage % of conf. V. shrinkage 10/13
Timedependent electric field Taken from simulations of the evolution of the radial profile of the current density and the diffusion of the electric field 8 (b) [8] H. M. Smith et al, PPCF 51 124008, 2009. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 11 /13
Loss enhancement ~ 11 ms until 100% loss for particles launched at!0=0.7 With RMP, losses start at 1µs, 100% loss by 0.1 ms % of particles lost 100 80 60 40 20 Logarithmic loss dependence on time: Nlost ~ log(t) Loss initiation depends exponentially on!0 Particles within!<0.5 are practically untouched = 0.7 E init = 1 MeV I RMP = 0 ka =0.7 RMP OFF 0 9.8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11 11.2 time [ms] % of particles lost 100 0 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 time [ms] log. axis! G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 80 60 40 20 RMP ON =0.7 =0.6 =0.5 E tor (t) E init = 1 MeV n=3 'B', 60kA =0.7 =0.6 =0.5 Log(t) fit 12/13
Conclusions Identified a possible RMP configuration for runaway suppression in ITER RMP enhances the edge (!>0.5) particle transport that significantly increases particle losses Particles get lost while still at low energies Can be applied along with other mitigation methods (e.g. pellet or gas injection) Fast losses reduce the seed population for avalanche but might increase the electric field Selfconsistent calculation of the runaway dynamics is feasible with the ARENA code in the near future G. Papp et al, Nuclear Fusion 51 043004, 2011. G. Papp et al, PPCF 53 095004, 2011. G. PAPP IAEA Meeting on Energetic particles 20110910 13/13