ÿm]nxw 22 Jnem-^Øv \ntj-[n-i-fpss cwk-{]-th-ihpw kmdm hknw 35 lzvdøv akolv audu-zn(-a)-\v hnip 39 Aÿn-c-am-Ip ]min-kvxm (Land) k p-te-j amt\-p

2008 sk]vxw-_ X-_q v 1387 1429 dwkm ]pkvxiw 80 e w 8 hcn-kwjy 150 I. H -{]Xn 15 I. ÿm]nxw 1925 2008 sk]vxw-_ ap m \q m v ]n n ae-bm-f-ønse GI CkvemanI {]kn- o-i-cww 4 bpk-i_vzw 5 apj- p-dn v JpXzv_ 7 ico-tc- -I-tfmSv t]mcmsn {hxm-\p-jvtm\w [\y-am- pi lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv tej\w 22 Jnem-^Øv \ntj-[n-i-fpss cwk-{]-th-ihpw ]cy- -hkm-\hpw aplωzv Aøq_v 27 Ggv BIm-i-ßfpw A\y-{K-l-ß-fnse Pohn-h hpw F.Iyp. alvzn 30 ]min-kvxm-\nse AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m`w kmdm hknw 35 lzvdøv akolv audu-zn(-a)-\v hnip Jp Bt\mSp -mbn-cp A-\p-c n ]n.-hn. AlvaZv timb 6 {hxm-\p-jvtm\w sszhni kwc- -W-Øns clkyw lzvdøv an km Kpemw AlvaZv (A) 11 ]cn-wm-a-hm-zhpw {[ph- -c-snbpw lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv (d-lv) 15 da-zm : a\p-jys\ ]cn-ip- -\m-- p ]pwy-amkw ap-lωzv Da F v.-f. 19 hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)s cq]-em-hwyw tum. Fkv.-Fw. Ipdn- p-iƒ 39 Aÿn-c-am-Ip ]min-kvxm 41 A-\p-kva-c-Ww, hm Ø-Iƒ apj-nn{xw: akvpn-zp- -_-hn, azo\ No^v FUn- : apl-ωzv Aøq_v, Mob: 9895308227 FUn- : G. Fw. apl-ωzv kenw, Mob: 9895263384 amt\-p : AlvaZv l, Mob: 9446482108 hnemkw kxy-zq-x, Pn.F v.tdmuv, timgn-t m-sv. FUn-t m-dn-b t_m Uv Akn. amt\-p s{]m^. alvaqzv AlvaZv t^m : 0495 (Mob.) si.-fw. Al-ΩZv timb } 6520733 si.-hn. Cuk-t mb 95495 (Land) k p-te-j amt\-p si. hn. l timb ^mivkv : 0495-2721609 Fkv. apl-ωzv kenw ]n. Fw. _jo AlvaZv sf. si. AlvaZvIp n e-mail: sathyadoothan@ahmadiyya.com Printed & Published by M.A. Muhammad, for the Kerala Ahmadiyya Jama-at at Geethanjali Offset Press, Feroke, Calicut. Edited by A. M. Muhammad Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory Creations, CLT - 1. 3

kxyzqx Jp -B-\n \n v \_n-h-n\w A tbm P\-ßsf! a-l-xz-ta-dnb "hnizm-kn-itf; \nßƒ v apºp- h v \n _- -am- -s - n-cp- -Xvt]mse Hcp amkw \nßƒ v XW-te-Ip-hm \nßƒ pw {hxm-\p-jvtm\w \n _- - CXm kam-k-x-am-ip- p. A\p-{K-lo-X-amkam-Wn-Xv. B amk-øn Bbncw am- -s - n-cn- p- p. \nß-ƒ tzmj-_m- [sb kq n- p- -Xn\v th n (Cu amk-sø- mƒ t{ijvt-amb Hcp {hxm-\p-jvtm-\w) Nne \n nx Znh-k-ßfn-emWv F m \nß-fn-em-sc- nepw (tcm- cmhp v. B amk-øn {hx-a-\p-jvtn- p- Xv \nßƒ v A mlp \n - - Kntbm bm{x-bntem Bbm a p Znhkßfn (A-h ) FÆw ]q Øo-I-cn- am- n-bn-cn- -p p. p-sim- -s. (2:184) (an-ivim-øv) bp-k-i_vzw da-zm\pw Bflkw-kvI-c-Whpw hmkvzø akolv (A) ilvdp da-zm-\- Zo D kne ^oln Jp -B F Bb-Øn \n v ]cn-ip dafms alxzw a\- n-em-hp- p. Cu amkw a\x-kw-kvi-c-w-øn-\p AXyp-Ø-a-amb amk-am-sw pw A-Xn A[n-I-a-[n-I-ambn Bflo-b-Z i-\-i n e`-n- p- -Xm-sW pw kq^n-h-cy- m Fgp- Xp- p. \a-kvimcw Bflm-hn\v kw-kvic-whpw t\mºv lrz-b-øn\v {]Im-ihpw {]Zm\w snøp- p. Bfl-kw-kvI-c-W-sa- m tzmj-{]-h-w-amb Bflm-hns tztl- -bn \n- p tamn-\- am-wv. a\x-kw-kvi-c-w-sa- m Bfl-Z i-\-øn-\p IhmSw Xpd v sszh-z i\w km[n- ep-am-wv. "D kne ^oln Jp -B ' F BbØv CXn-te v kqn\ \ Ip- p. {hxm-\p- jvtm-\-øn-ep {]Xn-^ew al-xz-]q Æ-am-sW- -Xn kwi-b-an-. F m hnhn-[-x-c-ønep tcmk-ß-ƒ a\p-jys\ Cu A\p-{K-l-e-_v[n-bn \n v XS p-\n Øp- p. F\n-t m Ω- bp- v. Fs bu -\-Im-eØv {hxm-\p-jvtm\w Alvepss_-Øns Ncy-bn s - -Xm-sW v Rm kz]v\-øn ImWp-I-bp- mbn. Fs - p-dn v k am-\p an m Alvep ss_øn F v Acpƒ snbvxn- p- v. k am F hm n\v "c p-hn-[-øn-ep kam-[m\w' F- m- W w. AXm-bXv B -co-ihpw _mly-hp-amb kam-[m-\-ßƒ B Bƒ Imcp-Wyhpw A\p-I-ºbpw aptj-\-bm-bn-cn pw Xs ZuXyw \n -ln- p-i. hmƒ aptj-\-b-. Cu Z i\w {h-xm-\p-jvtm-\-øn-te v kqn\ \ Ip- -Xmbn F\n p txm n. (a ^q-km-øv) 4 312

2008 sk]vxw-_ apj- p-dn v Ckvemanse {hxw : anx-xz-øns a[y-am w axß-fp-ss-sb mw kmcmwiw ico-c-øn-\p-ta Bflm-hn\v ta ss t\sn a\p-jys\ sszthm- p-j-\m- pi F -XmWv. C- -kvem-anse {hxm\pjvtm\w A-Ø-c-Øn-ep -\nch[n ] -XnIfnsem- m-wv. Ckvemw axw F{X efn-xhpw A\m-bm-k-I-c-hp-amb coxn-bnemwv Cusbmcp {]{Inb h-ºn-s mcp P\-k b-øn- \p-ta ]q Øn-bm- p- Xv F Xv hnkva-b-i-c-am-wv. ico-csø \nb-{ -n m\pw sacp- n-sb-sp- m\pw lttbm-kn-i-sf-t]mse apƒap-\-bn Ccp v ico-csø t\mhn- m-t\m, h\-hmkwsnø-mt\m, C{µnb \n{kl-tam, \nxy-{_- -N-cy-tam, CjvS-t`m-Py-ß-fpsS imiz-x-h -\-tam, acww hsc-bp D]-hm-ktam -Ckvemw \njv jn- p- n-. ax-im-cy-ß-fn anx-xzhpw DNnX -X-bp-amWv Ckvemans apj-ap{z. Jp -B ]dbp- p. "{KŸm-\p-kmcn-Itf, \nßfpss ax- -Im-cyß-fn A\ym-b-amb \ne-bn \nßƒ AXn-cp-I-hn-bcpXv. apºv hgn-ti-sn-e-mbn-t mb P\-X-bpsS tkz -Isf \nßƒ ]n ]- p-i-bp-a-cp-xv. Ah \nc-h-[n- t]sc hgn-sx- n- p-ibpw (-kz-bw) t\ h-gn-bn \n v sxd nt m-hp-ibpw snbvxp. (5:78) ]I t\cw A -]m-\o-b-ß-fp-t-] n- p-sim- p {hxm-\p-jvtm\w sszh-øn\p am{x-am-bn- p Hcp Bcm-[-\bpw a\p-jys Bflo-b-\yq-\-X-Isf ]cnlcn- p \n _- -amb Hcp IS-a-bp-amWv. Imcp-Wyhm-\mb sszhw {hxm-\p-jvtm\w aptj\ a\p-jy IqSp-X-embn hnj-a-ßƒ A\p-`-hn- m A\p-h-Zn- msx Ah-t\mSv hn p-ho-gvn Im pibpw km z-\acp-fp-ibpw snøp Xv ImWp-I. "hnizm-kn-itf; \nßƒ v apºp- -h v \n _- -am- -s - n-cp- -Xvt]mse \nßƒ pw {hxm-\pjvtm\w \n _- -am- -s - n-cn- p- p. \nß-ƒ tzmj-_m-[sb kq n- p- -Xn\v th n (Cu {hxm-\p-jvtm- \w) Nne \n nx Znh-k-ß-fn-emWv F m \nß-fn-em-sc- nepw (tcm-kntbm bm{x-bntem Bbm a p Znhkßfn (A-h ) FÆw ]q Øo-I-cn- p-sim- -s. {]mb- nøw \ Ip- -Xn\v Ign-hp- -h Hcp A-K- XnbpsS Blmcw ({]m-b- n-ø-am-bn) \ ti- -Xm-Wv. C\n Bsc- nepw ]q Æamb A\p-k-cWw ]pe Øns m v h \ bpw snøp- p-sh- n AX-bmƒ v KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn- pw. \nßƒ Imcyw {Kln p hcm-sw- n t\mº-\p-jvtn- p- Xv \nßƒ v KpW-I-c-at{X (2:184, 185) a\p-jys Bflob ]cn-jv -c-w-øn\pw t]mj-w-øn\pw A-\p-Iq-e-amb Bkq-{X-W-ßfpw kwhn- [m- -\ß-fp-am-bmWv da-zm amkw IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. C_m-Z-Øp-Iƒ pw k Ω-ßƒ pw, k kz-`mhßƒ pw kz o-b-amb \nc-h[n hmkvzm-\-ßfpw t{]m m-l-\-ßfpw da-zm amk-øn Ckvemw \ Ip- p. CXns ^e-ambn k møpw kzvjbpw a p sf n-i-amb Zm\-[ Ω-ßfpw da-zm-\n apkvenwi-fn \n pw {]h-ln- p- p. da-zm-\n, hoin-b-sn- p simsp- m nt-\ mƒ dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k) DZmc-\m-Ipam-bn-cp- p-sh v lzo-kp-iƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. t\mºp-im-c NoØ hn-nm-c-ß-fn \n pw, NoØ hm p- I-fn \n pw, NoØ {]hrøn-i-fn \n pw hn p-\n p- p. CØcw Imcy-ß-fn B-fl-\n-b-{ Ww ]men- m t\mºp-im-c\v i n-]-i-cp- Xv ]I t\csø ` -W-h P-\-am-Wv. a\p-jy `b-s -Sp hni- ns\ Ccp-ssI-Ifpw \o n G p hmßn B- -flotbm- -a-\-øn-\p D]m-[n-bm n am m d-a-zm \sω ]Tn- n- p- p. Aßs\ Ckvemanse t\mºv ico-c-øn-\p-ta Bflm-hns ta[m-hnxzw {]Jym- -]n- p- - Hcp Bcm-[-\-bmbn amdp- p. da-zms ]q Æ A\p-{Klw \Ωn h jn- p-am-dm-i-s. (B-ao ) 313 5

-- kxyzqx lzvdøv an km Kpemw AlvaZv (A) (J-eo-^-Øp akolv V) -{h-xm-\p-jvtm\w sszhni kwc- -W-Øns clkyw ilvdp da-zm-\- Zo D kne ^oln Jp -B F Bb- Øn \n v ]cn-ip da-fms alxzw a\- n-em-hp- p. Cu amkw a\x-kw-kvi-c-w-øn-\p AXyp-Ø-a-amb amk-am-sw pw A-Xn A[n-I-a-[n-I-ambn Bflob-Z i-\-i n e`-n- p- -Xm-sW pw kq^n-h-cy- m Fgp-Xp- p. \a-kvimcw Bflm-hn\v kw-kvic- Whpw t\mºv lrz-b-øn\v {]Imihpw {]Zm\w snøp- p. Bflkw-kvI-c-W-sa- m tzmj-{]-h- W-amb Bflm-hns tztl- - bn \n- p tamn-\-am-wv. a\xkw-kvi-c-w-sa- m Bfl-Z i-\- Øn-\p IhmSw Xpd v sszh- Z i\w km[n- -ep-am-wv. "D kne ^oln Jp -B ' F BbØv CXn-te v kqn\ \ Ip- p. {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn-ep {]Xn-^ew al-xz-]q Æ-am-sW- - Xn kwi-b-an-. F m hnhn- [-X-c-Øn-ep tcmk-ß-ƒ a\pjys\ Cu A\p-{K-l-e-_v[n-bn \n v XS p-\n Øp- p. F\nt m Ω-bp- v. Fs bu -\-ImeØv {hxm-\p-jvtm\w Alvep ss_-øns Ncy-bn s - -XmsW v Rm kz]v\-øn ImWp- 6 I-bp- mbn. Fs - p-dn v k am- \p an m Alvep ss_øn F v Acpƒ snbvxn- p- v. k am F hm n\v "c p-hn-[-ønep kam-[m\w' F- m-w w. AXm-bXv B -co-ihpw _mlyhp-amb kam-[m-\-ßƒ B Bƒ Imcp-Wyhpw A\p-I-ºbpw aptj- \-bm-bn-cn pw Xs ZuXyw \n -ln- p-i. hmƒ aptj-\-b-. Cu Z i\w {h-xm-\p-jvtm-\-ønte v kqn\ \ Ip- -Xmbn F\n p txm n. Aßs\ Rm XpSsc Bdp-am-k- mew t\mº-\pjvtn- p. CXn-\n-S-bn {]Im-i-ßfpsS kvxq]-ßƒ BIm-i-Ønte v Db p-t]m-ip- -Xmbn F\n v ImWp-hm km[n- p. B {]-Im-i-kvXq-]-ßƒ `qan-bn \n v BIm-i-tØ- p-b-cp-ibmtwm AX Fs lrz-b- Øn \n v Db p-t]m-ip- - XmtWm F v F\n v a\- n-em- m km[n- n-. km[n- p-t -S-tØmfw A m lp \n t±-in IS-a-Iƒ \n -ln- p-hm a\p-jy _m[y-ÿ-\m- Wv. {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-sø- p-dn v A mlp ]d-bp- Xv h C Xkqap Jbvdp- Ipw (2:184) \nßƒ t\mº-\p-jvtn- p-i-bmsw- n AXv \nßƒ v \ -bmsw mwv. F n-\mwv A mlp ^nzvb \n -bn- n-cn- p- -sx Nn Fs lrz-b-øn s]mßn-h- t mƒ {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn-\p Ignhpw ku`m-kyhpw e`n- p- - Xn-\mbn msw v Fs A xcwkw Ft msv adp-]sn ]d- p. a\p-jy\v Xu^oJv \ Ip- -h A m-lp-hm-wv. AXp-sIm v Hmtcm Imcyhpw A- m-lp-hn-t\m- SmWv Bh-iy-s -ts- -Xv. k i -\mb A- mlp C n- p-i-bmsw- n Hcp b-tcm-kn pw {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn-\p i n bpw Ignhpw \ Ip- -Xm-Wv. B i n kwpm-x-am-ip Xn\p-th- n-bmwv ^nzvb \n -bn- n-cn- p- -Xv. CXv A- m-lp-hns A-\p-{Kl-Øm am-{xsa km[n- p-i-bp- q. AXp-sIm v Fs ] a\p-jy A m-lp-hn-t\msv C{]- Imcw {]m n v klmbw txts- -Xm-Wv. ""A- m-lpth! CXv \ns A\p-Kr-loX amk-am-wv. F m Rm Cu A\p-{KlsØ Dƒs m- m km[n- msx \jvs-{]m-]vx-\m-bn-cn- p-i- 314

bm-wv. A-Sp-Ø-h jhpw Rm Poh-t\m-Sp-IqSn Ccn- ptam C- tbm? Hgn- p-t]mb t\mºp- Iƒ t\m p-ho- m F-\n v km[n- ptam C tbm F m dnbmw?'' Cßs\ A m-lp-hn-t\msv Xu^oJv Bh-iy-s -Sp-I-bm-sW- n Aß-s\-bp lrz-bßƒ v A mlp Xo -bmbpw Xu^oJv \ Ipw Fs -\n v Dd hnizm-k-ap- v. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn Hcm-ƒ dakm amk-øn tcmk-{k-kvx-\mbn-øo-cp-i-bm-sw- n Cu tcm Kw Abmƒ v A- m-lp-hns Imcp-Wy-Øn-\p \nzm-\-am-bn- Øo-cp- -Xm-Wv. ImcWw Hmtcm {]hr-øn-bp-ssbpw ASn-Ød Dt±iy-Øn-em-Wp- -Xv. Ah pth n ae- p-iƒ {hx-a-\p-jvtn- p- -Xm-Wv. hfsc kq vahpw teme-hpamb Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. Hcmƒ v Abm-fpsS a\- ns Bekyw \nanøw t\mºv `mc-am-bntøm pibpw Xm t\mº-\p-jvtn- p- I-bm-sW- n Hcp t\csø ` Ww Dt]- n- p-i-bm-sw- n IqSn C -bn tcmk-ßƒ ]nsn-s]-sp- -Xm-sW v i n- p- Ibpw Aßs\ t\mºv Dt]- n- p-ibpw snøp-i-bm-sw- n Abmƒ A m-lp-hns A\p{KlsØ X\n v `mc-am-sw v Icp- Xp-I-bmWv snøp- -Xv. At mƒ Abmƒ v A- m-lp-hn \ns ß-s\-bmWv {]Xn-^ew e`n- pi? F m GsXm-cm-fpsS lrzbw da-zms BK-a-\-Øn B\-µ-a- \p-`-hn- p-ibpw Aß-s\ da-zm BK-X-am-bm t\mº-\p-jvtn- p- -Xm-sW v {]Xo- n- n-cn- p- 315 Ibpw F m X -k-a-bøv tcmk-w Im-cWw t\mº-\p-jvtn- m km[n- mø \n _- n-xmhÿ hcn-ibpw snøp- pthm Aß-s\-bp Bfns\ A mlp D]-cn-tem-IØv t\mº-\p-jvtn- -hcpss Iq -Øn s]-sp-øp- -Xm-bncn- pw. A m-lp, lrz-b-øn IpSnsIm- p kxyhpw Bflm hpw Bb Dt±-iy-sØ-bmWv ho n- p- -Xv. Abm-fpsS lrzb-øn thz\ hnßn-s m- p- psh v A- m-lp-hn- -dn-bmw. Aßs\-bp Bƒ v A mlp A[n- I-amb {]Xn-^-ehpw ]pwyhpw \ Ip- -Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, thz-\- tbm-sp-iq-snb lrzbw hne-a-xn- m- \m-im-ø-xm-wv. Hgn- p-am-dp a\x-ÿn-xn-bp Bƒ ]e hni- Zo-I-c-W-ß-fnepw A`bw txsp- p. F m A m-lp-hns ] Cu A`bw \njv{]-tbm-p-\-amsw Xn kwi-b-an-. Rm Bdp-amkw XpS -bmbn t\mº- \p-jvtn- -t mƒ Hcn- {]hm-n- I- m-cpss Hcp Iq w B-fl-Z i- \-Øn h p Ft msv \nßsf n\mwv \nß-fpss B-flm-hn\v C- {X-b-[nIw {]bmkw \ Ip- -Xv CXn \n v ]pd-øp-h-cni F v ]d- p. CtX-{]-Imcw Hcp a\pjy A m-lp-hn-\p-th n Xs IjvS-Ønepw {]bm-k-ønepw s]sp-øp-i-bm-sw- n Ah kvt\l-ap amxm-]n-xm- -sft mse Ah Abm-tfmSv Icp- W-Im-Wn- p-sim v "\o F n-\nßs\ IjvS-s -Sp p' F v tnmzn- p- -Xm-Wv. F m CØcw {]bm-k-ßfn \n pw amdn-\n v c -s - Sm {ian- p- -hsc A mlp a p- 2008 sk]vxw-_ hn-[-øn-ep {]bm-k-ß-fn AI-s -Sp-Øp- -Xm-Wv. AXn \n v ]pd-øp-h-cm A-Ø-c- m v km[n- m-sxbpw t]mipw. kzbw {]bm-k-ßƒ Gs -Sp- p- hsc A mlp B {]bm-k-ßfn \n v ]pd-tø p \bn- p- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm v Xs \^vkn-t\msv A\p-Iº ImWn- msx A m-lp-hns A\p-I- ºbv v ]m{x-am-im {ian- p-i. ImcWw Xs \^vkn-t\msv A\p- Iº ImWn- p- Imc-W-Øm AXn p \c-i-am-bn-cn- pw e`n- pi. A m-lp-hn \n- p A\p-I-º-bm-Is AXn\v kz hpw! lzvdøv C{_m-lnw(-A)s kw`hw Xs t\m p-i. A nbn {]th-in- m kzb-tah Xøm-dm-Ip- -hsc A- mlp A nbn \n v c -s -Sp-Øp- p. F- m A nbn \n v Fß-s\- sb- nepw c -s -Sm B{K-ln- p- -hsc A n BlqXn snøp- p. CXn-\mWv Ckvemw F p ]dbp -Xv. A m-lp-hns hgn-bn F p-xs h p `hn- p-i-bmsw- nepw AXns\ \ntj-[n- cpxv. dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k) Xs kzbw kwc- -I-\m-hp-Ibpw AXn-s\- p-dn v Xs Nn n- psim- n-cn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp-s - n h mlp bavknapi an\- mkv (5:68) A- mlp \ns P\- ß-fn \n v kwc- n- p- -XmsW Xncp-h-N\w Cd-ßp-am-bn-cp- n-. sszhn-i-kw-c- -W- -Øns clkyw CXn-em-W-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- Xv. (a ^q-km-øv, thmfyw 4, t]. 256-260) 7

kxyzqx lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv Jeo-^-Øp akolv ico-tc- -I-tfmSv t]mcmsn {hxm-\p-jvtm\w [\y-am- pi -A- 14-9- 2007 _bvøp ^qxq-ln (e ) \n -ln- Xv -A- tbm hniz-kn- -h-tc, \nßƒ p aptº-bp- h v \n _- -am- -s - n-cp- -Xp-t]mse \nßƒ pw t\mºv \n _- -am- -s - n-cn- p p; \nßƒ kq vax ]men- m th n (2:185) t\mºv \n _- -am- -s - -Xns\ kw_- n- p A m-lp-hns \n t±-ihpw Iev]-\-bp-am-Wn-Xv. A mlp Ahs A\p-{K-l-Øm, Cu h jw t\mºv ]nsn- m-\p Ah-kcw ho pw \ap v \evin-bn-cn- p- p. Ah \Ωp-sS B-flo-tbm- a\- Øn-\mbn G hpw D -X-amb am -amwv snbvxp-x- n- p- -Xv. A-Xn \mw ]s -Sp- p-i-bm-wv. A mlp ]d- -X-\p-k-cn- v, \mw ` n-bn A`n-hr- n-s -Sp- Ibpw Ahs kmao]yw Ic-ÿ-am- p-ibpw \ΩpsS {]m \ kzoim-cy-tbm-ky-am- p-ibpw \ΩpsS Zo\o-]-chpw kz`m-h-]-chpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Ahÿ \ m- n-øo p-ibpw snøm-\m-{k-ln- ps - n Cu Zn\-ßsf ]q Æ-ambpw {]tbm-p-\-s - Sp-Øm Hmtcm AlvaZnbpw {i n-t - -Xm-Wv. A mlp ]d-bp p: \nßƒ v \n _- -am- -s - ncn- p Cu t\mºv, Bflo-tbm- -a-\-øn\pw ` nbn A`n-hr- n-s -Sp- -Xn\pw hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv. ap I-gn- {]hm-n-i- m-cpss A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ v Ah-cpsS a\x-]-cn-ip- n-bn pw Bflo-tbm- -a-\- Øn\pw A m-lp-hns ASp w e`n- p- -Xn\pw th n CXv \n _- -am- -s - n-cp- p. hfsc {][m-\-s Hcp Iev]-\-bm-Wn-Xv. CXns BN-cWw ` n-bn D Xn {]m]n- m \sω klmbn- p- p. ap I-gn {]hm-n-i- m-cpss A-\p-bmbn-Ifpw A m-lp-hns kmao]yw {]m]n- p-ibpw Ahs A\p-{K-l-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. ImcWw Ah bmsxm pw t\m msx A m-lp-hns Iev]\ ]men- p. A mlp Xs Iev]-\-Iƒ GsX- nepw \_n-bp-ss-ta Cd- n-bn- p- -t m-gpw, temi-øns ]cn-jvi-c-w-øn- mbn Ah dkq amsc Ab- n- p- -t m-gp-sa- mw, AhcpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ am{x-amwv A- m-lp-hns kmao]yw {]m]n- Xpw Ahs A\p-{K-l-ß-fn `mk-`m- m-b-xpw. Ah B Ab- -s - -hsc ]cn- ]q Æ-ambpw ]n ]- n-s m v B alm- m sim ph A[ym-]-\-ßƒ A\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- p- Ibpw Ah v \evi-s Iev]-\-Iƒ ]men- p- Ibpw Xß-fpsS ` n-bpss \nehmcw Db Øn-s m- n-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Ah \ntj-[n- -t mƒ Bflo-b-amb \ne-hmcw CSn- p-t]m-b-xn-t\m-ssm- w, Ah-cpsS {]uvnbpw A- pw `uxn-i-amb \nebnepw If- p-ip-fn- p. A m-lp, hnip Jp -B- \n CXn-s\- p-dn v ]d- n- p- v. \_n-amsc hniz-kn- -h-tcmsv ` n-bn-eqss \S- m A m-lp-x-be D]-tZ-in- p-tºmƒ, \nßƒ ` n-bpss G -hpw D -X-amb \ne Ic-ÿ-am- n-sb- n am{xta `uxn-ihpw B-flo-b-hp-amb A-\p-{Kl-ßƒ {]m]n- p- -h-cm-bn-øo-cp-i-bp q F pw ]d-bp- p. F nte Ahs kz -Øn\v Ah-Im-in- I-fm-Ip-I-bp- q. Ah ]d-bp p: hen-a Jm^- 8 316

2008 sk]vxw-_ ajma d nlo P -Ø? BcmtWm Xs d ns {]uvnsb `b-s -Sp- -Xv, Ah\v c v kz -ap- v. AXp-sIm v A m-lp-hn-t\m-sp ` n Ah-ew-_n- p-sim- v, Ahs ÿm\sø Xncn- -dnbp-i. F m i n-{]-`m-h-ß-fp-tsbpw A[n-Imcn Ah-\m-Wv. Aht\m-Sp `bw G hpw IqSp-X \nß-fpss a\- n- ep- m-bn-cn- -Ww. At mƒ Cu temiøpw Ahs kz -Øn \n v Hmlcn {]m]n- pw. ]c-tem-iøpw Ahs kz -Øn \n v Hm-lcn {]m]n- pw. ]ctem-iøpw Ahs A\p-{K-l-ß-fp-tSbpw kz - Øn-t bpw Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Ipw. Hmtcm AlvaZn apkvenapw, ` n-bn A`n-hr- n-s -Sm\pw A m-lp-hns kz -ßƒ v Ah-Imin-IfmIm\pw Ahs ÿm\w Xncn- -dn-tb- Xv \n _- -am-wv. Cu Xncn- -dn-hp- mip- -Xv, Bflm -ambpw A- m-lp-hn-t -Xm-bn-s m v Ahs Iev]-\-Iƒ A-\p-k-cn v {]hrøn- p-tºm-gm-wv. B I-ev]-\-I-fn H v, da-zm amk-ønse t\mºm-n-c- W-am-Wv. ]cn-]q Æhpw XnI-hp- -Xp-amb Hcp {KŸsØ hniz-kn- p- -h `mky-hm- m-cm-ip- p. Xs \navaøp-isf ]cn-]q Æ-am- n-bn-cn- p- psh v A mlp shfn-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p B {KŸsØ hniz-kn- p- -h-cmwv \Ωƒ. Jnbm-a-Øp- mƒhsc \ne-\n-dp-øp-sa v A mlp hmkvzm\w snbvxn- p B al-ømb {KŸsØ hniz-kn- n- p `mky-im-en-i-fmwv \Ωƒ; A mlp JmØ-ap Aºn-bm-Av F p ]d- p-sim v F m \_n-am-tc- mfpw t{ijvt-\m nb, Ah-km\ ico-a-øp-ambn-h B Ah-km\\_n(-k)sb hniz-kn- p `mky-hm- m. Xß-fsS P\-X-Isf ` n-bn \ne-\n-dp-øm- \mwv ap I-g-n dkq am h -Xv. B P\-XbpsS Ign-hp-Ifpw i n-bp-a-\p-k-cn v A m-lphns Iev]-\-Iƒ Ah \nd-th- n-s m- n-cn- p- Ibpw snbvxp. ]t, hnip Jp -B temiw apgp-h-\p-ap F m-e-tøbpw F m P\-X-I-fptSbpw ]cn-jvi-c-w-øn-\m-bp Iev]-\-I-fp-ambn \_n(-k)\v Cd-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. F m P\-X-I-tfbpw ` n-bn \ne-\n-dp-øp- -Xn-\p-th- n, C pw ]pxnb-xm-bn- p Iev]-\-I-fp-am-bmWv AXv \ne-sim- - p- -Xv. XpS pw AXv \ne-\n-ev p- -Xm-Wv. Cu Imcyßƒ \Ω-fn \n v F mwv Bh-iy-s -Sp- -sx v Nn n- -Ww. Cu Iev]-\-Iƒ Cd- n-s m v 317 A mlp \Ω-fn A\p-{K-lhpw HuZm-cyhpw snbvxn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXv \Ω-fn \n v F mwv txsp- Xv? CXv \Ω-fn \n v txsp- -Xv, Cu Ahkm\ \ymb-{]-am-w-{k-ÿ-øn A mlp ]d n- p ]cn-]q Æ-amb A\p-{Klw kºm-zn- m {ian- pi F Xm-Wv. A mlp-hn-s bpw Ahs dkqens bpw Iev]-\-I-f-\p-k-cn v {]hrøn- m, \ΩpsS Ign-hp-I-sf mw D-]-tbm-Kn- m AXv \tωm- Sm-h-iy-s -Sp- p. A m-lphpw Ahs dkqepw Iev]n am -Øn appm-lz t]mcm w \S- ØpI. A mlp ]d-bp p: h -Zo-\-Pm-lZq ^o\m e\-lvzn-b- lpw kq_q-e-\m. \sω I p-ap- m ]cn- {i-an- p- -h v, \mw Xo bmbpw \ΩpsS hgn-bnte v hcm `mkyw \evip- -Xm-Wv. A- m-lp-hns\ I p-ap- p- -Xn-\mbn ico-tc- -bp-ambn t]mcm w \StØ- Xpw ]cn-{i-an-t - Xpw AXy- m-t]- n-x-am- Wv. Xs hgn-bn-te v hcm B-flm -X-tbmsS ]cn-{i-an- p- -h mwv A mlp hgn-im- p- -Xv. kzbw ` n-am -Øn-eqsS \S- m ]cn-{i-an- p h mwv A mlp AXn-eqsS \S- m `mkyw \evip Xv. A m-lp-hn- -te v Ipd- -] w \S- p-h-cm {ian- p- -h-cp-ss-b-sp-tø v Ah HmSnsb-Øp- p. A mlp da-zms\ `b-` n Ic-ÿ-am- p- -Xn-\p Hcp henb am -am- n-bn-cn- p- p. A m-lp-hns A-\p-{K-l-ßfpw Ahs ]mcntzm-jn-x-ßfpw Ic-ÿ-am- m, BcmtWm kxyk X-tbmsS {]hrøn- p- Xv Ah ]m]-ßfn \n v ]cn-ip- -\m- -s -Sp- p. Ah\v \ snøm- \p Xu^oJv In p- p. Ah A m-lp-hns A- \p-{klw Ic-ÿ-am- p- -h-\m-bn-øo-cp- p. Hcp \nth-z-\-øn h n-cn- p- p. lzvdøv A_q-k-CuZv JpZvcn(-d) \_n Icow(-k) ]-d -Xmbn \nth-z\w snøp- p. A- m-lp-hns am -Øn Bcpw-Xs Hcp Znhkw {hxa\pjvtn- p-i-bn-, AXp ImcWw Ahs apjsø \c-i-sø-søm v 70 ic-xvimesø hgn A -c-am- n-bn- - m-sx. AXm-bXv ssixy- Im-e-Øn-s bpw DjvW-Im-e-Øn-t bpw CS-bn F{X A- -c-apt m AXn-t\- mƒ 70 C-c n IqSp- X A -c-ap- m- pw. CXv DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A-XmbXv Ah-\n \n v A- nsb XnI pw AI n fbp- p. A m-lp-hns hgn-bn Ahs A\p-{Klw B{K-ln- p-sim v A-h Iev]n t\mºv ]nsn-t - 9

kxyzqx -X-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. AXns ]n n Hcp Xc-Ønep `uxn-tim-t±-iyhpw D- m-bn-cn- -cp-xv, XnI pw Ahs Xr]vXn Ic-ÿ-am- -em-bn-cn- -Ww e yw. F m, A mlp kz w C -tbmsv t]mcm-sp- -hsc A n-bn \n v c n- p-sa p am{x-a-, adn v Xs Xr]vXn-bpsS kz -ß-fnepw Ahsc {]th-in- n- p- -Xm-Wv. Ah\v Zo\pw In p- p. temihpw In p- p. lzvdøv akolv audu-zv(-a) ]d-bp p: "A m-lphn-te v HmSp- -h Hcn- epw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-I-bn-.' A -Zo\ PmlZp ^o\m e\-lvzn-b- lqw kp_qe\m F Ahs kxy-amb hmkvzm-\-hp-ap v (29:70). A m-lp-hns hgn At\z-jn- m {i-an- Xv Bcm-tWm Ah Ah-km\w Dt±-iy-e- y-øn FØn-t -cp- p. `uxn-i-amb ]co- -Iƒ mbn Xømsd-Sp v \S-Øp- -h-\pw, cm{xnsb ]I-em- p- -h-\pamb hnzym n-bpss ITn-\-]-cn-{iaw I p-sim v \ap v Zb-bp- m-ip- p-sh- n, A m-lp-hns Zbbpw A\p-{K-lhpw AXn-c- Xpw A- -an- m-ø-xpam-wv. Ah AXn-te v hcp- -hsc \jvs-s -Sp-Øn- -f-bptam? Hcn- -ep-an-. Hcn- -ep-an-. A mlp Bcp-tSbpw ]cn-{i-asø ]mgm- n- -f-bp-i-bn-. AXn-\m A mlp Xs A-\p-{Klw sim v \ap v Ah-kcw \evin-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. \sω Cu amk-øn {]th-in- n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. A m-lphns Xr]vXn Imw n- p-sim- p-am{xw t\mºp ]nsn- p- -h v, \_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n t±-i-a-\pk-cn v t\mºv ]cn-n-bm-bn-øo-cp- p. a\p-jy-t bpw A n-bp-ts-bp-an-s-bn t\mºv Hcp ]cn-n-bmbn amdp- p. t\mºv a\p-jy-s bpw Xobp-tSbpw C-S-bn i -amb Hcp tim -bmbpw Np -p-a-xn-ep-ambpw amdp- p. AXn- p- n-te v IS- p-h v Xobv v A m-lphns Zmksc \in- n- m km[n- p-i-bn-. JpZvkn-bmb lzo-kn h n-cn- p- p. AXm-bXv, A mlp ]d- p-sh v ]d- p-sim v \_n (-k) ]d-bp lzo-kp-i-fmwv JpZvkn-bmb lzo-kp- Iƒ. Cu lzokv _pjm-cn-bn h n- p- -Xm-Wv. \_n Ico (k) ]d- - -Xmbn lzvdøv A_q lpdbvd (d) cn-hm-bøv snøp- p. ""A mlp ]d-bp p: t\msºmgn- p a\p-jys as m I Ω-ßfpw Ah\p Xs -bp- -Xm-Wv. F m, t\mºv F-\n- p-th- nbm-wv, Rm Xs AXn\v {]Xn-^ew \evipw. t\mºv ]cn-n-bm-wv. \nß-fn B s - nepw t\mºps - n, Ah s]mfn-hm- p-i-fpw, Ak-`y-ßfpw 10 ]d-b-cp-xv. Bsc- nepw Ahs\ NoØ ]d-bp-itbm Ah-t\mSv hgn- n-sp-itbm snbvxm, Rm t\mºp- Im-c-\m-sW v am{xw ]d-s m-gn-tb- -Xm-Wv. apl- Ω-Zns Poh BcpsS ssibn-emtwm Ah-\msW t\mºp t\m p- -hs hmb-bpss aww A mlp-hns ] IkvXq-cn-tb- mƒ hfsc ]cn-ip- -am-wv. t\mºp-im-c\v c v B\-µ-am-Wp- -Xv. H v Ah t\mºv apdn- p-tºmgpw as m v Xs \mys\ I p-ap- p-tºm-gpw, t\mºns t]cn A v Ah k p-jvs-\m-bn-øo-cpw. ChnsS t\mºns {]Xn-^ew A mlp kzbw Gs -Sp-Øn-cn- p- p. as mcp \nth-z-\-øn h n-cn- p- p. \_n (k) ]d p: ""t\mºv {]Xm-]-hm-\mb A m-lphn\pth n A\p-jvTn- -s -Sp- p. t\mºp-im-cs {]Xn-^ew A m-lp-hn\p am{xta Adn-bp-I-bp- p.'' A mlp \ bv v Fgp- q-dn-c- n-hsc {]Xn^ew \evip-sa v as m-cn-søv ]d-bp- p- v. AXn-t\- mƒ IqSp-X \ Ip-sa pw ]d- -Xmbn ImWmw. t\mºns {]Xn-^ew ]d- n- p ]cn-[n-tb mƒ h n- p- -Xm-Wv. F{X-am{Xw h n- n- p-\-evipsa v A m-lp-hn\p am{xta Adn-bp-I-bp- q. A mlp-hns købpw Ahs KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw AXn-cn- m-ø-sx- -Xp-t]m-se, Ahs {]Xn-^-ehpw AXnc- -Xm-Wv. F{X {]Xn-^-e-ap- m-ip-sa- Xv am\pj-nn- -bv -Xo-X-am-Wv. AXv A- m-lp-hn\p am{xta Adn-bp-I-bp q F v \_n(-k) ChnsS ]d- n-cn- p- p. ]t, Nne ]cn-[n-iƒ A mlp t\mºn-t\mssm w sh n- p- v. AXn-c {]Xn^ew e`n- m, \nßƒ v \nß-fpss ]cn-[n- p- n \nevt - - Xmbn hcpw. A mlp ]d I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]men-t - -Xmbn hcpw. ] nwn InS- m am{xw t]mcm, {]XypX C{µn-bm-i-I-tfmSv t]mcm-ts- -Xmbn hcpw. lzo-kn ]d- -Xp-t]mse Xn ssihn-ts- nbpw hcpw. F m-øcw hnj-tb- -I-fn \n pw AIte n hcpw. F -, A\ph-Z-\o-b-amb Nne Imcyßfpw A m-lp-hn-\p-th n Dt]- n-t n hcpsa v as m-cn-søpw Ah ]d- n- p- v. Cu Ahÿ-bp- m-bm B t\mºm-bn-cn pw A m-lp-hn-\pth n A\p-jvTn- -s -Sp- -Xv. Xn -Iƒ Dt]- n- Ø-s -bmwv A m-lp-hns kmao]yw {]Zm\w snøp- -Xv. ]t, CXv Xmev m-en-i-am-bn- p- -Xm- Im ]msn-. Xmev m-en-i-am-bn v Xn -bn \n v AI- (tijw 34 ) 318

2008 sk]vxw-_ Revelation Rationality Knowledge and Truth lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv (J-eo-^-Øp akolv V) ]cn-wm-a-hm-zhpw {[ph- -c-snbpw {] sszh-øns B-kq-{XWm[n-jvTn-X-amb krjvsn-ssh-`-h-øns A p-x-\n-z i\amwv {[ph- -c-sn. t_m[-iq-\y-amb {]Ir-Xn- bmwv Pohn-Isf krjvsn- p- Xpw Xnc-s -Sp- p- Xpw F ]cnwmahm-zn-i-fpss {]Ir-Xn-\n [m-c-w-kn- m- sø {[ph- -csn {]txy-i-x-iƒ ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øp- p. {]IrXn imkv{x- - m a\- n-em- nb imco-cni ]cn-wm-a- Øns hn m-\-ßƒ {[ph- c-sn-bp-ssbpw (Polar Bear) DØ-c- {[phipdp- -t bpw (Artic Fox) Imcy-Øn \-ap-s m v ]cn-tim- [n p t\m mw. {[ph- -c-sn-bpss BIr-Xn, Xhn p \nd-ønepw Idp v \nd-ønepw ImW-s -Sp Ic-Sn-bn \n pw hn`n- -am-wv. {[ph- -c-sn-bpss ]n Im-ep-Iƒ ap Im-ep-I-sf- mƒ \of-ap- -Xm- Wv. AXp-sIm v AXn\v Ccsb ]nsn- m th n thk-øn-tem- Sm Ign-bpw. AtX kabw AXns Zo L-amb IgpØv \o m ] nb hg- -ap Hcp LS\ \ Ip-Ibpw snøp- p. a p Ic-Sn-Ifpw \o m-dp- v. ]t {[ph- -c-sn-iƒ v, Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X thk-øn \o m km[n- pw. Ahbv v IqSp-X Zqcw Xm m\pw km[y-am-hpw. DØ-c-{[p-h-Ønse ]cn-xx-ÿn-xnbn Ah-bpsS \ne-\n n\v CØcw imco-cni KpW-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ap- v. {[ph- -c-sn v GI-tZiw 800 In.{Kmw `mchpw 3 ao \of-hp-ap- m-hpw. AXns ico-c-øns hen w XWp- n-s\-xn-sc-bp Hcp c bpw AtXm-sSm w Cc txsp-hm\pw Ccsb sim m-\pap A\p-Iqe LS-Ihpw IqSnbm-Wv. bmzr- n-i-sa v ]d-bs, {[ph- -c-sniƒ v ]nd- p- Ip p-ßƒ hnkva-b-i-camwhn[w sndpxm-wv. AXns Xq w 500 {Kmw am{x-am-wv. a\pjy iniphns `mc-ønse sndnb Hcwiw am{xw. AXns IdpØ sxmen shfpø tcma-øn Bhr-X-ambn-cn- pw. Aßs\ h jw apgph {]IrXn AXns bym \ndw Hfn- n- p- p. th\-en Hcp a h Æ- -I -bn-te v A ]-Im-e-tØ v amdpw. Dcp- Ip a- ns \nd-hp-ambn AXn\v \ kmayx ssih-cp- p. {[ph- -c-sn-bpss CS-Xq tcma hpw Akm-[m-c-W-amb coxn-bnep sxmen- n-s-bnse simgp pw AXns Bhm-k-ÿ-esØ achn- n- p XWp- n \n pw c \ Ip p. {[ph- -c-sn-bpss Cu simgp v hfsc {][m-\-s - - Xm-Wv. ImcWw {[ph- -csn \o ptºmƒ AXns CS-Xq tcma- Øn XWp- ns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n- m hmbp-hn\v \n m km[y-a-. tcmaw DW-ßn-bm shfpø tcmaw kqcy-\n \n p NqSv kzoi-cn v AXv IcSn-bpsS ico-c-øn-te v {]Xn- ^en n p- p. tcma-øns D v s]m -bm-wv. AXpsIm v kqcy- \n \n pw hcp Aƒ{Sm-h-be v civan-iƒ tcma-øn-eqss IS v hcn-ibpw Ic-Sn-bpsS IdpØ sxmen AXv BKn-cWw snøp- Ibpw snøp- p. {[ph- -csn-bpss as mcp {]txy-ix AXns Im ]m-z-ßfpss Akm-[m-cW hen- -am-wv. AXv hfsc ]c- -Xm-Wv. Iq Ø \J-ß-fp-ap- v. Cc-Isf ISn p Iodm\pw sfkn ]nspøw In p- -Xn\pw th n-bmwv CXv D]- tbm-kn- p- -Xv. AXns D w Imepw ico-c-sø-t]mse sh fpø tcma-øm Bhr-X-am-Wv. 319 11

kxyzqx CXv AXn\v lna-{]-x-e-øn \ ]nsp-ø-øn\v klm-b-i-am-hp- Ibpw XWp- n \n v kwc- Ww \ Ip-Ibpw snøp- p. A p-x-i-c-am-bn- p- Xv {[ph- -c- Sn v Dd Hcp {]X-e-Øn \mb HmSp AtX thk-øn a neqss HmSm km[n pw F -Xm- Wv. {[ph-{]-tz-isø XWp- p-imesø Zo L-amb cm{xn-i-fn Xpd- mb Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fn FØn-t -cm {]bm-k-am-wv. AhnsS Xs ` -W-amb IS \mbv ƒ (Seals) D m-hpw. {[ph- -c-sn-bpss Akm-am-\y-amb {LmW-i- n v \µn ]d-bp-i. Ccp v AXn-s\mcp {]iv\ta A. 20 Intem-ao- AIse sh v t]mepw IS \mb-bpss amwktam, Agp-Inb amwktam AXn\v Xncn- -dn-bm-\mhpw F mwv {]IrXn imkv{x- - m ]d-bp- -Xv. AXns ImgvN-i- nbpw {LmW-i- n v tn Xv Xs! at Xv Ic-Sn-I-tf- mfpw AXn-Xo- IvjW-am-W-Xv. ]I k-a-bøv hfsc ZqcØv \n v Xs AXn\v IS \mbv sf Is -Øm-\mhpw. IS \mbsb Is -Øn- gn- m A p-x-i-c-amb atbmss ]Xpßn Xpßn sn pw. icocw a n ]c-øn-sh v Cg- mwv AXv IS \m-bv ƒ cnsi t]mip-i. ap Im as n sh v ]n Im sim v \nc-ßnbmwv \oßp-i. Ccsb Iº-fn- n- m ]cn-k-c-øn-s\mø thjw am-dm (Camouflage) ka - \mwv {[ph- -c-sn. Nne-t m-ƒ AXns IdpØ ap pw tam bpw ]pdøv ImWm-Xn-cn- m sndnb Hcp a v Iq\ apºn D n-sim- m-bn-cn pw hcn-i. 12 As - n Xncn- -dn-bm-xn-cn- m Xs ap ]m-z-øns sh ]Øn-sIm v IdpØ aq v s]møn-bm-bn-cn pw k -cn- pi. {[ph- -csn an ka-bhpw sh -Øn-em-bn-cn- pw. Cusbmcp kml-n-cy-øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb Nne LS-I-ßƒ AXn-\p- v. sfkn\v aosx IS \mbv sf th -bmsm ]Xpßn k -cn- ptºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p Ah-bhw t\ hn-]-co-x-am-bmwv \o p-hm th n D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. \o ptºmƒ ]n Im-ep-Iƒ ] m-b-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. apt m v X m ap Im-ep-Ifpw D]-tbm- Kn- p- p. {[ph- -csnbpss Akm-[m-c-W-amb hen- -Øn\v ]pdsa as mcp {]txy-ix AXn s ap Im-ep-Iƒ N Ω-]m-fn- IƒsIm v _ n- n- p v F - Xm-Wv. lnam-hr-x-amb B niv {[ph-ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbn Pohn- m-\-\p-tbm-py-amb AXns as m-cp- {]-txy-ix IÆp- Iƒ Xpd v sh pw AS- p-]n-sn pw sh -Øn-eqsS \o m-\p Ignhm-Wv. Nne imkv{x- - m {[ph- -c-sn-bpss A\ym-Zr-i-amb Cu KpW-ßƒ hni-zo-i-cn- p- - Xn hnap-j-cm-bn-s m v Ah ]cn-wm-a-øns D ]- -am-sw v Hgp- a n efn-x-ambn ]d-bp- I-bmWv snøp- -Xv. a p {]IrXn imkv{x- - msc C mcyw Hm Ωn- n- m Ah-cpsS adp-]-sn, {[ph- -c-snsb a p Ic-Sn-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn \n pw th Xncn p \n Øp {]txy-i-x-iƒ cq]-s -Sm timsn- -W- n\v h jsa-sp-øn- p-s - m-wv. {[ph-{]-tz-isø Imem-h-ÿtbmSp CW-ßn-t -cm-\p A\p- Iq-e-\-ßƒ B n- -Xn B n v Ipdp- \pw (Artic Fox) hf-sc-sbm pw ]n n-e-. CS- Xnßn hf-cp shfpø tcmaw XWp v ImeØv AXn\v NqSv \ Ip-Ibpw ]cn-xxÿn-xn- -\ptbm-py-amb thj- -I -bn Hfn- n-cn- m klm-bn- p-ibpw sn øp- p. a p ÿe-ß-fn ImW-s - Sp Ipdp- - m-cpss snhnsb At]- n v {[ph- p-dp- s tcmam-hr-x-amb snhn-bn-eqss Ipd v NqSv am{xta \jvss -Sq. a p Ipdp- - m-cp-ambn {[ph- pdp- s\ Xmc-Xayw snøp-tºmƒ {[ph- p-dp- s apjhpw Imepw sndp-xm-wv. AXpw NqSp \jvs-s - Sm-Xn-cn- m klm-bn- p A\p- Iq-e-\-ß-fm-Wv. {[ph- -c-sn-sbt mse B niv Ipdp- -t bpw Im ]-Øn v Iotg tcmam-hr-x-am- Wv. ISpØ XWp- n \n pw c \ Im CXv DØ-a-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. Im ]m-zßƒ -Sn-bnse tcma-øns Imcy-Øn, {[ph {]tz-isø Ipdp- s ] mfn acp-`q-an-bnse Ipdp- -\m-wv. acp-`q-an-bnse Ipdp- \v tcma-øns Bhiyw ISpØ NqSn \n pw c t\sm- \m-sw v hy w. sh {[ph- p-dp s\ a n \n pw th Xn-cn- -dn-bm hnj-a-am-wv. a p ÿe-ß-fn AXns shfpø tcmaw Hcp {]Xn-Iqe LS-I-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v a v Ipd B niv kap-{z-tømsv tn Xoc-ß-fnepw Zzo]p-I-fn-ep-ap Ipdp- - m v Ahsc \ndw sim v Hfn- m a p h Æ-ßfmWv Bh-iyw. \oe-i-e 320

Xhn v \nd-amwv AhnsS ] nb \ndw. B \ndw Xs Ahn-SpsØ Ipdp- s \nd- -ambn amdn-bn-cn- p p. Pohn-I-fpsS D -h-øn {]Ir-Xn-bpsS sxc-s -Sp- ns ]s- mwv? {]m[m-\y-a ln- p Cu tnmzy-øn-te v Xs Cu {]iv\w \sω \bn- p- p. {[ph- -c-sn v B n v Imem-hÿ-bn AXn-Po-hn- m th n CØ-c-Øn-ep A\p-Iq-e-\-ßƒ B n-s -Sp- m Zi-e- - -W- n\v h j-ßƒ FSp-Øn- p-s - n AtX ka-b-øns Af-hptIm Ipdp- \pw _m[-i-am-wv. AXn ] -t`zw ]msn-. AXn- Po-h-\-Øn\v th n Xß-fpsS ico-c-øn Ahiyw th p am -ßƒ hcp-øp- -Xn\v apºmbn Ipdp- - t bpw Ic-Sn-bp-tSbpw F{X Xe-ap-d-I-fm-bn-cn pw \in- ncn- pi F tnmzyw ChnsS Db p hcp- p. {[ph-{]-tz-isø Imem-h-ÿbp-ambn s]mcp-ø-s - p-t]m-im klm-bn- p CØ-c-Øn-ep bmsxmcp A\p-Iqe KpW-ß-fp-an- msx Zi-e- - -W- n\v h jßƒ Ahbv v AXn-Po-hn- m Ign- n- p-s - n, ]ns A\p- Iq-e-\-ß-fpsS Bhiyw Xs Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp p? B n v {]tz-isø Ic-Sn-bnepw Ipdp- - \nepw hcp-ønb am -ßƒ {]IrXn \n [m-c-w-øn\v ÿnco- I-cn- m P\n-XI am -Øn-t bpw D ]-cn-h Ø-\-Øn-t bpw C{X Zo L-Im-esØ timem-l-e-ßƒ ]ns -sb- n-\m-bn-cp p? as mcp Imcyw? temi-sø-hn- -ssbpw ImW-s -Sp km[m-cw 321 2008 sk]vxw-_ Ic-Sn-I-tfbpw Ipdp- - m-scbpw B niv {]tz-i-tø v Ct mƒ X n-hn psh n-cn- s. B {]tziøv \n pw B niv Ipdp- t\bpw {[ph- -c-sn-tbbpw ]n hen- p-ibpw snømw. tnmzy-an- XmWv \njvim-kn-x-cm-hmsx Xeap-d-X-e-ap-d-I-tfmfw Ah v Cu {]Xn-Iqe Imem-h-ÿsb AXn-Pohn- m-\p Ah-k-c-ap- m- Iptam? Pohn-h -ßƒ v AXn- Po-hn- m Ignbpw F Ddt mss Ah v AXn-Po-hn- m Ign-s - n {[ph- -c-sn-bpss ]cn-wma {]{Inb A\m-h-iy-amb H mbn IW- m- -s -Sm-hp- -Xm- Wv. AXp-t]mse AXns ico-c- L-S-\-bn-ep- mb am w \nc -Iamb H mbpw IW- m- -s -Spw. \ap v Cu hnj-bsø hyxy-kvx-amb as mcp ho -WtIm-Wn-eqsS t\m mw. DØ-c-{[ph-{]-tZ-i-Øp- Xv t]mse XnI pw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb ]cn-ÿn-xnt]mepw timi-ß-fnse ssph-c-k- X{ LS-\ v axn-bmb am -ßƒ hcp-øm Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-cp- n-. kz`mh am -ßƒ v Imc-W-amhp Po\p-I-fn {Ita-W-bp- txm D ]-cn-h Ø-\m-fl-Itam Bb {]I-S-amb ]cn-h Ø-\-ßƒ k ev]n- m km[y-a-. C v B SnIv {[ph-øn ImW-s - Sp Ic-Sn pw Ipdp- -\p-ap IdpØ sxmen-bnse sh tcmaßƒ, sndnb ap Im-ep-Iƒ, henb ]n Im-ep-Iƒ, sndnb h snhn-iƒ AXn-Xo- vw-amb {LmW-i- nbpw ImgvN-i- nbpw Im ]-Øn- -Sn-bnse CS-Xq tcma-ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss am - ßƒ -\p-k-cn- p h Æ-am- - ßƒ, sxmen- p- nse AS-e-I-fmbp simgp v ]mfn-iƒ apx-emb-hsbm pw {[ph- -c-snbpw B n v Ipdp- \pw Pohn- p Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bnse Imem-hÿ-bpsS kzm[o\w sim p- mb {Iao-I-c-W-ß-f-. BIkvan-I-X-bmWv Cu am -ß-fp- m- p- -sx- n timi-ønse cmk- L-S-\-bn {]txy-i-ambpw A - am-bp-ap ]cn-h Ø-\-ßƒ XpS pw hcpøn sim ncn- - Ww. AXm-bXv ]pxnb kz`m-h-ioe-ßƒ D m ns m v ark- Øns ico-c-l-s-\-bn \m\m-hn- [-Øn-ep hyxn-bm-\-ßƒ hcp- Ønbpw BI-kvan-I-X-bpsS Ifn XpS-tc- -Xm-Wv. \nc-h[n km[y-x-i-f-n \n v DNn-X-amb H v sxc-s -Sp- m {]IrXn \n [m-c-w-øn\v AXy w aµ-k-xn-bn-ep am -ßƒ mbn ImtXm -Ww. F m timi-ønse cmk-l-s-\-bn bmzr- ni am w hcp-øn-bm tcma-øns IdpØ \ndw sh bmbn s]s v am m km[n- pw. Aßs\ shfpø I n tcmaw api-fn hcm-hp coxn-bn-em- p- Ibpw snømw. Cu am -ßƒ F p-sim v Idp- n \n pw \oe-bmbn amdp- n-. As - n Idp- n \n pw {Inwk h Æam-tbm, hb-e- n \n v ] bmtbm ISpØ a \nd-øn \n v Ip p-a-amtbm amdp- n-. Fß-s\-bmWv timi ck-x{ w B niv {[ph-ønse Imem-hÿ v tbmpn \ndw sh -bmsw v Xncn- -dn- Xv? tcma-øn- \-Sn-bnse sxmen Idp- m-bn-øs \n p Imcyw timi-c-k X{ w a\- n-em- p- -Xn ]cm-pb-s - Xv F p-sim- mwv? timi- 13

kxyzqx Øn \S Cu ]cn-h Ø-\- ßƒ sxmensb AtX-]Sn hn psim v tcma-øns \ndw am{xw am n-bxv F p-sim- mwv? Xo bmbpw "IdpØ sxmen-bnse shfpø tcma-ßƒ' Hcp \ho\ Bibw Xs! {[ph-ønse Ic- Sn-bp-tSbpw Ipdp- -t bpw Hmtcm {]txy-i-x-i-sf- p-dn pw ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn- t m. CXv IqSmsX Cu Pohn-Iƒ mbn "BI-kvan-IX' \nc-h[n a p km[y-x-ifpw kr jvsn- -s -ts- Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Pohn-I-fpsS ]cn-wm-asø kw_- n Um hn-\o-b kn m {]Imcw Hcmƒ {]Xo- nt - Xv {]IrXnbpsS sxc-s - Sp v Bcw-`n- p- -Xn\v apºmbn BI-kvan-IX h v Hcp-]mSv {]txy- I-X-I-fp hnhn-[-ß-fmb {[ph- -c-sn-i-tfbpw Ipdp- - m-tcbpw krjvsn- n-cn- -W-sa Xm-Wv. B niv taj-e-bnse t^mkn sxfn-hp-iƒ BI-kvan-I-X-bpsS krjvsn-i-fmb Nph Ic-Sn, \oe- -c-sn, Ip p-a- -csn apx-emb Ic- Sn-I-fpsS krjvsn- ns\ kw_- n km[y-x-iƒ ÿnco-i-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. ]t {[ph- -c-sn-bpss Imcy-Øn ]cn-wm-a-hmzw Cu h Æ sshhn- y-ßƒ n-s-bn D m-th a -c-øns\ ] nsbm pw ]d-bp- n-. Ah v h Wm- X _m[n- n-cn- p- p. AXn\v sh -bmtwm Idp- mtwm F v am{xw Xncn- -dn-bm- \p Ign-th-bp- q. AXn-ep-]-cnbmbn Ic-Sn-Iƒ ]e hen- - Ønepw cq]-ønepw D m-th- - Xp- v. hfsc sndnb {[ph- -c-sn- I-fpw, `oa- m-cmb {[ph- -c-sn-ifpw, AXn-`o-a- mcpw a y `mc-ap- -h-bpw, sndnb `mc-ap- -h-bpw, 14 ]d-h-bpss `mc-ap- -hbpw Xqh `mc-ap- -h-bp-ap- m-i-ww. NneXv \of-ap ap Im-ep-I-tfmSpw Ipdnb ]n Im-ep-I-tfmSpw P\n- - Ww. Nne-Xn\v Ipd ImgvNbpw ]cn-anx-amb {LmW-i- n-bp-ap- m-th- -Xp- v. F p-sim- mwv krjvsn-bpss LS-I-ßƒ, Ah GsXms Xs -bm-bmepw {[ph- {]-tzisø Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbn Htc-sbmcp km[yx am{xw k o-i-cn p sim v {]IrXn \n [m-c-wsø DZm-ko-\-ambn Ccn- m A\p-h-Zn- p- Xv? Nne {[ph- -c-sn-iƒ IS \mb-bpss amwk-tømsv XnI pw CjvS-t -tsm-sp-iqsn BI-kvan-Iambn P\n-t - -Xp- v. F{XtØm-f-sa- m AXns amwkw Hcp IjvWw Xn p- -Xn-t\- mƒ ] nwn InS v NmIp b{x CjvS t Sv IS \mb-bpss amwktøm-sp- m-bn-cn- -Ww. AXns ImgvN t]mepw awn- q-dp-i-tfmfw Hm m-\hpw O ±n-bp-ap- m- p A\p-`-h-am-bn-cn- Ww {[ph- -c- Sn- p- m-ti- Xv. Ah-bn NneXv sndnb txmxn \o mcpw Hm - m-cp-ambn Øo p F p h m AXn A p-xs -ts- -Xn-. Aß-s\-bm-sW- n Nne {]txyi taj-e-bn ]cn-wm-a-{]- {Inb cq]-s -Sp-Øn-bXv BI-kvan- IX am{x-am-sw v Um hn-\n-b {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X- - m v \sω hniz-kn- n- m-\p Ah-Im-i-ap- v. XpS v {]IrXn \n [m-c-w- Øn-s bpw A l-x-bpss AXn- Po-h-\-Øn-s bpw A\n-hmcy \nb-a-ßƒ A\m-h-iy-am-bXpw a -c-ti-jn-bn- m-ø-xp-amb {[ph- -csn h -ßsf apgp-h XpS p \o n-bn- p- m-hpw. ]ns C sø \ne-bn ImWp {[ph- -c-sn-isf Aßs\ hnsp- Ibpw snbvxn-cn- -Ww. F m A l-x-bp- Xns AXn-Po-h-\-Øm Xp-S p \o s -Sm hn[n- -s B {[ph- c-sniƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv A{]-Xy- am-bxv? \mw ChnsS N snøp- Xv DjvW-ta-Je {]tz-i-sø- pdn- -. AXn-ssi-Xy-ap B niv {[ph-{]-tz-i-sø- p-dn- m-wv. CØcw Imem-h-ÿ-I-fn Xntcm- `-hn- -s hyxykvx Xc-Øn s Nne {[ph- -c-sn-i-fpss arxi-cocw bmsxmcpw tispw ] msx t^mkn-ep-i-fmbn kwc- n- -s - n- p- v. e - -W- n\v h jßƒ v apºv D m-bn-cp ark-ßfpss arx-i-co-c-ßƒ B niv taj-e-bnse AKm-[-amb XWp- n bmsxmcp tisp-]m-sp-ifpw ] m-sxx t^mkn-ep-i-fmbn kwc- n- -s - n- p-ap v. F{X-tØm-fsa m AXns amwkw C se Poh t]mbxv t]mse ` n- m tbmky-am-b-xm-bn-cp- p. Ipd v apºv AØ-c-Øn-ep Hcp amtam-øns\ ssk_n-cn-b-bn \n pw Is -Sp- -s -Sp-I-bp mbn. Pohn-h -Øn\p ta \nch[n hyxym-k-ßƒ hcp-øp AtX bmzr- n-i-amb timi-x-e- Øn-ep hyxn-bm-\-ßƒ {[ph-{]- tz-i-ß-f- m-ø-bn-s-ß-fnepw a v Bhmk hyh-ÿ-i-fnepw {]hr- Øn- p- -Xmbn ImtW- -Xp- v. Npcp-ßnbXv AØ-c-Øn-ep GsX- n-ep-samcp t^mkn sx fnhv e`n-t - -Xm-Wv. 322

2008 sk]vxw-_ apl-ωzv Da F- v.-f. bn- -Øo-cp- -Xm-Wv. am{x-a t\mºp-im-cs A{X Xs {]Xn-^ew Abmƒ p e`n- p- -Xm-Wv. F- m t\mºv Xpd- n- -s -Sp BfpsS {]Xn-^-e- da-zm : a\p-jys\ ]cn-ip- -\m- p ]pwy-amkw ` Ww Ipd- p-tºmƒ Bflo-b-Z i-\-ßƒ v a\p-jy k -am-ip p F Xv Hcp kq^n A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Bflob q m-h-\-ønse hk- Im-e-amb da- Zm FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ A\p-{K-l-ß-tfmSpw Bin- p-i-tfmspw IqSn \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn-enXm ho pw kam-k-x-am-bn-cn- p- p. {hxm-\p-jvtm-\w, sszh-kva-c-w(-znivsd Cem-ln), Jp -B ]mcm-b-ww, Xdm-ho- -lv, Xl- p-zv, F o Bcm-[-\-Iƒ \nd Cu Bflob hk- -Im-e- Øns Bcw-`-L- -Øn dlvaøpw a y-l- -Øn akv^ndøpw (]m-]-s m-dp-xn) Ah-km-\-L- -Øn {]Xn-^-ehpw e`n p ]pwy-zn-\-cm-{x-ß-f-s-ßn-b- XmWo ]cn-ip amkw. da-zms\ kzmk-xw snøm - Hcp h jw apgph\pw kz Kw Xs Ae- -cn- p-sim- n-cn- p- psh pw B ]pwy-amkw køn-zp-»p-lq amk-ßfpss t\xm-hm-sw pw lzvdøv \_o-icnw (k) Acpƒ snøp p. {hx-a-\p-jvtn- p BfpsS {hxw Xkv_olpw (ssz-h-kvxp-xnbpw) Abm-fpsS \n{z C_m-ZØpw (ssz-hm-cm-[-\) AbmfpsS {]m \ kzoi-cn- -s - Xpw Abm-fpsS I Ω-^ew CX-c-am-k-ßsf At]- n v ix KpWo-`-hn- -s - Xpw B-sW pw Xncp-\- _n (-k) Acpƒ snøp- p. da-zm amk-øns amlm-fly-sø- p-dn v lzvdøv \_n-i-cnw (k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hcp {]`mjww lzvdøv k am-\p ^mcn-kn(-d) \nth-z\w snøp- Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv. 323 "'ia-_m amkm-h-km-\-øn lzvdøv dkqep- mln (k) Rßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p-sim v Hcp {]`m-jww \S-Øp-I-bp- m-bn. AXm-bXv A tbm P\-ßsf! a-l-xz-ta-dnb Hcp amkw \nßƒ v XWte-Ip-hm CXm kam-k-x-am-ip- p. A\p-{K-lo-X-amkam-Wn-Xv. B amk-øn Bbncw amk-sø- mƒ t{ijvt-amb Hcp cmhp- v. B amk-øn {hx-a-\pjvtn- p- Xv \nßƒ v A mlp \n - -am- n-bncn- -p p. B amk-ønse cmhp-ifn sf n- -I-ambp C_m-ZØpw \n -bn- s- - n-cn- p- p. sszhkm-ao]yw {]m]n-t Wsa Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn B amk-øn snø-s -Sp Bcm-[-\-Iƒ v km[m-cw Znh-k-ß-fn snø-s -Sp \n _- -amb Bcm-[- \-Iƒ v Xpey-amb {]Xn-^ew e`n- p- -Xm-Wv. Cu amk-øn snø-s -Sp \n _ (^ fm-b) C_m- Z-Øp-Iƒ v Fgp-]-Xn-c n {]Xn-^ew e`n- p- -Xm-Wv. AXv a-bp-ssbpw kl-\-øns bpw amk-amwv. AXp kl-xm-]-øn-s bpw klm-\q-`q-xn-bp-ssbpw amk-am-wv. AXm-bXv ]mh-s - -h-s hn-i- ns ImTn\yw Adn-bp amk-am-wv. B am-k-øn hnizm-kn-i-fpss dnkvjv h n- n- -s -Sp- p. B -amk-øn t\mº-\pjvtn BfpsS t\mºv Xpd- n- p- I-bm-sW- n AXv Abm-fpsS ]m]-s m-dp-xn pw \c-im- n-bn \n p tamn-\-øn\pw Imc-W-am- 15

kxyzqx Øn Hcp Ipdhpw D m-ip- -X-. At mƒ Rßƒ, "bm d-kq-e- mlv, Rß-fn B pw Xs C{]- Imcw t\mºv Xpd- n- m-\p Ign-hn- t m F p ]d- p. AXn p {]Xyp-Ø-c-ambn lzvdøv \_n Icnw (-k) Acpƒ snbvxp. \nß-fn Bsc- nepw Hcp Ihnƒ ]mtem Hcp Imc- tbm As - n Hcn-d v sh tam simsp- p-i-bm-sw- nepw A mlp Abmƒ v AXn- p {]Xn-^ew \ Ip- -Xm-Wv. F m GsXm-cm-ƒ t\mº-\p-jvtn- p Bƒ v hb-dp-\n-dsb (kp-`n- -am-bn) t\mºv Xpd- n- p- pthm B Bƒ v A mlp slufp siukdn \n pw Pe-]m\w snøn p- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. Aß-s\-bp- -bmƒ v kz -Øn {]th-in- p- Xv hsc Zmlap- m-bn-cn- p- -X-. B amk-øns BZy-a- y-l w ]m]-s m-dp-xnbpw Ah-km\w \c-i- Øn \n p tamn-\hpw Bbn-cn- pw. (-anivimøv) lzvdøv dkq I-cnw(-k) Acpƒ snbvx-xmbn lkvdøv A_q lpdbvd (d) \nth-z\w: "{hxm-\pjvtm-\-sam-gnsi a\p-jys Hmtcm I -ahpw Ah- p- -Xm-Wv. t\mºp-im-c v Rm -t\-cn p {]Xn-^ew \ Ip- p. (a-s m-c - -a-\p-k-cn v Ah- p {]Xn- ^ew Rm Xs -bm-wv) t\mºv ]m]-i Ω-ß-fn \n pw c -s -Sm-\p Hcp ]cn-n-bm-ip- p. \nßfn-em-sc- nepw {hx-a-\pjvtn- p-i-bm-sw- n Ie-ln- pitbm kt`y-x-c-amb hm p-iƒ ]d-bp-itbm Acp-Xv. Bsc- nepw Ak`yw ]pe-ºp-itbm iwvt p hcn-itbm BsW- n Xm t\m-º-\pjvtn- n-cn- p p F v Abmƒ ]d-b-s. GsXm-cphs Iøn-emtWm apl-ω-zns Poh-\n-cn- p- -Xv Ah-\mW! t\mº-\p-jvtn BfpsS hmbn \n p hcp K w A m-lp-hns ] IkvXq-cn-bpsS kpk- -sø- mƒ ]hn-{x-amwv. t\mº-\p-jvtn- p Bƒ c p B\-µ-ßƒ A\p-`-hn- p- p. H p t\mºv Xpd- p-tºmƒ D B\-µw. as m p {hxm-\pjvtm\w \nanøw sszhsø I p-ap- p-tºm-gp B\-µw.'' (_p-jm-cn, apkvenw) {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øns amlm-flysø pdn p lzvdøv hmkvzø alvzo akolv (A) Acpƒ snøp p. "da-zm amk-øn-emwv hnip Jp -B Cd- -s - Xv' (2:186) F hn-\-øn \n v ]cn-ip 16 da-fms alxzw a\- n-em-hp- p. Cu amkw lrz-b- {]-Im-i-Øn- p DØa-amb amk-am-sw pw AXn A[n-I-ambn Bflob Z i-\-ßƒ D- mip- -Xm-sW pw kq^n-iƒ Fgp-Xp- p. \a-kvimcw Bflm-hn p kwkvi-c-whpw t\mºv lrz-b-øn p {]Im-ihpw {]Zm\w snøp- p. Bfl-kw-kvI-c-Wsa- m tzmj-{]-h-w-amb B-flm-hns tztl- -Ifn \n p Zqc-s -Sepw lrz-b-{]-im-i-sa- m Bfl-Z i-\-øn- p IhmSw Xpd v sszhsø Im- Wp-hm km[n- pi F pamwv Dt±-iyw. "D kne-^o-ln Jp -B ' F Znhy-h-N-\w. CXnte v kqn\ \ Ip- p. {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn- p {]Xn- ^ew al-ømb XmsW- -Xn kwi-b-an-. F m hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep tcmk-ßƒ a\p-jys\ Cu A\p-{K-lsØ \jvs-s -Sp-Øp- p. F\n-t m Ωbp v. Fs buh-\-im-eøv {hxm-\p-jvtm\w Alvep ss_øns Ncy-bn s] -Xm-sW v Rm Hcp Z i-\-øn ImWp-I-bp- m-bn. Fs - p-dn v lzvdøv dkq Xncp-ta-\n(-k) k am an m Alve ss_øn, k am Alvep ss_øn s] -bm-fm-sw v Acpƒ snbvxn- p- v. k am F hm n- v c p hn[-øn-ep kam- [m-\w, crvpn p F m-w w. AXm-bXv B co- Ihpw _mlyhpw Bb c p-hn-[-øn-ep kam- [m\ ÿm]-\w. B B-ƒ (hm-kvzø ako-lv) Imcp- Wyhpw A\p-I-ºbpw aptj-\bmbn-cn- pw c p hn[- Øn-ep kam-[m\w ÿm]n- p- Xv. hmƒap-tj-\- b-. kuay-xbpw Imcp-Wyhpw hgnbmbn-cn pw F p CXn \n pw a\- n-em-ip- p. Cu Z i\w {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn-te p kqn\ \ Ip- p-sh-s - \n v txm n. Aßs\ Rm Bdp-am-k- mew XpS -bmbn t\mº-\p-jvtn- p. CXn- n-s-bn {]Imi-ß-fpsS kvxq]-ßƒ BIm-i-Øn-te v Db pt]m-hp- -Xmbn F\n v ImWp-hm km[n p. B {]Im-i-kvXq-]-ßƒ `qan-bn \n v BIm-i-Ønte v Db-cp-I-bmtWm AX Fs lrz-b-øn \n pw Db p-t]m-hp-i-bmtwm F v F\n v a\- - n-em- m km[n- n-. (a ^q-kmøv hmfyw 4, t]pv 256, 257) ""km[n- p-t -S-tØmfw A mlp \n t±-in ISa-Iƒ \n h-ln- p-hm a\p-jy _m[y-ÿ-\mwv. {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-sø- -dn v A mlp ]d-bp- Xv "h 324

2008 sk]vxw-_ A X-kq-ap-ssJ-dp e pw' (2:185) \nßƒ t\m-º- \p-jvtn- p-i-bm-sw- n AXv \nßƒ v \ -bm-sw- mwv. F n-\mwv ^nzvb \n- -bn- s]- n-cn- p- sx v Hcn- Fs lrz-b-øn txm p-i-bp- mbn. At mƒ {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn- p-f-f Ignhpw ku`m-kyhpw e`n- p- -Xn- mbn msw v Fs A -cwkw F\n v adp-]sn X p. a\p-jy p sxu- ^ojp \ Ip- -h A m-lp-hm-wv. AXp-sIm p Hmtcm-Im-cyhpw A m-lp-hn-t\m-sm-wm-h-iy-s -ts- - Xv. k -i- -\mb A mlp C n- p-i-bm-sw- n Hcp b-tcm-kn p IqSn {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øn- p i nbpw Ignhpw {]Zm\w snøp- -XmWv. ^nzvb \n -bn- n-cn- p- -Xns Dt±iyw B i n kwpm- X-am- p-i-bm-wv. CXv sszhm-\p-{klw H p-sim p am{xsa e`y-am-ip-i-bp- q. AXp-sIm p Fs A`n-{]m-b-Øn a-\p-jy A mlphnt\m-sv C{] Imcw {]m n v klmbw txts- -Xm-Wv. ""A mlpth! CXv \ns A\p-{K-lo-X-am-k-am-Wv. F m Rm B A\p-{K-lsØ Dƒs m- m km[n- msx \jvs-{]m-]vx-\m-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ASpØ h j hpw Rm Poh-t\msS Pohn- n-cn- p- m-iptam? Cu Hgn- p-t]mb t\mºp-iƒ F\n p t\m p-ho- p-hm km[n- ptam Fs -\n-s - -dnbmw?'' Cßs\ A m-lp-hn-t\msp sxu-^ojv Bh-iys -Sp-I-bm-sW- n Aß-s\-bp lrz-b-ßƒ p A mlp Xo -bmbpw sxu-^ojv \ Ipw F p F\n- p-d hnizm-k-ap- v... Cu Ah-ÿ-bn Abmƒ da-zm-\n tcmk-{k-kvx-\m-bn-øo-cp-i-bm-sw- n, Cu tcmkw Abmƒ p A m-lp-hns Imcp- Wy-Øn- p \nan-ø-am-bn-øo-cp- -Xm-Wv. ImcWw Hmtcm I Ω-Øn-s bpw \nzm\w Dt±-iy-Øn-em-Wp- -Xv. Hcp hnizm-kn, Xs sszh-h-gn-bn ss[cyim-en-bm-sw v ÿm]n-t - -Xm-Wv. t\mº-\p-jvtn- m km[n- mø BfpsS lrzbøn Rm Btcm-Ky-ap- -h-\m-bn-cp-s - n t\msº-sp- p-am-bncp p F D p-cp- -tøm-sp-iq-sn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-sw- n Ah p th n ae- p-iƒ {hx-a-\p-jvtn- p- -XmWv. Ah Hgn-I-gnhp ]d-bm-ø-h-cm-sw- n A mlp Ah-cpsS {]Xn-^ew \jvs-s -Sp-ØmsX Ah v \ Ip- -Xm-Wv. hfsc kq vahpw teme hpw Bb Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. Hcmƒ p Abm-fpsS a\- ns Bekyw ImcWw t\mºp `mc-am-bn-tøm- p- 325 Ibpw Xm t\mº-\p-jvtn- p-i-bm-sw- n Hcp t\csø ` Ww Dt]- n- p-i-bm-sw- n C bn tcmk-ßƒ ]nsn-s]-sp- -Xm-sW p i n- p- Ibpw Aßs\ t\mºv Dt]- n- p-ibpw snøp-ibm-sw- n Abmƒ A m-lp-hns A\p-{K-lsØ kz w Ic- -ßƒ sim p X n-am- p-i-bmwp snøp- Xv. Abmƒ v A m-lp-hn \n v Fß-s\bmWv {]Xn-^-e-Øn- l-\m-bn-øo-cp-hm km[n- p-i. F m GsXm-cm-fpsS lrzbw da-zm amk-øns BK-a-\-Øm B\µw A\p-`-hn- p-ibpw da-zm hcn-ibpw t\mº-\p-jvtn- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn- mbn {]Xo- n- n-cn- p-ibpw F m X -k-a-bøv tcmkw h v t\msº-sp- m km[n- mø \n - n-xm-hÿ hcp-ibpam-sw- n D]-cn-tem-IØv Abmƒ t\mº-\p-jvtn- -h-cpss Iq -Øn s]-sp- -Xm- Wv. A mlp a\p-jy-lr-z-b-øn IpSn-sIm- p kxy-x-tbbpw Bflm -amb -D-t±-iy-sØbpw BWv ho n- p- -Xv. Ahs lrz-b-øn thz\ hnßn-s m- p- p-sh v A m-lp-hn- -dn-bmw. Aß-s\- bp Bƒ p A mlp A[n-I-amb {]Xn-^-ehpw ]pwyhpw \ Ip- -Xm-Wv. ImcWw lrz-b-th-z- \bpw D p-cp- hpw hne-axn mø H m-wv. F m Hgn-I-gnhp a\-ÿnxnbp Bƒ ]e hymjym-\-ß-fnepw A`bw txsp- p. A m-lp-hns ] Cu A`bw H p-a-. AXn-s mcp bmym yhpw C Xs. Rm Bdp amkw XpS bmbn t\mº-\p-jvtn- -t mƒ Hcn- \_n-am-cpss Hcp Iq w Bfl-Z i-\-øn h v Ft msp \nßsf- n-\mwv \nß-fpss Bflm-hn p C{X-b-[nIw hnjaw simsp- p- -Xv. CXn \n pw ]pdøp IS- pi F p ]d- p. CtX {]Imcw Hcp a\p-jy A m-lp-hn- p-th n kzbw IjvS-Ønepw {]bm-k- Ønepw s]sp-øp-i-bm-sw- n Ah kvt\lap amxm-]n-xm- -sf-t mse Abm-tfmSp IcpW ImWn- p-sim v \o F n-\n-ßs\ Ijvv-S-s -Sp p F p ]d-bp- p. F m CØcw {]bm-k-ß-fn \n pw Hgn-I-gnhp ]d p c -s -Sp-hm {ian- p- -hsc A mlp a p-hn-[-øn-ep- {]bm-k-ßfn s]-sp-øp- -Xm-Wv. Ah-bn \n p ]pd-øp-hcm Abmƒ p km[n- p- -X-. F m kzbw {]bm- -k-ß-fn s]sp- -hsc A mlp Xs kwc- n- p- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm p Xs \^vkn-t\msp A\p-Iº ImWn- msx A m-lp-hns A\p-I-º v 17

kxyzqx ]m{x-am-im {ian- p-i. ImcWw Xs \^v-knt\msp A\p-Iº ImWn- p- Xv AXn p \c-i-ambn-cn- pw. A m-lp-hn \n p A\p-Iº kz hpw. lzvdøv C{_mlnw (A)s kw`hw Xs t\m p-i. A n-bn kzbw {]th-in- p-hm Xøm-dm-Ip- -hsc A mlp A n-bn \n v c s -Sp-Øp- p. A n-bn \n pw kzbw c -s -Sm B{K-ln- p- -h A n-bn CS-s -Sp- -Xm-Wv. CXn- mwp Ckvemw F p ]d-b-s -Sp- -Xv. A m-lphns hgn-bn F v Xs h p-`-hn- p-i-bm-sw- nepw AXns\ \ntj-[n- -cp-xv. lzvdøv dkq Icnw (k) Xncp-ta\n Xs kzbw kwc- - mbn ]msps] n-cp- p-sh- n, AXn-s\- p-dn v Nn- n- psim- n-cp- p-sh- n ""A mlp \ns P\-ß-fn \n pw kwc- n- p- -Xm-sW- '(5:68) Xncp-h-N\w Cd-ßp-am-bn-cp- n-. A m-lp-hns kwc- W clkyw CXn-em-WS-ßn-bn-cn- p- Xv (a ^q-kmøv hmfyw 4. t]pv 256, 260). lzvdøv akolv aduzv (A) Acpƒ snøp p. Ipd ` -Whpw hni p kl-\hpw lrz-b-]-cnip- n v hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn-\m Znhy-Z -i- \-i n h n- p- p. a\p-jy shdpw Blmcw sim p-am{xw Pohn- p- n-. imiz-xhpw \nc- chpw Bb Pohn-X-sØ- p-dn- p Nn Xosc Dt]- n- p- Xv Xß-fpsS ta sszhim]w Cd-ßp- - Xn- p \nan-ø-am-bn-øo-cp- -Xm-Wv. F m {hxm- \pjvtm\w sim v shdpw hni ncn p-i-bm-wp-t±i-sa v t\mº-\p-jvtn- p Bƒ Icp-X-cp-Xv. adn v sszh-kva-cw (ZnIvsd Cem-ln)-bn apgp-in-bn-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. lzvdøv \_n-icnw (k) ]cn-ip da-zm- \n Hcp]mSv sszhm-cm-[-\iƒ snøm-dp- m-bn-cp- p. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn ` -W-]m-\o-b-ß-fn \n v {i Xncn- p-sim v A -mlp-hn- -te- p ka -W- Øn ebn- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. `uxn-i-amb Blm cw e`n a\p-jy Bflo-bm-lm-c-sØ- p-dn v A{i ImWn- p- Xv Zu `m-ky-am-wv. `uxn-im-lmcw sim p ico-c-øn v i n e`n- p- -Xp-t]mse Bflo-bm-lmcw Bflm-hn p i n ]I p simsp- p- p. A-Xns ^e-ambn Bflo-b-i n Xo{hX {]m]n- p- p. AXv sim p A m-lp-hn- \n pw hnpbw Ic-ÿ-am- m {ian- p-i. F m Ihm-Sßfpw Ahs sxu^ojv Ds -n am{xsa Xpd- -s -Sp-I-bp- q. (_-Z 18-1- 1907) 18 bm{xbn {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-sø- p-dn- p Iev]- \-sb- m-sw v lzvdøv hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)-t\msv tnmzn- -s - -t mƒ C{]-Imcw Acpƒ snbvxp: "hnip Jp -B-\n \n pw a\- n-em-ip- Xv tcmknbpw bm{xn-i\pw CXc Znh-k-ß-fn t\m- ºns FÆw ]q Øn-bm- s F m-wv. (bm-{xbnepw tcmkn-bmb ÿnxn-bn-epw) t\msº-sp- m km[n- p- -h t\msº-sp- s Ft m km[n- m- Ø-h t\msºsp m-xn-cn mxn-cn- s Ft m A mlp- ChnsS ]d-bp- n-. Fs A`n-{]m-b-Øn bm{xn-i p t\mº-\p-jvtn-t - p Bh-iy-an-s - mwv? as m-c-h-k-c-øn l: akolv auduzv (A) C{]- Imcw Acp-ƒ snbvxp. ""bm{x-bn hfsc {]bm-ks p t\mº-\p-jvtn- p- -bmƒ Xs _ew ImWn p A m-lp-hns\ Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Øm t\m p-i-bm-wv. Xs A\p-k-c-W-`mhw sim v Ahs\ Xr]vXn-s - Sp-Øm-\ B{K-ln- p- -Xv. CXp sx m-wv. A m-lphns hn[n-hn-e- p-isf A\p-k-cn- p- -Xn-emWv bym Cuam \ne-sim- p- -Xv. (a ^-qkmøv 1:293). t\mºns Iev]-\-I-sfbpw hn[n-hn-e- p-isfbpw ] n "l -a -A-Z-e ' (\ym-b-ÿ-\mb hn[n I Ømhv) Bbn Ah-Xo Æcmb lzvdøv hmkvzø alvzn-a-kolv (A) snbvx Nne "^Xvh'Iƒ NphsS tn p- p. "'hnip Jp -B A\p-h-Zn- p-x Cf-hp-Isf {]tbm-p-\s -Sp-tØ- Xv "XJvh'bn s] -Im-cy-am- Wv. A mlp bm{x- m pw tcmkn-iƒ pw thsd Znh-k-ß-fn t\mº-\p-jvtn- m-\p A\p-hm-Zhpw Ah-[nbpw X n-cn- p- -Xns\ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-tØ- -Xm-Wv. bm{x-bntem tcmkm-h-ÿ-bntem t\mº-\pjvtn- pi ]m]-i Ω-am-bn-cn- p-sa v ]e alm-flm- -fpw ]d ncp- -Xm-bn-s -\n v hmbn- p-hm km[n- n-cn- p- p. ImcWw {hxm-\p-jvtm-\-øns D±iyw Xs A m-lp-hns {]oxnbpw Xr]vXnbpw e`n- pi F -Xm-Wv. sszh-øns {]oxnbpw Xr]vXnbpw e`n- p-hm-\p am w kz w CjvS-a- \p-k-cn v Ahs Iev-]-\-Iƒ v hni-zo-i-c-whpw hymjym-\hpw simsp- p- Xv icn-b-. (a ^qkmøv hmeyw"t]pv 72, 73) (tijw 21 ) 326

- 2008 sk]vxw-_ tum. Fkv.-Fw. hmkvzø akoln(a)s cq]-em-hwyw hm-kvzø akolv lzvdøv AlvaZv (A)s _mly-cq-]hpw ico-c-h Æ-\-bp-amWv te-j-i hnh-cn- p- Xv ]pcpj kuµ-cy-øns DØ-tam-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-cp p hmkvzø akolv (A). _mly kuµ-cy-tøm-ssm w At±-l-Øns apjm-c-hn-µ- Øn kv^pcn- ncp Bflo-b-{]-Imiw Bcmepw {i n- -s -Sp-am-bncp- p. At±-l-Øns A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb BImc kujvs-hhpw sszhn- I-amb hc-zm\w Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. AXv At±-l-tØm-Sn-S-]-g-Ip- -h v At±-l-tØmSv BI jww txm p- -Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo p. At±l-Øns Xncp-apJw kzm -{]-k- hpw hn\-bm-\zn-x-hp-am-bn-cp- p. Hcn- epwxs hntzz-j-øn-s tbm `b-øn-s tbm Al- m-c-øn-s tbm em -\-t]mepw AhnsS Zriy-am-bncp n-. Hcn- tnmem kmln_v ImWm th n hmkvzø akolpw in-jy- mcpw tzcm _m_m \m\m v kµ in- p-i-bp- m-bn. Ah Hcp ac-øw-en ]mb hncn v AXn-en-cp v hn{i-an- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. hmkvzø akolv h n- p-s dn Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Np pw IqSp-Ibpw hmkvzø ako-lm-sw [mc-w-bn kønzv apl- ΩZv Alvk kmln-_ns ssi]n-sn v A`n-hm-Zyw snøm XpS-ßp- Ibpw snbvxp. auehn kmln_v hmkvzø ako-lns\ Nq n- m-wn v Imcyw hy -am- n-s m-sp-ø-t m-gmwv Ah v a\- n-em-b-xv. A{X efn-xhpw hn\o-x-hp-am-bn-cp p At±-l-Øns `mhhpw hkv{x-[m-c- Whpw. icocw, Dbcw hmkvzø akolv (A) Aan-X-h-Æ-ap- -bmtfm Xosc saen hy ntbm Bbn-cp- n-. HØ ico-chpw icm-icn Db-c-hp-am-bn-cp- p. At-±-l-Øns IrXy-amb Dbcw tcj-s -Sp-Ø-s - n- n-s - nepw A Sn F n v Db-c-ap- m-bn-cp- p F v Icp-X-s -Sp- p. hnim-e-amb It]me-ßfpw hncn s\ pw At±-l-Øns Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw At±l-Øn\v BtcmKyw ]I p. k p-en-xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep- -Xm-bn-cp p At±- 327 -Øns ico-cw. A[nIw hb-dp- m-bn-cp- n-. c p-im-ep-ifpw ka-h-en- -am-bn-cp- p. Npcp- - Øn, GsX- nepw hn[-øn-ep \yq\xifn \n v Xo Øpw ap -am-bn-cp p At±-l-Øns ico-cw. sxmen IqSp-X arzpthm ]cp-]-cp-øtxm Bbn-cp- n-. Ah-km\ \mfp-iƒ hsc B ap- JØv Hcp-hn[ Npfn-hp-Itfm hc- Itfm {]Xy- -s - n-cp- n-. XWp v Ime-ß-fn Imens as- ºn hn ep-iƒ D m-im-dp- mbn-cp- p. {Kojva-Im-eØpw ssixy-im-eøpw NpSp-h-kv{Xßƒ D]tbm-Kn mdp- m-bn-cps nepw Hcn- epw hnb Øn-cp- n-. IgpØv icm-icn \ofhpw hæ-hp-ap- -Xm-bn-cp p At±-l-Øns Igp-Øv, At±-l-Øns bp-am-\- s, apl-ωzv \_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\nbpsS Ncy-Isf I i-\-ambn A- t±lw ]men- n-cp- p. AXns {]Xn-^-e\w At±-l-Øns 19

kxyzqx _mly-cq-]-ønepw ImWm-am-bn-cp p. BtcmKy ]cn-]m-e\w apsn-sh-, ssaem- n-bn-s, ] p hrøn-bm-, apsn-bn FÆbn-S, kpk- -{Z-hy-ßƒ D]-tbmKn, apsn NoIn-sbm-Xp- F o Imcy-ß-fn, hfsc Nn ]men- n-cp- p. Ah-sb mw \_n(-k) Xncp-ta- \n-bpss Ncy-b-\p-k-cn v am{xw snøp Imcy-Øn A-Xoh {i mep-hm-bn-cp p At±-lw. {]Ir-Xhpw apj-`m-hhpw shfpø ico-c-{]-ir-x-am-bn-cp p At±-l-Øn-t -Xv. apjøv ` nbpss Inc-W-ßƒ kzm Zriy-am-bn-cp- p. ZpxJm-h-k-c-Øn epw kt mjm-h-ÿ-bnepw AXn\v am -ap- m-bn-cp- n-. Nne kµ `-ß-fn apjw kph Æ-\n-d-Øn tim`n- p-am-bn-cp- p. ]p n-cnbpw \njvi-f- -Xbpw B apj-øns ÿmbn-bmb `mhß-fm-bn-cp- p. am\-kn-im-hÿ F p Xs -bm-bn-cp- mepw apjw F- t mgpw {]k- -am-bn-cn- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn v Bfp-I-ƒ A pxw {]I-Sn- n- p-am-bn-cp- p. CØcw `mhw Hcn- epw Hcp hymp hy n v {]I- Sn- n- m km[y-a-. kxy-øns {]Imiw Zp hr-øs apjøv Zriy-am-hn Xs. _mly-cq-]-øn-eqss Bflob kuµcyw {]I-S-amb c v kw`-hßƒ ChnsS hnh-cn- p- Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn- p-sa p Icp-Xp- p. 1. ]mxncn BY-ans\ kw_- n {]h-n-\-hp-ambn _ -s - -Xm- Wv. {]h-n-\-øns Imem-h[n Xocm-dm-b-t mƒ ]e Alv azn-i-fp-ssbpw apjw hnf-dnbpw hnj-æ-ambpw ImW-s - p. ]ecpw Adn-hn- msx BYans ac-w-sø- p-dn v FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv sh p-hn-fn-iƒ Db Øn-bncp- p. C m-`w-khpw \ncm-ibpw Zriy-am-bn. apgp-h t]cpw \mw-t - Sn-em- -cptx F v A m-lp-hn-t\msv Ic v ZpB sn-øp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ]t sszh-i ]n-x\pw ss[cy-im-en-bp-am-bn-cp B hy n ]cn-]q Æ-amb Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsS hosn\p ]pdøv h p. Xs A\p-N-c-hr-µ-tØmSv ] n-bn Hcp-an p Iq-Sm ]d p. ] n-bn k n-ln-x-cm-b-h apgp-h Atß-b w ]cn-{`m- -cm-bn-cp- p. F m lpkq Xncp-a-\ v {]h-n\w ]pe n-cn- p-sh pw A mlp kxymhÿ A-t±-l-Øn\v Adn-bn- p-sim-sp-øn-cn- p- p-sh pw Ahsc Adnbn- p. B {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-b-t m-gp At±-l-Øns apj-`mhw I t{imxm- ƒ AXv ]q W-ambpw AwKo-I-cn- p. AXv ]q Æ-ambpw hmkvx-h-am-sw v Ah v t_m[y-am-bn. AhnsS IqSn-b-h ZpxJn-Xcm-bn-cp- p-sh- nepw lpkq Xncp-a-\ v A ]w t]mepw Akz-ÿ- \m-imsx kpkvta-c-h-z-\-\mbn kwkm-cn- psim n-cp- p. A mlp BYans apgp-h Imcy-ßfpw hmkvzø ako-lns ssibn G n- ncn- p -Xmbn Ah v txm n. APø-\mb t]mcmfn Iogvs -Sp-Øs Xs FXn-cm-fn v Imcp-Wy-Øn-t bpw Zb-bp-sSbpw t]cn am psim-sp- p- -Xp-t]mse BY-ans \n -lm-b-h-ÿbpw Ffn-abpw I v 20 lpkq At±-l-Øn\v am v \ In-b-Xmbn Ah v A\p-`-hs - p. 2. tejvdm-an-s\- p-dn- p {]h-n\w ]pe kµ `w. FXncm-fn-Iƒ apgp-h B Ip w lzvdøv AlvaZn(-A)s ta Btcm-]n- p-i-bp- m-bn. Ah At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn t]meokn Hcp s] o-j Fgp-Xn-s m- Sp-Øp. XpS v t]meokv kq{]- ns t\xr-xz-øn ho n hni-z-amb sdbvuv \S- p. Aßs\ At±-l-Øns \nc-]-cm- [nxzw tem-i v hy -am-bn. At±-l-Øns apjøv At mgpw kzm ImW-s -Sm-dp ]p ncnbpw kz ob kuµ-cyhpw Zriya-m-bn-cp- p. kwibw txm nb-xn-\m Nne IØp-I-ƒ I psi- p-i-bp- m-bn. ]t At msgm pw Xs `b-øns t\cnb em \ t]mepw apjøv {]I-S-ambn-cp- n-. Ft mgpw ImW-s -Smdp ]p n-cnbpw \njvi-f- - Xbpw Xs -bm-bn-cp p B apjøv At m-gpw. hosn\p ]pdøv ImØp- \n p- -h-cpss apjøv hnhn[ `mh-ßƒ an n ad-bp- p- mbn-cp- p. t]meokptzym-k-ÿ-cpss hchpw t]m pw I Ah ]- cn-{`m- -Nn-Ø-cm-bn-cp- p. AIØv F mwv kw`-hn- p- -sx- -dn-bm- Ø-Xnepw lpkq Xncp-a-\- ns Ah-ÿ-sb- m-sw- -dn-bm-\p DXvI-WvTbpw ImcWw Ah XnI pw hnh-i-cm-bn-cp- p. ]t At±-l-Øns apjøv ImW-s ]p- ncn Z in- p B pw Xs {]h-n-\-øns ]pe -sb- p-dn pw At±-l-Øns \nc-]-cm- [n-xzsø Ipdn pw t_m[yw 328

hcpw. At±l-Øns Np p-iƒ IqSp-X XSn- txm A[nIw t\ ØtXm Bbn-cp- n-. an hmdpw Np p-iƒ ]q n-sh Ahÿ-bn-emWv ImW-s - n-cp- -Xv. hm -Iym-h-ÿ-bn At±l-Øns Nne ] p-iƒ v bw kw`-hn- n- p- m-bn-cp- p. Nnet m ITn-\amb thz-\bpw AXp-aqew A\p-`-hn-t n h n- p- v. AXv \mhns\ _m[n- p-sa- m-b-t mƒ {Snw snbvxn- p- m-bncp- p. ]t Hcp ] p t]mepw FSpØp amt n h n- n-. Ft mgpw ankv hm v D]-tbm-Kn- mwv ] v hrøn-bm- m-dp- m-bncp -Xv. At±-l-Øns \mkni at\ml-c-am-bn-cp- p. \o Xpw hf-hn- m-øxpw \b-\m-\-µ-i-c-hp-am-bncp p AXv. snhn-iƒ v HØ hen- -am-bn-cp- p. api-f w hoxn- Iq-Snbpw Xmsg hsc Ip-d- p-ancp- p. tiƒhn v A ]w t]mepw Ipdhv kw`-hn- n-cp- n-. Ihn-fp- Iƒ kpµ-chpw ka-xp-en-x-hp-ambn-cp- p. Xe, s\ n-øsw hoxn-bp s\ n-ø-s-am-bn-cp- p. ]c- Xpw hnim-e-hp-am-bncp p AXv. D -X-amb ]Iz-XbpsS {]Xn-^-e\w AhnsS Zriyam-bn-cp- p. inckv hepxpw `wknbp- -Xp-am-bn-cp- p. [nj-wm-hnemkw {]Xn-^-en- p-amdv At±-l- Øns sn n-iƒ hoxn-tb-dn-b- Xm-bn-cp- p. apsn Xe-apSn arxp-hm-bn-cp- p. t\ ØXpw Xnf- -am Xpw ssaem- n-bn v \ndw ]nsn- n- -Xp-am- 329 bn-cp- p. AXv Igp-Øp-hsc \o p-in-s- n-cp- p. Hcn- t]mepw Xe-ap-fi\w snøp-i-bp- m-bn- n-. FÆtbm ssaem- ntbm Xebn ]pc- m-dp- m-bn-cp- p. XmSn C-S-Xq Xpw I\-Ø-Xp-am-bncp p A-t±-l-Øns XmSn. ]et mgpw AXn ssaem n CSmdp- m-bn-cp- p. ÿnc-ambn FÆ tx v an\p- m-dp- m-bn-cp- p. apj- Øns c p-`m-khpw Iogv`m-Khpw XmSn-bm ad- n-cp- p. ImWm at\m-l-c-am-bn-cp p AXv. ssaem- n-bn-s a y-h-b-kvi-\m-bn-cns At±lw ssaem- nbpw ssubpw D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- p. ]t ]n meøv A\m-tcmKyw ImcWw XmSnbnepw apsn-bnepw ssaem n am{xsa D]-tbm-Kn- m-dp- m-bn-cp- p. Cw ojv slb ssu Ipd- pimew D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- p. ]n osv -ao lm-anzv jm km-ln_v Hcp Xcw Ir{Xna ssu At±-l- Øn\v kωm-\n- p-i-bp- m-bn. AXv D]tbmKn- -Xn\ptijw XmSn Idp-Øp-sh- nepw ssa-em n CSm- \mwv A-t±lw CjvS-s - -Xv. hnti-jn pw sh n-bmgvn Znh-kß-fn. At±-l-Øns aoi-tcma-ßfpw I n-bp- Xpw Xnf- -ap- - Xp-am-bn-cp- p. amdn-s-øn tcma-ap- m-bn-cp-s - nepw ]pdøv D mbn-cp- n-. Imen Aev]w tcmaw D m-bn-cp- p. AXv t\ ØXpw \ofw Ipd- -Xp-am-bn-cp- p. AXpt]mseØs ssibnse tcmaßfpw t\ ØXpw \ofw Ipd- - Xp-am-bn-cp- p. hnhn[ ax-tc-j-i-fn ]cma in- -s - Xpw ]e-xcw AS-bm- 2008 sk]vxw-_ f-ß-fm th Xn-cn- -dn-tb- -Xpamb hmkvzø ako-lns cq]- em-h-wyhpw BIm-c-ku-jvShhpw hfsc ]T-\m l-hpw {] [m-\-hp-am-wv. (18- \n v XpS ) Xosc t\mº-\p-jvtn- m Ign-bmØ Hcmƒ AXn p ]I-cambn km[p- ƒ v ` Ww simsp- p-itbm As - n B ` -W-Øn- p-]-icw AXns XpI JmZn-bm-\n-te v Ab- p- Itbm F mwv th Xv? F p tnmzn- -Xn v Xs \m nse Hcp Zcn-{Z p Blmcw simsp- p- Itbm As - n JmZn-bm-\n-te v Ab- p-i-tbm snøm-sa v adp- ]Sn D m-bn. t\mº-\p-jvtn- p Bƒ v IÆmSn t\m m ]msp- v. Xe-bn FÆ tx m-hp- - Xp-am-Wv. kpdpa CSp-hmt\m IÆn acp p C n- p-hmt\m ]mspt m F p tnmzn- -t mƒ tnmzyw D hn- p- n-. Akp-Jap Bƒ v t\mºv t\m phm Iev]-\-bn F p lqkq (A) Acqƒ snøp-i-bp- m-bn. IÆn kpdpa CSp- Xv aivdqlv (sn-bvxm Ip -an snøp- Xv Bim-ky-a- mø {]hr-øn) BsW p ]d- p. ]I-en kpdpa CtS \n _- -sa- mwv cm{xn CSm-at m F pw Nq n- m- n. t\mº-\p-jvtn Bƒ Fs - nepw hmk\n- n- p- Xv hntcm- [n- -s - -X-. (a ^q-kmøv hmeyw 9. `mkw 171, 172) d-a-zm amk-øn kab \n -b-an- msx ho n- -IØv (tijw 40 ) 21

kxyzqx apl-ωzv Aøq_v `q `qan-bn Xulo-Zns kwÿm-]-\-øn\pw {]tlm-j-w-øn-\p-ambn \ntbm-kn- -s -Sp- -h-cmwv {]hm-n-i- m sszh-øns Xncp-Zq-X- m `qan-bn XpS-ßn-sh Znhy-]- -Xn-I-fpsSbpw {]h Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]q Øo-I-c-W-amWv Ah-cpsS ]n p-s -bn hcp Jeo-^-am-cp-sS I Ø-hy-ßƒ. AXn-\m Ah s -Xn-cn cwk-øp-h-cp GXp i n-iƒ pw ]n n ]nim-nns CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv {]tnm-z-\-am-bn- Øo-cp- Xv. AYhm Jeo-^-bpsS {]`m-h-i- n-bn kpzr-v-hn-izm-kan- m-ø-h Jnem-^Øv hyh-ÿn-xnsb k m-fl\m AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xn\v ]I-cw, ktµ-l-øns a -Z -W-Øn-eqsS Imcy-ßsf ho n- p- p. sszhw kphm Ø \ Inb hnp-b-hm-kvzm-\-ßƒ k^e-am-ip- -Xn-\v, A\n-hm-cy-ambpw sntø I Ω-ßsf kw_- n v lkvdøv aqkm-\_n Xs P\sØ DW Øn-b-t mƒ Hgn-I-gnhv ImWn- p-ibpw AXp-t]mse \nc- cw kwi-b-ß-fp- -bn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Ibpw snbvxn-cp PqX-kz-`mhw hnip- -Jp -B A\m-h-cWw snøp- p- v. AXp-aqew Ah p- mb \jvs-sø- p-dn v Pm{K-X-s -Sp-Øns m v hy -amb KpW-]mTw \ Ip-I-bmWv hnip Jp -B. Jnem-^-Øn\v ]n n Znhy-lkvXw {]hm-n-i- m-cpss Bflob {]mxn-\n-[y-øn \ntbm-kn- -s -Sp Jeo-^-am v ]n n {]h Øn- p- Xv Znhy-l-kvX-am-Ip- p. X nanøw Jnem-^-Øn-t\mSv \ncp-]m-[niw Iqdp ]pe Øn-s m v A\pk-c-W-_- -cmbn \ne-sim- p- -h Znhym-\p-{K-l-ßƒ v ]m{xo-`q-xcm-bn-øo-cp- p. lkvdøv apl-ωzv apkvx-^(-k)-bpss hntbm-k-sø- Øp-S v AXy w DXvI-WvTm-P-\-Ihpw k o Æ-hp-amb Ahÿ kwpm-x-ambt mƒ, {]Y-a-ZrjvSym hnjaw ]nsn Hcp Xocp-am\w \S- 22 Jnem-^Øv \ntj-[n-i-fpss cwk-{]-th-ihpw ]cy-h-km-\hpw Jeo^-bpsS ÿm\sø ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øm\pw Pam-AØn Ipg- -ap- m- m\pw {ian- -hsc A mlp ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- Øp-I-bmWv snbvx-xv. Al-va-Znøm Pam-A- Øn Jnem-^-Øns XpS- -Øn-ep- mb Im cy-ßsf n tej-i hnh-cn- p- p. n h-cp-øp-i-bmwv lkvdøv A_q-_- (-d) snbvx-xv. Dkm-abpsS t\xr-xz-øn-ep Hcp ssk\ysø kndn-b-bn-te v Ab- pi F Xv \_n Xncp-ta\n (k) Xs ac-w-øn\p apsº-sb-spø Hcp Xocp-am-\-am-bn-cp p. F m kml-n-cy-ß-fmsi amdp-i-bp- m bn. dkq-ep- m-bpss th ]msns BLm-X-Øn Ht -sd-t] ax-\ncm-k-øns am w kzoi-cn- p. ITn-\-amb ZpxJ-`m-c-Øm Ignbp tijn- p apkvenw-iƒ Hcp bp -Øn-\p a\x-km- n yw ssih-cn- n- n- m-ø-h-cp-am-bncp- p. am{x-a bp -\n-]p-w-cmb klm-_m- ƒ Dkm-a-bpsS t\xr- Xz-Øn-ep ssk\y-tøm-ssm w kndn-b-bn-te v t]mhp-i-bm-sw- n X w ]m Øn-cn p i{xp- ƒ azo-\sb B{I-an- psa pw azo-\-bn-ep kv{xoi-fp ssbpw Ip n-i-fpssbpw Ahÿ B]-Xv -c-am-ipsa pw klm-_nh-cymnmcy ]ecpw lzvdøv 330

2008 sk]vxw-_ A_q-_- (d)s {i -bn s Sp-Øn-bn pw \_n (k) Xncp-ta\n FSpØ Xocp-am\w \S- n-em- p- -Xn Ct±lw H pw Aam w ImWn- n. At±lw {]Jym-]n p ""\nßfm-cp-an-s - nepw A_p-_- -dns icocw azo-\-bpss sxcp-ho-yn-i-fn-eqss h\yark-ßƒ ISn- viodn hen- n-g ps m p-t]m-bmepw A m-lp-hns {]hm-n-i FSpØ Xocpam\w Rm \S- n hcp-øpixs snøpw'' s]mxpsh im -`m-h- m-c-\mbncp lzvdøv A_q-_- -dns Cu {]Jym-]\w ti t mƒ AZr-iy-\mb ]cm-i- n-x-s -bmwv At±-lsØ \bn- p- sx v Ah v t_m[y-am-bn. am{x-a Dkm-a-bpsS ssk\yw kndn-b-bn t]mbn hnp-b{io-em-fn-xcmbn Xncn- p-h-cn-ibpw snbvxp. sszh-øns amem-jam azo-\-bnse hma-k-aq-l-øn\pw Ip n-iƒ pw Imh-em-f- mcmbn! Npcp- -Øn tihew Jnem-^-Øn\v ]n n AWn-tN p \n p-tºm-gm-wv Znhy-k-lmb Zriy-ßƒ ImWp-am-dm-Ip- -Xv. sszhoi kwhn-[m-\-øns Xncnse Zpxi- n-iƒ sszh-øns `qan-bnse {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb Jeo^-am sszho-i- \m-a-øns Imh `S- m-cp-am-bn-cp p. ax-øn Ie p- m- m-\p {ia-ßƒ Ah ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-ØpIbpw Zo\ns X\n-a- tem-iøv shfns -Sp-Øn m- p-ibpw snøp- p. X qew ss]im-nni Nn m-k-xn- Iƒ Sna-s - p-t]m-bh Xß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßƒ k^-e-am- m IgnbmØ C m-`w-k-øm Znhy hyh-ÿn-xn-s -Xnsc Xncn-bm XpS-ßp- p. tihew Xß-fpsS CwKn-X-ßƒ \ptcm-[-amb hnj-b-ß-fn A\p-k-cWw {]I-Sn- n- p-ibpw F m sszhoi hyh-ÿn-xn v ]q Æ-ambpw Iogvs -Sm-Xn-cn- p-ibpw snøp- -h-cm-w-h. {]Xy- - Øn hyh-ÿn-xn- p- n \n p-sim v Ipg w krjvsn- p CØc- m-cpss snbvxn-isf kw_- n v C mani Jnem-^-Øns Ncn-{X- Øn DZm-l-c-W-ßƒImWmw. Zo L-Imew dkq-ep- m-bpss kl-hmk-øn Ign-bp-Ibpw tkh-\-ß-f - n- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- Nne ]pwy-k-l-_m- sf Ipd thx\w \evin Jnem-^-Øn\v Iogn-ep Imcy-ßƒ \n -ln- p- -Xn-\p-th n Jeo^m Xncp-a-\ v lkvdøv Dkvam (d) Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øp-I-bp- m-bn. F m C mw ax-am-ivtfjn \hm-k-x C m-cy-øn Akq-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. Bflob kwhn-[m-\-øn Iognse {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS Np m Xß-sf Gev]n- -W-sa Ah-cpsS tamlw Hcp sszhoi Jeo-^ v ]q Øn-bm- nsim-sp- p-hm ]s \n m-l-ap- m-bn-cp- n-. ImcWw cmjv{sob]camb coxn-bn Zo\-nIm-cy-ß-fn ssii-s-øm-\p {ia-ßsf At±lw XpS- -Øn Xs \njv^-e-am- p-i-bp- m-bn. CØcw kwk-xn-i-fmwv Bflob ho W-K-Xnbn mø lkvdøv Dkvam (d)-hns Jnem-^- Øn-s\-Xn-cn Xncn-bm \nan-ø-ß-fm- n-b-xv. Ah L w-l- -ß-fmbn Jnem-^-Øn-s -Xn-cn ] -Xn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw snbvxp-sim- n-cp- p. HSp-hn Jeo-^sb h[n- m-\p X{ -ß-fm-hnjv cn p-ibpw bmzr- n-i-ambn At±-l-Øns `h\w hf-bp-ibpw snbvx Ah At±lsØ _µn-bm- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. B \n ÆmbI L -Ønepw Ipg- - m-cpss Zo\-nhn-cp- -amb \n_- -\-I-sfm pw Jeo^ AwKo-I-cn- 331 ncp n-. sszhoi \maøns kpÿm-]-\-amwv Jeo-^-bn `cta n- -s - n-cn- p I Ø- ysa pw AXn \n pw AWp- InS hyxn-n-en- p-i-bn-s pw k o Æ-amb A n-a-\n-an-j-ßfnepw At±lw ÿm]n- p-im-wn- p-i-bmwv snbvxxv Jnem-^Øv ]Z-hn-bn \ns m-gn-bm-\p- Iev]\ ]e-{]m-hiyw Ipg- - m apt m- p- -sh- -t mƒ lzvdøv Dkvam {]Jym-]n- Xv C{]-Im-c-ambn-cp- p. Jeo-^sb \n -bn- p- Xv A m-lp-hm-wv. Ah AWn-bn- ncn p Cu DS-bmS Rm Hcn- epw Agn- p-sh- p- - X-. Fs icocw Acn p hogvøn-bmepw Ah-km\ Xp n tnmc Du pt]mbmepw Rm\oÿm\w Dt]- n- p- -X-. ""`u XnI `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-sf-t mse {]iv\-ß-fp- m-ip-tºmƒ cmpn-shs m-gn-tb n hcp kwhn-[m-\- amwv Jnem-^sØ [mcw krjvsn- m\pw Jnem-^-Øns ÿm\-a-lm-fly-ßƒ CIgvØnIm- m-\p-ap {iaw lzvdøv Dkvam (d) C mxm pibpw Xs Ahkm\ {]Jym-]-\-Ønepw sszhoi ax-øns al-xzsø At±lw Db Øn-Im- p-ibpw snbvxp. Npcp- -Øn sszh-øns al Xz {]tlm-j-whpw Zo\ns kpÿn-c-xbpw e y-am n {] h Øn- p Jeo^am s Xncn cwk-{]-thiw snøp- -h kzm cpw ss]im-nni t{]c- W-Iƒ v hiw-h-z-cp-amb Zpx»- n-i-fmip- p. Alva-Znøm Jnem-^-Øn-s\- Xn-cn-ep cwk-{]-th-ihpw ]cy-h-km-\hpw api-fn ]cm-a in- -Xp- 23

kxyzqx t mse Jnem-^-Øns ÿm\-am-\-ßsf pdn v Aht_m[-an- m-øh X-s -bmwv hmkvzø alvzoakolv aptj\ ]p\-cp-zbw snbvx Znhy-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s -Xn-scbpw inc- p-b Øm [rjvscmb-xv. BZyta-Xs lrz-b-ß-fn hnhn[xcw ktµ-l-ßƒ ]pe Øn-bn-cp AhcpsS kz`mhw bym-k-a-bøv ad-\o n ]pd-øp-h-cn-i-bm-bn-cp- p. hmkvzø ako-lns hntbm-ksøøps v {]Ya Jeo-^bmbn auem\m l ow- \q-dp-±o kmln_v Xnc-s -Sp- -s - p. Pam-A-ØwKß-sf mw At±-l-Øn\v ss_aøv F Akp-k-cW {]Xn snbvxp. F m Gsd- -gn-bp- -Xn\v apºv JmPm Iam-ep-±o kmln_v, auem\m ap-l-ω-zen kmln_v XpS-ßnb Nne {]apj hy n-iƒ Jeo- ^-bpss ]Z-hn-sbbpw A[n-Im-c-sØbpw kw_- n v hy -ambn \n - Nn- p-ibpw hyh-ÿ-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw sntø- -Xm-sW- v cl-ky-ambn {]N-cn- n- m XpS-ßn. AYhm \hm-k-x-cn \n v ss_aøv hmßpi. \a-kv m-c-øn\v t\xrxzw \evipi, hnhml hnfw-_-c-ßƒ \S-ØpI P\mk \a-kv -cn- n- pi apx-em-b \n nx Npa-X-e-I-fn ]cn-an-x-\m-bn-cn- p p Jeo-^-sb Zp t_m[\-ß-fm-bn-cp p Ah {]N-cn- n pt]m Xv. Hcn- JmPm Iam-ep±o kmln_v kmzm -an km alvaqzv AlvZnt\mSv C mcyw kzimcyambn ]d- -t mƒ At±lw Cßs\ adp-]sn ]d p. ""ss_aøv snbvxp Ign- m ]ns F m-im-cy-ß-fnepw Jeo-^sb ]cn-]q Æ-ambn A\p-k-cn-t - Xv A\p-t]- -Wo-b-am-Ip- p. ]n osv Jeo-^-bpsS A[n-Imcw hyh-ÿs -Sp-Ø-W-sa N -X-s A\mh-iy-am-Wv.'' Cu adp-]-sn-ti- -t mƒ DS JmPm-km-ln_v hnjbw am p-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. 1905 hmkvzø akolv (A) kz A p-a Alva-Znøm v cq]w \evin-b-t mƒ 14 t]c-s-ßp IΩn- n-bpss {]kn-u- mbn auem\ l ow \qdp-±o kmln-_ns\ \nb-an- n- p- m-bn-cp- p. At±lw Jeo-^-bm-b-Xn\v tijhpw {]kn-u v ]Z-hn-bn XpS v t]m p. Cu ÿnxnhntijsø ka -ambn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øn-sIm v kz A p-a Alva-Znøm F ti{µ kwl-s\bpss A y- F coxn-bn-emwv Jeo-^m- Pam-A-Øn\v t\xrxzw \evip- -sx {]Nmc the-i-fmwv Ah kq va cq]-øn \S-Øn-s m- n-cp- Xv. AYhm Jeo-^- Øp akolv F ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w hln- p Bƒ F ASn-ÿm\ hnj-bsø Ah Ah-K-Wn- p sim n-cp- p. CXv hmkvxh-øn Jnem-^-Øns Xn-cn \oßm-\p \nkqv ] Xn-I-fpsS `mkam-bn-cp- p. Jnem-^Øv \ntj-[n-i-fpss KqVm-temN\bpsS XI kz A p-a Alva-Zn-øm- v {]map-jyhpw Du epw \evinsim v hmkvzø ako-lns bym {]Xn-\n[n kz A p-a A -ZnømbmsW- p {]Nmc the-iƒ v ]s A[nIw \ne-\nev]p- m-bn-. sszh-\n-tbm-kn-x-\mb lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) ÿm]n {]Xn-\n-[nbpw Jnem-^Øpw kzv A p-a Alva-Zn-ø-bmsW pw AXns\ A\p-k-cn- A\n-hm-cy-am-sW- p-ap [mcw 24 ^ Jnem-^-Øns ÿm\- am-\-ßsf pdn v Ah t_m[-an- m-ø-h Xs -bmwv hmkvzø alvzoakolv aptj\ ]p\-cp-zbw snbvx Znhykw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s -Xnscbpw inc- p-b Øm [rjvscmb-xv. BZy-ta-Xs lrz-b-ßfn hnhn[xcw ktµl-ßƒ ]pe Øn-bncp Ah-cpsS kz`mhw bym-k-a-bøv ad-\o n ]pd-øp-h-cn-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ^ Alva-Zn-I-fpsS lrz-b-ß-fn A p-cn- n- m-\p {ia-am-bn-cp- p \S- p-sim- n-cp- -Xv. F m kzv A p-a Alva-Znø-bpsS Jnem-^Øv F -XpsIm v Ah Dt±-in- Xv bym -Øn auehn apl-ω-zen kmln-_ns Jnem-^-Øm-bn-cp- p. ImcWw At mƒ Nne {]txyi Imc-W-ß-fm A pas hyh-ÿm-]-c-amb Imcy-ßfn GI Imcy-ÿ auehn apl-ω-zen kmln-_m-bn-cp- p. A p-as 14 AwK sa_ amcn 332

2008 sk]vxw-_ 8 t] auehn kmlns kjm- fpw. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn Jeo-^bpsS ZuXy-sa- mwv? Pam-A-Øns bym \mb-i-\m-cm-wv.? F Hcp tnmzyw auehn apl-ω-zen kmln-_ns kplr-zvhr-ø-øn DZn- p-i-bp- mbn. Cu N -I-sf- - nbpw KqVm-tem-N-\-sb- - nbpw bmsxmcp Adnhpw C m-xn-cp lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A (d) s Xncp-k-hn-[-Øn ao apl-ωzv CkvlmJv kmln_v Jnem-^- Øn-s\- - nbp hni-zo-i-cww Bh-iy-s - p-sim v Nne tnmzy-ßƒ FgpXn ka n- p-i-bp- m-bn. lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A (d) B tnmzymhen auehn apl-ω-zen kmln-_n\v Ab- p-sim-sp-øpsim v AXn-\p adp-]sn Fgp-Xm-\mh-iy-s - p. auehn apl-ω-zen kmln_v \ Inb adp-]-sn-i v lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A (d) B -cy-s - p-t]m-bn. ImcWw Jnem-^-Øns ÿm\sø hf-scb-[niw XmgvØn- m- p coxn-bn-ep- -Xm-bn-cp p aue-hn-km-ln-_ns adp-]-sn. BI-bm lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv A (d) B tnmzym-h-en-bpss [mcmfw ]I p-i-sf-spøv Pam-A-Øn-ep Bfp- Iƒ v Ab- p-sim-sp-øv AXn-\p adp-]sn Bh-iy-s -Sm\pw Cu Imcy-sØ- p-dn v hni-z-ambn N -sn-øp- -Xn-\mbn 1909 P\p-hcn 31\v JmZn-bm-\n {]txy-i-amb Hcp tbmkw hnfn- p-iq- m\pw \n t±-in- p- I-bp- m-bn. sszh-k-hn-[-øn txß-temss Ign- p-iq- nb cm{xn IqSn-bm-tem-N-\ v \n -bn- -s Znh-k-Øns Xte v cm{xn Pam- A-Øw-K-ßƒ Xo{h-amb {]m -\-bn I-gn- p-iq- n. sszho-i-am K Z i-\hpw klm-bhpw e`n- p-am-dm-ip- -Xn\pw ^nxv\-i-fpss ASn-thc-d-p p- -Xn\pw Ah a\ws\m v {]m n- p. cm{xn-bpss A y-bma-ß-fn an -hmdpw F m-hcpw akvpnzv ap_m-d- n {]m -\- mbn FØn-t n-cp- p. kp_lv \a-kv m-c-øn\v lz-døv Jeo^Øp akolv A (d) t\cn v lmp-cmbn t\xrxzw hln- p. Ahn-Sp v kqd-øp _pdq-pnse 11- mw hn\w AXm-bXv "" kxy hnizm-kn-isfbpw kxy-hn-izm-kn-\n-i-sfbpw ]oun- n- p- -h-cmtcm Ah v \ci in -bp- mipw. Fcn- p-i-f-bp in -bm-w-h p m-ipi'' F A -Øn-ep hmiyw ` n \n `-c-ambn Bh Øn v HmXn-bt mƒ \a-kv m-c-øn ]s -SpØ F m-hcpw Xc-fnX lrz-b-cmbn F m-hcpw txßn- -c- p. A\ L-amb Cub-\p-`hw PamØwKßƒ v cmhnse \S- m-\n-cn- p N -Iƒ v icn-bmb Znim-t_m[w \ Ip- -Xn- pxip -XmbnØo p. Hcpƒ mgvn e`n- -Xp-t]m-ep A\p-`hw! ]n osv tn tbmk-øn lz-døv Jeo-^-Øp akolv snbvx {]`m-jww PamAØv AwK-ß-fn Nnecnep mbncp ktµl-ß-ƒ Zpco-I-cn- p- -Xn\v ]cym-]vx-am-hp-ibpw snbvxp. Jeo-^-bpsS kap- X ÿm\hpw A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw Ah v t_m y-ambn. Jnem- ^Øv Znhy-kw-hn-[m-\-am-sW pw AXp-Iq-SmsX sszhoi Pam-A- Øns ]ptcm-kxn Akm- y-am-sw- p-ap bmym yhpw Ah DƒsIm- p. hep-xm-b- ^n-xv\-iƒ v hgn-sbm-cp- p-am-bn-cp \nkqv ] -Xn-Iƒ Ahn-sS-sh v \n ho-cy-am-ip-i-bm-bn-cp- p. CXn\v t\xrxzw 333 \evinb JmPm-I-am-ep-±o kmln- _n-t\mspw auem\ apl-ω-zen kmln-_n-t\mspw XΩn IqSn-bmtem-Nn v Hcn- IqSn X\n v ss_aøv snøm Xøm-dm-I- Wtam th tbm F Imcy- Øn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- m Jeo ^Øp akolv Bh-iy-s p. Ah ho pw ss_aøv sn bvxp. sszhoijnem-^-øns A x-k-øbpw Zo\ns alnam hnem-khpw Db Øn- n-sn- psim v Jeo-^-Øp akolv A (d) {]kvxpx tbmk-øn snbvx {]kwkw {it -b-ambn! Ahn-Sp v {]Jym-]n- p. ""A mlp Ft msp ]d p Pam-A-Øn Bsc- nepw AXns\ Dt]- n- p- I-bm-sW- n AØcw Hcmƒ v ]Icw Hcp henb KWsØ Ah F\n v \evip- -Xm-sW- v! AXp-sIm v Rm \nß-fn Bscbpw B{i-bn- p- n-. A mlp Fs klm-bn- p-sa v Rm ZrV-ambpw hniz-kn- p- p. \a-kv m-c-øn\v Cam-aØv hln- p-ibpw P\mk-a-kv mcw \bn- p-ibpw hnhmlw hnfw-_cs Sp- Øp-Ibpw ss_aøv hmßp- Ibpw am{x-amwv Jeo-^-bpsS ]Wn F mwv Ft msv ]d-b-s - Sp- -Xv. C{]-Imcw Nn n- p Bƒ Ahn-th-Inbpw acym-z-bn- mø BfpamIp- p. Abmƒ Xu_ snbvtx ] q. A m-ø- ] w \jvs-øn-em-bn-cn- pw. \nß-fn C{]-Imcw snbvxn- p- -hcmtcm Abmƒ F\n v hep- Xmb at\m-zpx-j-ap- m- n-bn-cn- p- p, am{x-a-, Ah Jeo-^-bpsS ÿm\-tømsv s]mcp-xp- -h-cp-am- Ip p'' Jnem-^Øv kwhn-[m-\-øn- 25

kxyzqx s\-xn-cn-ep ^nxv\-i-fpss {] tw-xm- -fm-bn-cp JmPm Iam-ep-±o\pw auem\m apl-ω-z-enbpw c m-a-sxm-cn- IqSn ss_aøv snøm \n _- n-x-cm-sb- nepw Ah Xß-fpsS IpX-{ -ßƒ bym-hn[w XpS p-t]m- p. In p Ah-k-c-ßƒ X{ -]q w Ah hn\n-tbm- Kn- m-xn-cp- n-. 1910 \hw-_ 18\v lzvdøv Jeo^Øp akolv A (d) IpXn-c- p-d-øp-\n p hogp-ibpw kmc-amb ]cn-t v Ipd- p-zn-hkw D -WvTm-P-\-I-amb Ah-ÿ-bn At±lw InS- n-em-ip- Ibpw snbvxp. Cu L -Øn Jnem-^Øv hntcm-[n-iƒ kmln_v km Zm an km _in-dp-±o alvaqzv AlvaZn-s\bpw ao \m-kn \hm_v kmln-_n-s\bpw hnfn p hcpøn Jeo^ Ncaw {]m]n- m DS-se-SptØ- m-hp ÿnxn-k-xn-iƒ N -s -Sp-Øp. {Kq ns h m-sh \ne-bn JmPm Iam-ep-±o kmln_v Ah-tcmSv ]d p: `mhn-bn A`n-{]m-b-X -ßƒ Hgn-hm- m Ct mtg Hcp [mc-w-bn-se-ø-ww. Jeo-^-bpsS ]Zhn Rß-fmcpw B{K-ln- p- n-. ASpØ Jeo-^-bmbn Xm -sf-b- msx a m-scbpw Rßƒ ImWp- n F p ]d-bp-i-bp- mbn. CXp ti -t mƒ Jeo^ Pohn- n-cn-s, At±-l-Øns ]n Kmansb] n N snøp- Xpw [mc-w-bn-se-øp- Xpw \nb-a-hn-cp- hpw Kpcp-X-c-hp-amb sx pw Ip -hp-am-wv. CXmWv Xncp-\-_n-bpsS klm- _m- ƒ ]Tn- n- p-x- -sx p CXn\v adp-]-sn-bmbn kmln_v kmzmao km _io-dp-±o -alvaqzlvazv km-ln_v Ah-tcmSv ]d- p. AtXmsS B {]iv\w Ah-km-\n- p. ]n osv Jeo-^-Øp ako-lns Btcm-Ky-ÿn-Xn-bn KWy-amb am -ap- m-ip-ibpw ]e L -ß-fn-embn At±lw sfiy-søbpw sszhn-i-]m-isø apdpsi ]nsn-t - -Xn-s\- - nbpw Pam-A-Øns\ DW Øn-s m- n-cp- p. Hcn- At±lw ]d p: Fs am n \ndp-øpi \nß-fpss Ign-hn s Imcy-a-s v \ -hæw Hm Øp-sImƒhn. Fs `mk-øp-\n v Fs - nepw sx p- I- m \nßƒ v Fs DW Ømw. F m hfsc BZ-c-thm-Sp- IqSn am{xta AXp ]msp- q. Bsc-sb nepw Jeo-^-bm- pi F Xv a\p-jy-km-[y-amb Imcy-a-. AXp A m-lp-hns am{xw Imcy-am-Ip- p. Rm Jeo-^-bmbn hmgn- -s - n- p-s - n AXp A mlp Ahs D±n-jvS-a-\p-k-cn v snbvxn- p Imcy-am-Wv. \nß-fpss \ v th n A mlp Fs Jeo-^-bmbn \n -bn- n-cn- p p F -XmWv hkvxp-x. A m-lp- \n-b-an- Hcp Jeo-^sb ÿm\-{`-jvs-\m- m Hcp i n pw km[y-a-. Fs am n \n Øm-sa v A mlp C n- p-sh- n Ah Fs acn- n pw. \nß-ƒ Cu Imcyw sszh-øn\v hnsp- I. Fs ]pd-øm- m \nßƒ v km[yta A. A m-lp-hmwv Jeo-^sb \nb-an- p- -sx v hn:jp B A i n-s-bn- m-øhn[w {]kvxm-hn- p p F v Rm \nß-tf-h-scbpw Hm Ωn- n- p- p'' Jnem-^Øv hntcm-[n-iƒ Pam-A-Øn \n pw th s - p-t]m-bn 1914 am v 13\v Jeo^Øp akolv A -ens -h^m-øns\øp- - 26 S v Jnem-^-Øns\Xn-cn ]et m-gmbn cwk-{]-th-i\w snbvxncp- -h ho pw kpo-h-ambn Jnem-^Øv kwhn-[m\w C m-xm- m-\p Ah-cpsS {iaw ]s hnp-bn- n-. c mw Jeo^bmbn sxc-s -Sp- -s lkvdøv apkvenlv aduzv (d)-hn\v ss_ AØv snøm Iq m- mø Jnem-^-Øns al-\obm\p{k-lß-fn \n pw Ah kzbw AI- p-t]m-ip-i-bm-bn-cp- p. Ah ]cn-ip JmZn-bm Dt]- n- psim v \q-x-\-hmz-k-xn-i-fp-ambn emtlm ti{µ-am n {]h Øn- m XpS-ßn. Aßs\ hn\m-i- I-c-amb ]cy-h-km-\-øn-te- p hgn-bmwv Ah kzoi-cn- -Xv. F m Jnem-^-Øn\p ]n n ASn-bpd p\n -h DØ-tcm- Øcw A`n-hr n-s - p-sim-t bncp- p. Znhym-\p-{K-l-ßƒ v Ah ]m{xo-`q-x-cm-bn. ZnhylkvXw shfn-s - -Xn\v Ah ZrIvkm- n-i-fm-bn. C v A mw Jnem-^-Øns A\p-{K-lo-X X-Wen AlvaZnøm Pam-AØv A`qX]q -amb ]ptcm-k-xn-i-fpambn temiøv apt -dn-s m- ncn- p-ibpw snøp- p. A mw Jeo^ lkvdøv ao km akvdq Al-aZv kmln-_ns D -c-wn- IƒIp-dn- p-sim v Cu tej-\- Øn\v hncm-a-an-sp- p. JpZvd-sØkm-\nb (Zzn-XobZnhy i n-hn-emkw) A m-lp-hn \n p G hpw henb D]-lm-c-am-Ip- p. AXns Dt±iyw kap-zm-bsø GIo-I-cn- p-ibpw `n -X-I-fn \n pw kwc- n- p-i-bp-am-wv. Ppam-A-Øw-K-ßsf apøp-a-wn- Isft mse tim Øn-W- -s - (tijw 29 ) 334

2008 sk]vxw-_ A - -Jp -B FIvkn-_n-j : Ah-tem-I\w 3 F.-Iyp. alvzn Ggv BIm-ißfpw A\y-{K-l-ß-fnse Pohn-h hpw A\y-{K-l-ß-fn Pohn-h -ß-fp-s v Jp -B kqnn- n- p- p. Ah XΩn Hcp-\mƒ hn\n-a-b_- w ÿm]n- p-itbm Iq n-t -cp-itbm snøp-sa pw Jp -B ]d-bp- p. \mw Pohn- p Cu {]]- -hy-h-ÿ-bn thsdbpw `qan-i-fpt m F At\z-jWw, h jß-fmbn imkv{xw \S-Øn-s m- n-cn- p- p- v. Jp -B ]d-bp- Xp t\m p-i, ""Ggv BIm-i-ß-sfbpw `qan-bn \n v Ahbv v Xpey-am-b-Xn-t\bpw krjvsn- -\-hs{x A mlp'' (65:13) Cu `qan-sb-t mse a v Ggp `qan-iƒ IqSn Ds v hnip Jp -B kqnn- n- p- p. At\Iw F A -Ønepw "Ggv' F ]Zw {]tbm-kn- mdp- v. {]]- -Øn as -hn-ss-sb- nepw `qan-sbt mse Poh-km- n- y-ap {Kl-ß-fp- mhmw F m-w-xnse kqn-\. \ΩpsS kuc-bq-y-øn Xs `qan-sb-t mse \nc-h[n LS-I-ß-fn kmay- X-bp- -Xn-\m a p aq p {Kl-ßsf `ua-{k-l-ßƒ F mwv hnfn- p- -Xv. _p[, ip{i, snm F o {Kl-ß-fm-W-h. snm -bn Hcp ImeØp Pehpw Poh\pw D m-bn-cp- -Xmbn CubnsS snm m-zuxyw ]q Øn-bm- nb "]møv ss^ ' \nco- -W-ß-fn \n pw shfn-s - n- p- v. ]n osv Ahn-SsØ sh w h n-t mbxmhww F mwp \nk-a-\w. F m, "]møv ss^ ' ZuXy-Øn-\p-tijw snm ]cy-th- -W-Øn as mcp \mgn-i- - p-iqsn kao-]-im-eøv imkv{xw ]n n n p v; AXmWv 335 "^o\nivkv t]si' hnt -]-Ww. 2007 BK-Ãn-emWv \mk "^o\nivkv' F iq\ym-im-i-t]-siw snm- -bn-te v sxmsp-øp-hn- -Xv. timsn- -W- n\p Intem-ao- AI-se-bp snm m- {K-l-Øn B kvt]kv j n sn n-d-ßn-bxv 9 amkßƒ AXn-th-Kw, A\p-kyqXw k -cn v C gn 25 (2008 tabv)- -\mwv; ]p-d-s v 9 amk-ßƒ pti-jw. sxmæq-dp-i-fnepw \mk c p snm m ]cy-th- -W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bncp p. Ah c pw ]cm-p-b- Øn Iem-in- -bm-wp- m-b-xv. B ]cmp-bß-fn \n pw ]mtw Dƒs m- p-sim- mwv ^o\n-ivkns cq]-i -\bpw ZuXyhpw Xøm-dm- n-b-xv. ^o\nivkv F t]cp-xs Cu ZuXy-hn-j-b-Øn \mk A\z -am- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ]cm-p-b-øns Nmc- Øn \n pw ]d- p-b-cp {Ko v CXn-lm-k-Ønse "Znhy]- n'bpss t]cmwv ^o\nivkv F -Xv. 410 Intem{Kmw `mc-ap ^o\nivkv snm -bn ]d-s -Øp-tºmƒ apºv Ab- -s kv]n-cn- v, Hm NyqWn n F o c p ]cy-th- W hml-\- ßƒ snm -bpss a p {]tz-i-ß-fn I Ω-\n-c-Xcmbn {]h Øn- p- p- m-bn-cp- p. B Ccp-t]-S-Ißƒ pw "\mk' F {kjvsm- ƒ Iev]n- p-sim- SpØ Bbp- n-s\bpw sh p-hn-fn- p-sim v Ah 27

kxyzqx Ct mgpw `qan-bn-tebv p Nn{X-ßƒ Ab- p-sim- ncn- p- p. Ah-bpsS b{ - -Æp-Iƒ v A w "shs -gpøv' (hm -Iyw) _m-[n- n-cp- X - n-\m-emwv kao-]-im-eøv Hcp "H]v n- Ceyq-j ' krjvsn -s v "kv{xocq]w t]mse' H v snm -bn Is p [cn- m-\n-sh - - X - v. ta F-gp-Xnb aq p-\mep Jfin-I-Iƒ Cu tej\ hnj-b-ønse G hpw B[p-\n-I-amb Hcp hm Ø-bn-tebv v hmb-\ m p W-ambn ImWp-I. "Ggp BIm-i-ß-sfbpw `qan-bn \n v Ahbv v Xp-ey-am-b-Xn-t\bpw krjvsn- -h\-s{x A mlp' F Jp -B hmiy-øns hymjym-\øn, "snm ' {Klhpw Dƒs S-p - X - n-\m, B {Kl-Ønepw "Pe-km- n yw' D m-hm km[y--xbp v F -Xn-\p hne-]n-sn- p Hcp sxfn-hp-iq-sn-bmwv "^o\nivkv' k-ao-]i - m-eøv `qan p \ Inb ktµi-øn-ep- X - v. snm bpss {[ph- ß - f n Pe- Ø ns km n yw D v F Xv apºp \ - S- Ø - nb ]cy-th- W-ß-fn \n pw Is -Øn-bn-cp- p. AXv kp-hy - a mb sxfn- h p- I - t fmss Dd- m- p- I - b mwv "^o\nivk'v Ct mƒ snøp- X -.v ^o\n-ik v ns b{ ss -Iƒ snm --bpss D]-cn-Xe - Ø - n-\s- n-bn-ep PemwisØ am n-sb-sp- pw. Aßs\ e`n- p PeØns ck-x{ w ]Tn- m-\p-xi - p D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ ^o\n-ik v n-ep-.v CØ-cs-amcp At\z-jWw "Pohs hnøp-iƒ' snm bn \ne-\n- n-cp- pthm F pw As - n AØ-cs - amcp km[yx C\nbpw krjvsn s Smtam F p- a p tnmzy- Ø n\v DØcw \ Ipw. Pe-km- n yw D-d - m- m-hp snm -bnse ÿe-ß-fpss Hcp Nn{Xw Xs \ap p ^o-\nivkv kωm-\n- pw. a\p-jy snm -bn hosp-hb - v m 28 Ip n--bsn- p- Xv Hcp-]t Cu ÿe-øm-imw. CubnsS A -cn kb kv ^nivj cwksø AXn-Im-b-\m-bn--cp k B X Un. m ns Nne hm p-iƒ IqSn \ap- n-hnss {i n- mw. "{]]- -Øn [mcmfw _p n-bp ssph-cq]-ßf - p-s v Rm hniz-kn- p- p. F m Ah `qan-bn-tebv v hcm-x-ncn- m X _p n-bp- -hbm-sw pw Rm Icp-Xp p'. A\y-{K-lß - f - n Pohn-If - pt m F hnj-bøn imkv{xw C pw AXns At\z-j-W-]m-Xbn XpS-cp- p- v. Cu hnj-b-øn {]-_e-amb kwibw ax-hn-izm-kn-iƒ pw D v. Aßs\, A\ -hn--zq-cx - b - n-ep {Kl-ka - q-lß - ƒ GXn-se- nepw \n v t\cnb Hcp ktµi-tam, kqn-\tbm e`n- ps - n AXp tcj-s -Sp-Øm-\mbn \nc-h[n thymaimkv{x {]Xn-`I - ƒ Xß-fpsS ]co- W - i - m-ei - f - n A-Xn-\q-X-\-amb kmt -XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn IÆpw ImXpw Iq n v ImØn-cn- p-hm XpS-ßnbn v Zim-_vZ-ß-fm-bn. Ct mfw Ah-cne-m pw Bim-hl - a - mb Hcp kq-n\ - bpw e`y-am-bn- n-. Cu hnj-bø - n, A\y-{K-lß - f - nepw Pohs XpSn v D m- I m- \ p km[y- X - b pss t\ p hnc Nq- p H p-c v kq -ßƒ ]cn-ip Jp B-\n D v. "Ggv BIm-iß - s - fbpw `qan-bn \n v Ahbv v Xpey-am-bX - n-t\bpw krjvsn- h - \ - s{x A m lp' ho pw Jp -B ]d-bp- p, "BIm-i-ß-fp-sSbpw `qan-bp-ssbpw Ah c n\p-an-s-bn Ah hym]n n Pohn-Ifp-sSbpw krjvsn v Ahs AS-bm-fß-fn s] -Xm-Wv. 336

2008 sk]vxw-_ Ah\pt±in p-tºmƒ Ahsb Hcpan p-iq m Ignhp h\p-as{x Ah.'' (42:30) A-\y-{K-l-ß-fn Pohn-I-fp-s - mwv Cu hn\w hy -am- n-ø-cp- -Xv. Cu hn-\-øn\p "Zm 'F ]Zw Nen- p-ibpw Cg-bp-Ibpw snøp F m Pohn h -ß-sfbpw Ipdn- p- p. \o p-i-bpw ]d- p-ibpw snøp Pohn-Isf kqnn n- m "Zm v' F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn- n-. A\y-tKm-f-ß-fnepw AØcw Pohn-I-fp-s - mwv Jp -B Ak- n-kv[- ambn {]kvxm-hn- p- -Xv. am{x-a-, Hcp \mƒ tkmfm- -c-ambn Ah XΩn IqSn-t -cp-itbm hn\n-abw aqew _ -s -Sp-Itbm snøp-sa pw ]d-bp- p v. A\y-{K-l-ß-fn-te-Xn-s -sb- nepw Pohs XpSn v Adn-bm-\mbn IÆpw ImXpw Iq n v ImØncn- p `mhn imkv{x- m v, Fs - n-ep-samcn- A\p-Iq-e-amb ktµiw In m-\p F m km[y-xbpw D v F mwv thz-{k-ÿ-øn \n p kqn-\. ]t, AsX- mhpw? \ap- m pw ]d-bm-\m-hn-. ASpØ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ AXn- \mbn ImØncn- -s. `qan-bn a\p-jy-hm-k-øn\p A\p-t]- -Wo-bamb H mwv Pew. `qan-bnse Pe-t{km-X- p-i-sf- - nbpw Jp -B hy -amb kqn\ \ Ip- p v. "Ah-\s{X c v Pe-J-fi-ßsf Hgp- n-b-h (P-e-hn-\n-a-bw). H v ]m\-tbm-ky-amb ip -P-ew, ASp-ØXv IpSn- p-hm-\p-]-bp- -a- mø eh-w-pew (D- p-sh- w). Ah c n\pw a y-øn Ah-s\mcp adbpw i -amb XS hpw krjvsn- n-cn- p p.' (25:54) ho pw Jp -B ]d-bp- p, "A- mlp tal-hr-µ-ßsf sas sas Nen- n- p p. F n v Ahsb XΩn kwtbm-pn- n- p- Ibpw H n\p aosx as m- mbn ASp- p-i-fm- p- Ibpw snøp- Xp \o ImWp- nt? AXn-\n-S-bn \n v h j-]m-x-ap- m-ip- Xp \n\ p ImWmw. ] -X-Xp-ey-amb tal-ßƒ n-s-bn \n pw A mlp Ben- gw (Hails) h jn- p- Xpw \n\ p ImWmw.' (24:44) as m-cn-søp ]d-bp- p, "\n -b-ambpw ]md-i-fn Nne-Xn \n pw A- cp-hn-iƒ s]m n-sbm-gpin A-Xn \n pw Pew \n K- 337 an- p- p.' (2:75) Cu hnj-bøn\v C{]Im-c-samcp hni-zo-i-cww \ Imw. kap{zw, \Zn-Iƒ, XSm-I-ßƒ, {[ph-ß-fnepw ] -X-irw-Jß-fnepw ln-am-\n-i-fn-ep-ap a- p-i- -Iƒ, `qk `-P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ apx-em-bh `qan-bnse Pe-t{km-X- p-i-fm-wv. `qp-e-øns 97 ix-am\w k- ap-{z-p-e-am-wv, eh-w-p-ew. Cu eh-w-pew _mjv]o- I-cn- -s v ip -am n BIm-i-ta-L-ß-fn-eqsS ]p\ hn-x-cww snø-s -Sp- -Xp-sIm- mwv `qan-bn Pohs XpSn p Xs \ne-\n p- -Xv. `qan-bpss 23.5 Un{Kn Ncn-hv, kzbw-{`-a-ww (Rotation), ]cn-{i-aww (Revolution) F nh sim mwv `qan-bn EXp-t`-Z-ßƒ (Im-em-h-ÿm-am- -ßƒ) D mhp- -Xpw, Jcw, {Zmh-Iw, hmxiw F o Ah-ÿ- I-fn `qpew hn\y-kn- -s v ]p\ hn-x-cww snøs -Sp- -Xpw. Poh-cm-in-I-fpsS \ne-\n p-xs CXns\ am{xw B{i-bn- m-wn-cn- p- Xv. (Xp-S-cpw) (26- \n v XpS ) Sp Nc-Sm-Wn-Xv. apøpiƒ NnX dnt]mhp-i-bm-sw- n Ah kpc- n-x-ambnøocp-itbm Ah-bpsS at\m-lm-cnx Adn-b-s -Sp-Itbm snøp- -X-. Htc Nc-Sn tim Øn-W- -s -Sp apøp-a-wn-ifm Wv at\m-l-chpw kpc- n-x-hp-ambnøocpi. Cu c mw i n {]`mhw Cs - n kxy-a-xamb Ckvemw Hcn- epw ]ptcm-kxn {]m]n- p- -X-. AXp-sIm v Cu i n {]`m-h-tømsv ]q Æ-amb \ne-bn Bflm -X-bp-sSbpw kvt\l-øn-s bpw hniz-kvx- X-bp-sSbpw _ w-]p-e ØpI. Jnem-^-Øn-t\mSp A\p-k-c-Wm-th iw ÿmbn-bm- pi. CXc F m kvt\l-_- -ßfpw \n m-c-am Ipw hn[w Jnem-^- Øn-t\m-Sp kvt\l-_ w h n- n- p-i. Cam-apam-bp _ -Øn-emWv F m A\p-{K-l-ß-fp-ap- Xv. AsXm- p-am-{x-amwv F mhn[ Ipg- -ßƒ pw ]co- -W-ßƒ psaxn-cn Hcp ]cn-n-bm-bn- p- Xv. (A ^k 23 5 2003) 29

kxyzqx kmdm hknw ]min-kvxm-\nse AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m`w 1956 1956se AlvaZnøm hm jni ktω-f-\-øn Jeo-^-Øp akolv c m-a (d) C{]-Imcw {]kvxm-hn- p-i-bp- m-bn. Ft m-gmtwm ASpØ Jeo-^-bpsS Xnc-s - Sp v \S- p-ibpw Jeo^ Ah-tcm-[n-X-\m-hp-Ibpw snøp Xv, At±-l-Øn\v Rms\mcp kt m-jhm Ø Adn-bn- m B{K-ln- p p. A mlp At±l-Øn\v k -hn[ ]n p-wbpw \ Ip -Xm-Wv. BcmtWm At±-l-Øn\v FXn-cmbn \n p- -Xv, B FXn-cmfn hen-b-ht\m sndn-b-ht\m BIs Abmƒ Xmgva-bp-tSbpw \nµy-x-bptsbpw apjw ImWpw. Abmƒ \in- n- -s -Sp-Itbm A]-am-\n- s -Sp-Itbm snøpw. ImcWw ASpØ Jeo^ hmkvzø ako-lns Ime-Sn- m-sp-isf ]n p-s-cp Bfm-bn-cn- pw. At±lw CkvemanI Jnem-^-Øns ÿm\w Db Øn- n-sn- p- -bm-fm-bn-cn- pw. Fs ÿm\-tø v Xnc-s -Sp- -s -Sp aq m-asø Jeo-^-Øp ako-ln\v Rm kphn-ti-j-a-dn-bn- p- I-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øn-s -Xnsc temi Kh sa p- Iƒ FXn-cmbn h m t]mepw AsX mw XI p Xcn- -W-am-bn-t mipw (1) Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-a lzvdøv an km \mkn AlvaZv kmln_v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn G hpw henb sh p-hn-fn. 1974- se AlvaZnøm hncp- {]t m-`-am-bn-cp- p. AXv hnh-cn- p- -Xn\v apºmbn AXns ] m-ø-e-sø- n H v hni-zo-i-cn-t - nbn-cn- p p. ] m-øew 1956- se ]min-kvxm Hdn-Pn-\ `c-w-l-s\ {]Imcw ]min-kvxm-\nse F m ]uc- m pw AhcpsS axw hniz-kn- m-\pw, BN-cn- m-\pw, {]Ncn- n- m\pw kzmx-{ y-ap- m-bn-cn- pw. (B n- nƒ 20) ax-]t\w Bh-iy-an- msx Xs GXv kviqfp- I-fnepw kzx-{ -ambn tncmw (B n- nƒ 22) ax-]- c-amb ] -]m-xn-xz-an- msx s]mxp ]cn-]m-sn-i-fn Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-as Ime-Øm-bn-cp p c -cq- n-x- amb AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m`w Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. XpS v AlvaZn-Isf Aapkvenw \yq\-]- - ambn ]min-kvxm tziob Akwªn {]Jym-]n- p. C-tXm-S-\p- _- n v tziob Akw-ªn-bn AlvaZnøm hnizm-k-ßƒ hni-zo-i-cn- Xv Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-a-\m-bn-cp- p. ] p-tncmw (B n- nƒ 20) ax]-c-amb ] -]m-xn- Xz-an- mø GXv DtZym-K-ß-fnepw \nb-a\w t\smw (B n- nƒ 27). ax-]-c-amb ] -]m-xn-xz- -an- msx Abm-fpsS ax-]-c-amb `mjtbm {KŸ-ß-tfm, kwkvim-ctam ]co- n- p-itbm {]N-cn- n- p-itbm sn-ømw. (B n- nƒ 28) Cu hip- p-i-fp-ss-sb mw aqem-[mcw sfiy-cm-jv{s-k-`-bpss km -tz-iob a\p-jym-h-im-i-{]-jym-]-\-øns B n- nƒ 18epw sfiy-cm-jv{s-k`m Nm -dns 1(3)epw 55(-kn)-bnepw ImWmw. ]min-kvxm `c-w-l-s-\-bpss B n- nƒ 20se `mjbpw {]kvxpx {]Jym-]-\-Øns A\p- I-c-W-am-Wv. 1949 am n ]min-kvxm-\nse BZysØ `c-w- L-S\m \n Ωm-W-k-anXn tn -t mƒ H_vP- IvSohvkv dnk-eyq-j F Hcp {]tabw ]mkm- p-i-bp- m-bn. AXn AapkvenwIƒ v ]q Æ ax-kzm-x{ yw \ I-W-sa v A\p-im-kn- -s - ncp p ]m n-kvxm s]mxp-k-`-bn H_vP-Iv ohvkv 30 338

2008 sk]vxw-_ dnk-eq-j \nb-a-ambn ]m m- n-b-xn-\p-tijw 1949 sabv 1\v ]min-kvxm-\nse Hcp ax-hn-`m-kob {]ÿm- \-amb apvensk Alvdmsd Ckvemw (Alv dmdn-iƒ) F kwl-s\ AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m-`-øn\v XpS wipdn- p. Alvdm-dp-I-fpsS Bhiyw Kh sa v DtZym-K-Øn-ep F m AlvaZn-I-sfbpw B ÿm\-øp-\n pw ]pd-øm- -W-sa- m-bn-cp- p. AlvaZnøm apkvenw kaq-lw ]min-kvxm-\nse kp n kaq-l-øn-s -Xnsc C y-bp-ambn tn v KqVm-tem- N\ \S-Øp p F m-bn-cp p Alvdmdn-I-fpsS Btcm-]-Ww. Alvdm-dn-I-fm-hs ]min-kvxm \nehn hcp- -Xns\ hºn txmxn FXn Ø-h-cpam-bn-cp- p. ] m_v Iem-]-th-f-bn Alvdm-dn-IfpsS elf AXns aq \-ymh-kvybn-se-øp-ibp- m-bn. A sø CkvemanI Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]minkvxm A\nkvemanIamsW v ]d-bp-ibpw ]minkvxm-\n `c-w-iqssø CkvemanI ax-cm-jv{s-ambn {]Jym-]n- m kω ±w snep-øp-ibpw snbvxp. Cu Iem-]-Øns BNm-cy am IvknÃv Bi-b- Øm Bth-in-X-\mb Pam-AsØ Ckveman t\xmhv auem\m auzqzn Bbn-cp- p. AlvaZn-Isf AapkvenwI-fm n {]Jym-]n- -W-sa s]mxp ap{zmhm-iy-ap-b Øn auzqzn ]min-kvxm-\nse apkvenw Isf H n- n- m t\m p-i-b-p m-bn. `cn- p apkvenw eokv ]m n ]min-kvxm Hcp ax-cm-jv{sambn amdp Xns\ FXn Ø-ncp- p. XpS v 1953 auzqzn c -cq- n-x-amb Iem]w ]min-kvxm-\n Agn- p-hn- p. Cu Iem-]-sØ-] n At\z-jn- m ]min-kvxm Kh sa v \njv]- -amb Hct\z-jW IΩo-js\ \nb-an- p-i-bp- m-bn. AXmWv ap\o IΩo-j. IΩo-js At\z-j-W-Øn Hcp apkvenw hn`m-k-øn\pw GtIm-]n- p-sim v BcmWv "apkvenw' F Xn\v Hcp \n N\w t]mepw Is - Øm km[n- n-s v am{x-a AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m-`ww s]mxp-k-am-[m-\-{i-a-hy-h-ÿ-s -Xn-scbp hºn `oj-wn-bm-sw pw {]kvxm-hn- p. {]t m-`sø A]-e-]n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 1954\v -tijw ax-xo-{h-hm-zn-iƒ ]min-kvxm `c-w-iq-s-øn-\p-ta ]nsn-ap-dp n. ]n o-sp c v Zi- -Iß-fn AlvaZn-Iƒ v Ah-cpsS Poh\pw kzøn\pw _nkn-\kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ pw hºn \mi-\-jvs-ß-fmwv ]min-kvxm-\n t\cn- -Xv. 1962 339 ]min-kv-xm `c-w-l-s\bn Ckveman-I-h-XvI-c-W- Øns BZysØ Nph-Sp-sh- p- m-bn. FXn D]- \n-baw (Reprugnancy Clause) F t]cn AXv `c- W-L-S-\-tbmSv Iq n tn p-i-bp- m-bn. AXn-{]-Imc-am-Wv. ""Jp -B-\n \n pw kp Øn (d-kq Xncp-ta- \n(-k)-bpss Ncy) \n pw e`n- p Ckvem ans Bh-iy-ßƒ pw A ym-]-\-ßƒ pw hncp- -ambn bmsxmcp \nb-ahpw D m-hp- -X-. Ct mƒ \nehn-ep F m \nbaßfpw AXn-\-\p-Kp-W-ambn sim p-h-cp- -Xp-am-Wv.'' ico-aøv \nb-a-ßƒ -\p-kr-x-am-bp `c-w- L-S-\-bpsS \ho-i-cww `c-w-l-s-\-bn A\p-imkn- p ]ucm-h-im-i-ß-fpss {Ita-W-bp \ntj- [-ßƒ v Imc-W-am-bn. 1974se `c-w-l-s\m t`z-k- Xn-tbmsS CXv IqSp-X hy -am- -s - p. 1971 c -cq- n-x-amb B`y- c-bp- -Øn\v tijw _w m-tziv ]min-kvxm-\n \n pw th s - -p-t]m-bn. ]n osv 1973 ]min-kvxm tziob Akwªn ]pxnb `c-w-l-s\ AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bp- mbn. AXn ico-a-øns \nb-a-]-chpw cmjv{so-b- ]-c-hp-amb `mk-øns cq]o-i-c-w-øn\v ax-bm-ymÿn-xni ]fin-x- m-cpss ]n pw e`n- p-i-bp- mbn. 1974 AlvaZnøm hncp {]t m-`- -Øns Hcp ]pxnb XcwKw ]min-kvxm-\n-ep-s-\ofw {]Xy- -s p. CkvemanI axm-[n-jvtnx `c-w-øn\v th nbp Ccp-]Xv h jsø cmjv{sob Iem-]-ßƒ v \n Æm-b-I-amb t\ -ßƒ e`n- p-i-bm-bncp- p. AlvaZn-Isf Aapkvenw \yq\-]- -ambn {]Jym-]n- m bmym-ÿn-xni ax-]u-tcm-lnxyw Iem-]-ßƒ Agn- p-hn- p-sim v {][m-\-a{ n kp ^n- Aen `qt m-bn kω ±w snep-øn. `qt m-bpss t\xr-xz- Øn ]min-kvxm\n ]cn-t{]- y-øn "apkvenw' Bcm-sW v \n -Nn- -s -Sp-Ibpw \nb-]-c-ambn Aapkvenw Bcm-sW v enãv snø-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. _m n-bp ]min-kvxm-\nse ]ptcm-k-a-\mfl-i-amb `c-w-l-s\ ico-aøv \nb-a-ßƒ v Iogn sim p-h-cn-i-bm-bn-cp p Cu `c-w-l-s-\mt`-z-k-xn-bneqss X ]-c-i- n-iƒ e y-an- n-cp- -Xv. 1974 sk]vxw-_ 6 apx {]m_-ey-øn h ]minkvxm-\nse \nb-a-{]-imcw hy -ambpw AlvaZn-IfpsS apkvenw F sfu n n Ih s -Sp- -s p. 31

kxyzqx 32 1974se d_vh kw`-h-ßƒ AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns ixm-_vzn-bm-tlmj {]Jym]\w ]min-kvxm-\nse AlvaZn-ø-Øn-t\mSv simspw-]-i-bp ap -amsc shdn-]n-sn- n- ncp p. apl- ΩZv k^-dp- m-jm km-ln_v hne-bn-cp-øp- p: 1974s a y-øn AlvaZnøm apkvenw kaql-øn-s\-xnsc ]Ibpw hntzz-jhpw P\n- n- p coxn-bn Hcp ] Xn Ah Bkq-{XWw snøp- Ibpw \n `m-ky-i-c-sa v ]d-bs AXv hnp-bn- p- Ibpw snbvxp. d_vh sdbn th tãj-\n Hcp cwkw krjvsn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p Ah. AlvaZnø-Øns\-Xnsc ITn-\-i-{XpX sh p-]p-e Øn-bn-cp Hcp kwl-s-\-bn s hnzym n-iƒ d_vh dbn th tãj-\n At m-gp- m-bn-cp AlvaZn-Isf {]tim-]n- n- p-i-bp mbn. h n-bn h n-dßnb hnzym n-i-fp-am-bp kwl- -\-Øn hnzym n- I-fn Nne v \n mc ]cn p-iƒ ] p-i-bp- mbn. ASpØ tãj-\n h n hs -Øn-b-t mƒ Cu hnzym n-isf hotcm-nn-x-ambn kzoi-cn- m-\p G m-sp-iƒ snø-s - p. Ckveman-\p-th n AlvaZn- I-fpsS Iøm Kpcp-X-c-ambn a ±n- - - -h F coxn-bn-emwv Ah kzoi-cn- -s - -Xv. Xo]n-Sn {]kw-k-ß-fmwv ]n o-sp- m-b-xv. {]kvxpx kw`-hsø-] n s]msn pw sxmßepw sh hm Ø-I-fmWv ]ns Znh-ksØ ]{Xß-fn h -Xv. AXv IqSmsX hnzym n-isf Kpcp-X-c-ambn ]-cn-t n- p-sh pw Ah-cn Nne-cpsS \mhv apdn- p-i-f- p-sh pw NnecpsS P-\-t\-{µn-b-ßƒ Acn p Ifs - p-ap \ndw ]nsn- n `oi-c-i-y-i-fpss hnh-c-w-ß-fmwv h -Xv. CXv B kwÿm-\-ømsi Hcp `oic XcwKw krjvsn- p-ibpw AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Ønse AwKßƒs -Xnsc ki-e-hn-[-øn-ep AXn-{I-a-ßƒ Agn- p-hn-sm\pw Imc-W-am-bn. emtlm sslt m-s- Xn-bnse Hcp PUvPn Cu kw`-h-ß-sf- n At\z-jn- pibp m-bn. At\z-j-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS apºn ka n s saun- tcj-i-fn hnzym n- I-fpsS ]cn- p-i-sf mw hfsc \n m-c-am-sw pw B pw Xs Kpcp-X-c-amb ]cn- p-i-fn-s pw sxfn-bn- -s -Sp-I-bp- m-bn. (2) d_vhm kw`-hsø XpS v \S hym]-i-amb Acm-P-I-hm-gvN-bn \nc-h[n AlvaZn-Iƒ sim s- -Sp-I-bp- m-bn. AlvaZn-Isf AwK-tOZw hcp-øp- Ibpw ]cpt n p-ibpw snbvxp. AlvaZn-IfpsS kzøp- ƒ hym]-i-amb txmxn sim bsn- -s -Sp-Ibpw \in- n- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. Hcp kw`-h-ønepw Xs t]meokpw knhn A[nI-mcn-Ifpw CS-s]-Sp-Itbm A{I-a-Øn\v hnt[- b-cmb AlvaZn-Iƒ v kwc- Ww \ Ip-Itbm snbvxn- n-. AlvaZn-Iƒs -Xnscbpw Ah-cpsS kzøn-s\-xn-scbpw \nc-h[n AXn-{I-a-ßƒ \S- n pw Hc-t\z-jWw t]mepw \S-Øn-bn- n-. AXns t]cn Hcm-fpw hnnm-cw snø-s -Sp-Itbm AdÃv snø-s - Sp-Itbm D m-bn-. AlvaZn-Iƒ v t\cn \jvsßƒ v Hcp \jvs-]-cn-lm-chpw \ I-s - n- n-. hmkvx-h-øn Acm-P-IXztØbpw A{I-a-ßtfbpw t]meokv Xpd \ne-bn t{]m m-ln- n- p Nne kw`-h-ß-fp- m-bn-cp- p. (3) ITn-\-amb ]ou-\-ßƒ v \Sp-hnepw "Alva Znøm kaqlw kl-\øns kºq Æ amxr-i-bmbn h Øn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. AlvaZn-Iƒs -Xnsc Nne ÿe-ß-fn _ln-jvi-cww kwl-sn- n- p-i-bp- mbn. AXv Ah v hºn Zpcn-X-ß-fmWv hcp-ønsh- -Xv, {]txy-in pw kv{xoiƒ pw Ip n-iƒ pw, hr -P-\-ßƒ pw. ]co- -W-ß-fpsS ImTn\yw IqSp- -Xn-\-\p-kcn v AXn\p apºp- m-bn-cp- -Xn-t\- mƒ AlvaZn- Iƒ n-s-bn sfiyhpw D m-lhpw A[n-I-cn- ph-cn-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. \nb-a-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ØneqsS AlvaZn-Isf Ckveman \n pw ]pdøm W-sa v i{xp- ƒ Bh-iy-s p XpS-ßn. AXn- \p-th n \mj-\ Akw-ªn-bn DNn-X-amb Xo-cpam-\-ß-sf-Sp- m Hcp {]Jym-]\w \S-Øm\pw {][m- \-a-{ n-bn Ah kω ±w snep-øp-i-bp- m-bn. apl-ωzv k^-dp- mlv Jm ho pw Akw-ªn-bpsS BZy skj-\n Xs Kh sa v Hcp {]tabw Ah-X-cn- n- p-i-bp- mbn. AlvaZnøm {]ÿm-\-ønse AwK-ßƒ apkv enwif F v {]Jym-]n- p Cu {]ta-b-w \nb-a- Øn\pw `c-w-l-s-\m-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ pw th n-bm-bn-cp- p. {]ta-bsø n N \S- p Ah-k-c-Øn lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq ma (dlv) AlvaZn-I-fpsS hnizm-ksø nbpw A ym-]-\-ßsf nbpw hni-zo-i-cn- m apgp-h Akwªn saº amcpw AS-ßnb IΩn n apºmsi Wn- -s - n-cp- p. hnizm-kw, BZ iw, A ym-]\w F n-h-bpss 340

2008 sk]vxw-_ kq va hni-zmw-i-ßƒhsc kpzo L-ambn At m Wn P\-d lpkq Xncp-a-\- n \n pw Bcm p ]cn-tim-[n- p-i-bp- m-bn. F m \S-]-Sn- {I-a-ßfpw _qa-dmßv Fdn- -Xvt]mse {]tabw Ah-X-cn- n- -h-cn-te pw AXns\ ]n m-ßn-b-h-cnte pw Xncn- p-sn- p. Ah AhnsS {]Xy- -s - Sp Xv A\p-Nn-Xhpw ]cn-lm-ky-hp-ambn Ah v Xs txm n. F n-cp- mepw Akwªn Cg p \oßn. Bh-iy-amb `qcn-]- -tømss {]tabw ]mkm-bn. ]n osv AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\p-th n sk\- nte- -b- p. GXm\pw awn- q-dp-iƒ p- n AXv AwKo-I-cn- p. \nc- cw Bh Øn v Bh-iy-s - n pw IΩ- n-bpss \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ v e`y-am-im th n {]kn- o-i-cn- n- n (4) 1974 Unkw-_ 26\v hm jni ktω-f-\-øn Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-a ]d- p : Cu Pam-A-Ønse Bfp-Iƒ v Ah-cpsS hnizmkw aqew A\p-`-hn-t n h hy n-]-camb AXn-{I-a-ßƒ F mw H mbn Fs lrz-b- Øn ]Xn- p-i-bmwv. B Zn\-ß-fn A m-lphns ImcpWyw sim pw alxzw sim pw Rm Hcp \nanjw t]mepw Dd-ßmsX cm{xn-bn-ep-s-\ofw Xs Pam-A-Ønse AwK-ßƒ v th n {]m - \m-\n-c-x-\m-bn-cp- n- p- v. (5) ta ]-d IΩn- n- p-ap-ºmsi \ne-]m-sp-iƒ hni-zo-i-cn- m\pw tnmzy-ßƒ v adp-]sn ]d-bm\pw AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns Xe-h lzvdøv an km \mkn AlvaZv (-d-lv) Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-a-t\msv t\cn v h v lmp-cm-hm Kh sa v Bh-iy-s -Sp-I-bm-bn-cp p. \mep-t]-c-s-ßnb Hcp kwl sø Xs klm-bn- m Kh sa v A\ph-Zn- p-i-bp- m-bn. Aßs\ klm-bn-i-fmb \mept]-cp-a-s w A p t]c-s-ßnb kwl-am-bn-cp p \mj-\ Akw-ªn-bnse IΩn n apºmsi lmp-cmb AlvaZnøm {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ. a p-\m-ep-t] Xmsg ]-dbp- -h-cm-bn-cp- p. * lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv (]n- osv 4mw Jeo-^-bm-bn) * auem\m A_p AXm Pme cn (Alv azn ]fin-x ) * ssijv apl-ωzv AlvaZv akvl (ap Aao AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øv, ss^k-em-_m-zv) 341 * auem\m tzmkvxv apl-ωzv imlnzv (N-cn-{X- Im-c ) AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns \ne-]m-sp-i-ƒ "azv l \ma' F t]cn {]kn- o-ir-x-am-bn- p- v. B satωm-dm w Hcp Ncn-{X-tcJ IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu tcjbpss ka -W-Øn\v tijw ]min-kvxm s]mxp Akw-ªn-bn At m Wn P\-depw apkvenw ]fin- X- mcpw tn v AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns\ ]Xn-s\m v Znhkw s]mcn- p coxn-bn-ep tnmzyw snø-en\v hnt[-b-am- n. Ah D -bn F m Btcm-]-W-ßƒ pw lzvdøv Jeo-^-Øp akolv aq m-a H v Xs adp-]sn ]d p. AhcpsS F m tnmzy-ßƒ pw bq n-k-l-ambn adp- ]Sn ]d- p. Ah-cpsS Btcm-]-W-ß-sf-sb mw ASn- p-x-i Øp If- p. AlvaZnøm apkvenw {]ÿm- \-Øns G hpw kap- -X-amb Hcp {]Xn-tcm-[-ambn-cp p CXv. IΩn- n-bpss \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ apgp-h\pw {]kn- o-i-cn- W-sa v \nc- cw Bh-iy-s - n pw AXv snøm-ø-xn \n pw Ah-cpsS Btcm-]-Wß-fpsS s]m -Ø-c-ßƒ shfn-s -Sp- p. ap-l-ωzv knbm-d ljns ] m-f-`-c-w-im-eøv kml-n-cy-ßƒ ho pw tami-am-bn. 1984 knbm- D ljv ]pd-s -Sp-hn Ip{]-kn- -amb Ccp-]Xmw \º Hm Un-\ kv {]Im-cw ax-\yq-\-]- -ß-fpsS s]mxp-thbpw AlvaZn- -I-fpsS {]txy-in- p-ap {]h Ø-\-ßƒ p Iq p-hn-e-ßn-sp-i-bp- m-bn. Ccp- ]Xmw \º Hm Un-\ kv {]Imcw AlvaZn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hnizmkw hm p-iƒsimt m Fgp-ØpsImt m {]I-Sn- n- m ]msp- -X-. ]min-kvxm- \nse t]meokv AlvaZn-I-fpsS Jp -B ]cn-`mj \ntcm-[n- p-ibpw kmln-xy-ßƒ I p-si- p-ibpw snbvxp. AlvaZn-I-fpsS Ieym-W- -W- -Øp-I-fn CkvemanI kw -Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-, AlvaZn-IfpsS aøøv \a-kv m-c-ßƒ, AlvaZn-I-fpsS I_- dp-i-fn Iena {]Z in- n- F mw Cu Hm Un- \ kv {]Imcw \ntcm-[n- -s - p. Ccp-]Xmw Hm Un- \ kv {]Imcw AlvaZn-Iƒ v Ah-cpsS hnizmkw s]mxp-hmbn {]Jym-]n- m-t\m, {]N-cn- n- m-t\m, ] n-iƒ ]Wn-bm-t\m, Ah-cpsS {]m -\-Isf apkvenw Bcm-[-\-I-sf v ]d-bmt\m ]msp- -X-. 1986 ]m m- nb {Inan-\ \nb-a-tøm-ssm w ]m e-sa p sk 295 kn t`z-kxn snøp-i-bp- 33

kxyzqx Bflob ]cn-h Ø-\-Øns Imew lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) -am-\y-t{im-xm- -sf! C\n Rm Cu cmpyøv sh v Rm snbvxn- - p Hcp hmz-sø- p-dn v \nß-fpss apºmsi A ]w kwkm-cn- m B{K-ln- p- p. temiøv ]m]-]- n-e-amb A - Imcw ]S-cp-Ibpw `qap-jøv F m hn[-øn-ep Xn -Ifpw ]c- p-ibpw Bflo-bX Ipd- pt]m-ip-ibpw ]m]-i Ω-ß-fn `qapjw a-eo-a-k-am-hp-ibpw sszh-kvt\lw Ipd v hn-j-en-]vxamb hmbp \mep-]p-dhpw hoip-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ sszho-i-im-cp-wy-øm `qansb ]p\ Po-hn- n- p-ibpw `qap-jøv Bflob]cn-h Ø\w hcp-øp-ibpw snøp-hm-\pf G msp snø-s - Sp- -Xmbn \ap v ax-n-cn-{xhpw \ΩpsS bp nbpw _p nbpw ]d- p-x-cp- p. `uxo-i-amb coxn-bn t\m p-tºmƒ Imem-h-ÿ-Iƒ amdn-amdn hcp- -Xmbn \ap p ImWm km[n- pw. ic-xvim-e-øn hr -ß-fnse ]pjv]-ßfpw Ce-Ifpw ^e-ßfpw DXn p hogp- Ibpw Ah b-tcmkw ]nsn-s - Xv t]mse ipjvin v hnir-x-cq]w sim p-ibpw snøp- p. AXn-\p-tijw hk- -Imew {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. ipjvin p Np n- p-fn hr -Øn\v \-h-ssn- X\yw ssih-cn-ibpw Ah-bn at\m-l-c-ß-fmb ]pjv]-ßfpw CS-Xnßn InS- p Ce-Ifpw \nd p-\n p ^e-ßfpw {]Xy- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. a\p-jy-pm-xn-bpss Ah-ÿbpw CXp-X-s. A-hs Pohn-X-Øn A -Im-chpw {]Im-ihpw H n\p ]ndsi as m- mbn am-dn-amdn hcp- p. Hcp L -Øn Ahs lrz-b-øn h-k kar- n-bpss s]bvøp \S-ØpIbpw Ah v Bflo-tbm I jw aqe-ap- m-ip B\µw e`y-am-ip- Ibpw snøp- p. tem-im-cw`w apx Cu c p-hn-[-øn-ep Ah-ÿ-Ifpw Ahs Pohn-X- Øn h pw t]mbpw sim n-cn- p- p. \mw Pohn- n-cn- p Cu Ime-L w Hcp ]pxnb hk- - Øns DZ-b-Z-i-bm-Wv. (em-tlm {]`m-j-ww) m-bn. AXn ax-\nµ ]ng-in apx Poh-]- cy w in hsc e`n- p Ip -am n hyhÿ snbvxp. ImcWw an km Kpemw AlvaZv JmZn-bm\n (A)sb Hcp {]hm-n-i-\mbn hniz-kn- p AlvaZn- I-fpsS hnizmkw ax-\n-µ-bm-sw pw AXv apl-ωzv \_n(-k)-bpss ÿm\-øn-s\-xnscbp \nµ-bmsw pamwv IW- m- p- -Xv. sk 295 kn aptj\ AlvaZn-Isf ]oun- n- p- Xv knbm-d l pw ]mi-nkvxm Kh sa pw Aßs\ hy-h- (10- \n v XpS ) p-\n-ev -e-, ÿnc-am-bn v B ioew D m- n-sb- Sp- -Ww. A mlp a\p-jys D n-s -bp- p-hsc Adn- - bp- -h-\m-wv. lrz-bm-hÿ Adn-bp- -h-\m-wv. a\pjy-{]-hr-øn-bpss ]n n-ep Dt±-iy-sa-s v Adnbp h-\m-wv. cl-kyhpw ]c-ky-hp-am-b-sx mw Adnbp- -h-\m-wv. Ahs KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-ƒ ap n h- 34 ÿm-]n-x-am- p-i-bp- m-bn. Aßs\ ax-hn-izmkw sh p-]p-e Øp AlvaZn-Iƒ ax-\n-µ-i-cm-sw pw Ah h[m l-cm-sw pw IW- m- -s - p. Reference 1. Jnem-sØ lj, Ckvemanø t]. 17-18. 2. Renaissance of Islam. Muhammed Zafrulla Khan 3. Ibid. 4. B.A. Rafiq; The Muslim Herald Nov. 1977. p-sim v Hmtcm t\mºp-im-c\pw t\mº-\p-jvtn- p- Ibpw ico-tc- -tbmsv t]mcm-sp-ibpw snbvxm B t\mºv Ah\v {]Xn-^-e-am-bn-Øo-cpw. "C v Rm Cu sx mb Nn m-k-xn-i-fn \n v A-I- p-\n-ev psa ' hnnm-c-tømss t\mºp-t\m- m da-fm-\n am{x-a-, F-s -t - p-ambn B t\mºv A m-lphn\p th n-bp- -Xm-bn-cn- pw.'' AXmWv A m-lphn-\p-th n ]nsn- p t\mºv F p ]d-b-s -Sp- Xv. hnh: apl-ωzv Ckvam-bn 342

2008 sk]vxw-_ tum. C^vØn-Jm AlvaZv Abmkv -l-zvdøv akolv audu-zn(-a)\v hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp- m-bn-cp A\p-c n 2006 se bp.-si. AlvaZnøm ktω-f-\-øn snbvx {]kw-kw. Ah-km-\-Im-esØ kw_ n v hnip Jp -B- \nse kqd A ^p Jm-\n Hcp {]h-n-\-ap v. AXn-{]-Im-c-amWv: ""sszh-zq-x ]d-bpw,' Fs \mym! Fs P\w Cu Jp -Bs\ ]pdw-x- nb \ne-bn hn p-i-f p'' (hn-ip Jp -B 25:31) \ΩpsS bp-am-\-cmb lzvdøv ap-lωzv apkvx^m (k.-a.) hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)t bpw alvznbp-tsbpw BK-a-\sØ kw-_ n v kphn-tij-a-dn-bn- n- p- v. hnip Jp -Bs ta bpw t{ijvt-xbpw AXns {]Nm-c-Whpw hnfw-_cw snø-emwv At±-l-Øns apjy ZuXyw. Xncp-ta-\n(-k.-A.) ]d p: hnizmkw Im ØnI \ -{X-tØmfw Db p-t]m-ip-tºmƒ t] jy hwi-p-\mb Hcmƒ AXns\ XncnsI sim p-h-cpw. a p Nne hnh-c-wßfn kqnn- n- -s - n-cn- p- Xv hnip Jp -Bs m\w A{]-Xy- -am-hp-ibpw hnip Jp -B ]cn-xy-pn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøp-sa- m-wv. hmkvzø ako-lns BK-a-\-Øn\v apºp Ahÿ CXp Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. Xncp-\-_n(-k.-A)- bpss hn-\-øn hnip Jp -Bs t]c- msx as m pw Ah-ti-jn- p-i-bn-s pw Hc-e- m-c-hkvxp-hmbn AXv Ae-am-c-bn sh -s -Sp-sa pw AXp-ambn _ -s - p-sim v Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ D m- Ip-sa pw a\- n-em-ip- p. AXns A hpw {]tbm-khpw A]-I-S-I-c-amb \ne-bn Dt]- n- s -Sp-Ibpw snøpw. 343 hnip Jp -B-t bpw Xncp-\-_n-bp-tSbpw B al-ømb {]hn\w km m -cn- -s - Xv, k t m- -X-\mb A mlp hmkvzø akolpw alvzn-bp-ambn lzvdøv an km -Kpemw AlvaZns\ (A) hnip Jp -Bs b-ym t{]a-nbmbn \ntbm-kn- -t m-gm-bn-cp p. At±lw A-f m IgnbmØ Bg-Øn hnip Jp -Bs kap-{z-øn apßn-s m v hne-axn- m-\m-hmø cxv-\ßƒ ]pd- Øp-sIm- p-h- p. AXv Ime-L- -Øns Bh-iyam-bn-cp- p. hmkvzø ako-lv(-a) hnip Jp -B ]Tn- m ÿnc-ambn ka n- -s - -bm-fm-bn-cp- p. At±l-Øn\p hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp Iqdpw ` nbpw AXn-t\m-S-t±lw ImWn A\p-c- n-bpss AKm-[- amb hnim-c-ßfpw GsXm-cm-tfbpw A p-x-s -Sp- Øp-Ibpw Aº-c- n- p-ibpw snøpw. am -Z i-\-øns Hcp t{kmx-s \ne-bn hnip Jp -B-\n \n pw At±lw t\snb m\hpw hnizm-ky-x-bpw GIm- -X-bn At±lw t\snb D -gn {]m -\-IfpsS ^eam-bn-cp p. k m-[n\m-y\pw {kjvsm-hp-ambn A m-lp-hns\ At±lw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ snbvxxv C n-[-am-bncp p. hnip Jp -B ]Tn- p-ibpw AXn-s\- pdn p Nn n- p-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ At±lw GIm- {K-ambpw {]m -\m-\n `-c-ambpw A m-lp-hns\ A`nkw-t_m-[\ snbvx-xn-{]-im-c-am-bn-cp- p-sh v Hcn Is -Øn. ""Fs {kjvsm-hmb A m- 35

kxyzqx lpth, CXv \ns ktµ-i-amwv. \o Xs F\n Xv ]Tn n- p-x-s n am{xta F\n- -Xm-kz-Zn- m km[y-amhq. At±-l-Øns AkvXn-Xz-Øns Hmtcm IWn- Ibpw At±-l-Øn IpSn-sIm- sszhni hn-\- tøm-sp AKm-[-amb A\p-c- n-bm-bn-cp- p. Xs Pohn-X-Øns F m Xmev]-cyhpw CXn \na- -ambn-cp- p. At±lw Xs amã ]okmb enjn-x-ßƒ cnn- p-tºmƒ Xs ssii-fn hnip Jp -B ]nsn- p-sim v Atßm- p-an-tßm pw \S- p-sim v AXv ]mcm-bww snøp-ibpw AXn-s\- p-dn p Nn n- psim- n-cn- p-i-bp-am-bn-cp- p. At±lw F m ka-bß-fnepw hnip Jp -Bs Hcp {]Xn Iøn Icp- Xp-am-bn-cp- p. AsX-t mgpw ]mcm-bww snøp-ibpw {]k `mk-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøpam-bn-cp- p. hnip Jp -B Bbnc W- n\v XhW At±lw ]mcm-bww snbvxn-cp p F p ]dbp- -Xn AXn-i-tbm- n-bn-. Fgp-Øp-Imcpw ]finx- mcpw {]mkwkni- mcpw Xß-fpsS cn-\- Iƒ Xøm-dm- p-tºmƒ {]k- -amb {KŸ-ßƒ D]- tbm-k-s -Sp-Øp-am-bn-cp- p. F m hmkvzø akolv (A) hnip Jp -B am{x-amwv D]-tbm- K-s -Sp-Ømdp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. AXp-sIm- mwv At±l-Øns cn-\-i-f-n hnip Jp -B hn-\-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- Xv F v ]d-bmsx \n m-l-an-. Npcp- -Øn, At±-l-Øns F m Fgp-Øp-Ifpw hnip Jp -Bs HSp-ßmØ hymjym-\-ß-fm-wv. At±lw shfn-s -Sp-Ønb Jp - B m\-ßƒ Xs A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ v {]tnm- Z\w \ Ip-Ibpw AXp-ambn H n \n m Ahsc {]m]vx-cm- p-ibpw snbvxxv Cu coxn-bn-em-wv. AXh Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-{I-a-am- n. CsXmcp A p-x- I-c-amb t\ -am-wv, AXp-t]msesbm p temiw Hcn- epw Z in- n- p-an-. hmkvzø akolv (A) Xs FgpØpIfn-sem- n ]d-bp p: "hnip Jp -Bs {]Imiw Fs lrz-b-sø Hfn- n-d-ßn-bn-cn- p- p. as m- p-sim pw F\n- Xv kzmb-ø-am- m km[n- p-am-bn-cp- n-. hnip Jp -B C m-bn-cp- p-sh- n Fs Pohn- X-Øn k p-jvsn-bp- m-ip-am-bn-cp- n-s - -Xn\v sszhw km n-bm-wv. (B-bn-\sb IamemsØ Ckv emw, dqlm-\n-j-km-bn hmfyw 5 t]pv 545 546) Cu hnj-b-i-ambn Jeo-^-Øp akolv dm_n- 36 Av (d-lv) ]d- p: ""G hpw i -ambpw BI j- I-amb \ne-bnepw Bbn-cp p hmkvzø akolv (A) a\- n-em- nb hnip Jp -Bs Ah-X-c-Ww.'' (a-pvenkv iqd, s]t{um-_m-zv, kvs]bn k]vxw- _ 1982) hmkvz-ø-a-kolv (A) hnip Jp -B ]mcmbww snøp-ibpw ]Tn- p-ibpw AtX- p-dn p Nn n- p-ibpw snbvxp-sh p am{x-a-, Xs A\pbm-bn-Isf A{]-Imcw snøm D]-tZ-in- p-ibpw snbvxp. hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snø- Xv tiƒ m\pw At±-l-an-jvS-s - n-cp- p. Hcn -e-t±lw \S- m-\n-d-ßnbt mƒ Iq -Øn-ep- m-bn-cp lmpn l_o_p dlvam kmln_v hnip Jp -B AXna-[p-c-ambn ]mcm-bww snøp-sa v Btcm ]d- p. hmkvzø akolv (A) tdmu- -cn-in Ccp- -tijw At±-l-tØmSv hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snøm A`y n- p. At±lw A{]-Imcw Xs snbvxp. hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snøp- Xv tiƒ p-tºmƒ hmkvzø ako-lns (A) Ihnƒ Ø-S-ß-fn-eqsS A{ip-I-W-ßƒ HgpIn. axa- -lm-k-tω-f-\-øn AXn-{_-l-Ømb t{imxm- ƒ v apºn hmbn- -s ""Ckvemw ax- X-Xz- m\''sa hmkvzø a-ko-lns hn{ip-xamb {KŸhpw hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp At±-l- Øns A\p-c- n pw ` n pw {]IS-amb sxfnhm-wv. ktω-f-\-øn \n -bn- -s A p hnjb-ß-sf- p-dn v hnip Jp -B-\n \n v hmkvz-øa-kolv (A) FSp-Øp-Im-Wn alm p-x-ambn cp p AXv. hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)s AkvXnXzw Xs hnip Jp B\p-th- n-bm-bn-cp- p-sh v At±-l- Øn\p Np p-ap- -h v A\p-`-h-s - p. Xs ]nxmhv hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)-t\msv hfsc ASp w ImWn hy n-bm-bn-cp- p-sh v ]tc-x\mb ^k-ep-±o kmln-_ns ai-fpw hr -bp-amb lbmøv _ohn kmln_ \nth-z\w snøp- p. At±lw hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)-\p-th n ` Ww Xøm-dm n FØn- psim-sp- p-am-bn-cp- p. lpkq AIØv t]mbn hmxne-s p hcm- -bn-en-cp v hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snøp-am-bn-cp- p-sh v At±lw ]d- p. Nne-t mƒ hmkvzø akolv (A) kpzo L-ambn kmjvsmwk {]Wmaw \S-Øp-Ibpw Xs IÆp-\o sim v \new \\-bp-amdv Ic-bp-Ibpw snøm-dp- m-bn-cp- p. hmkvzø akolv (A) Acpƒ snøp p: 344

2008 sk]vxw-_ "hnip Jp -B-\n-eqsSb msx Hcp hy n pw k -i- -\mb sszh-øn ]q Æ-ambpw hniz-kn- m km[y-a-. CXv hnip Jp -Bs {]txy-i-amb khn-ti-j-x-bm-bn-cp p. hnip Jp - Bs\ ]q Æ-ambn ]n p-s m a\p-jy\pw sszhhpw XΩn- XS w \o -s Sp- p. BZn-aq-eamb ]cn-ip- n-tbmss ap-gp-tem-i-øn\pw ]tcm- \mb sszhsø hnip Jp -B-\n-eqsS am{xta ImWm km[n- q.' (N-ivasb aavcn^øv dqlm\n Jkm-bn hmeyw 23 t]pv 271-272) A m-lp-hm-sw, hmkvzø ako-lns (A) injy- mcpw AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Ønse a p \nc-h[n t]cpw, hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp A -W-t_m-[hpw ` nbpw aptj\ sszhm-\p-{k-l-øm CØcw A\p-`-h-ßƒ t\sn-b-h-cm-sw- -Xn v \mw km n- IfmWv. hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp A\p-c- n-bn-eqss hmkvzø akolv (A) krjvsn hnπ-h-am-wn-xv. C m-eøv Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ hn[w. hnip Jp -Bs Zmk\pw A\p-c- -\p-amb hmkvzø akoln(a)s\ a p- -h-cn \n v th Xncn- p- -Xn-Xm-Wv. hmkvzø akoln (A)s ]p{x-\mb lzvdøv kmln_v kmzm an km _io AlvaZv (d) \nth- Z\w snøp- p. ""hmkvzø akolv an ka-b-ßfnepw ]T-\-Øn apgp-in-bn-cn- pw. {]txy-i-ambn hnip Jp -B-\n ti{µo-i-cn- p-sim- mbncp p At±-l-Øns ]T-\w.'' At±lw F{X-tØmfw {i -tbmspw ` n-tbm- Spw-Iq-Sn-bmWv hnip Jp -B A -tøm-ssbp ]mcm-b-w-øn apgp-in-bn-cn- p- -sx v At±lsØ I h -dn-bmw. hmkvzø ako-ln (-A)s ]nxm-hmb lzvdøv an km Kpemw aq Øk- km-ln_ns\ ImWm ]Sym-e-bn \n pw Hcp A\-lvaZn \nip-xn-]n-cn-hp-im-c, ap jn A_vZp hmlnzv CS- nss JmZn-bm kµ in- m-dp- m-bn-cp- p. At±lw hfsc sndp- -Øn Xs hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)\v ]Xn-\mtem ]Xn-\-t m hb- p- t mƒ ]I an -k-a-b-ß-fnepw B alm-flmhv hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snøp- Xpw am Pn- \n Ipdn- p-iƒ AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp- Xpw I n-cp- p-sh v ap jn-km-ln_v km yw hln- p- p. Ah\v a p Imcy-ß-fn-sem pw Xmev]-cy-an-s pw Znhkw apgp-h hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snbvxp-sim v ] n-bn Ign- p-iq m-dm-sw- pw. 345 hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)s ]nxmhv ]d- p. (The Review of Religions, D Zp, JmZn-bm P\p-hcn 1942 t]pv 4) Hcn- hmkvzø akolv (A) JmZn-bm-\n \n pw _ me hsc Hcp ] - n bm{x snøp- Ibmbn-c-p p. GI-tZiw A p awn- q t\csø bm{x-bm-bncp- p. JmZn-bm hn DSs\ hmkvzø akolv (A) Xs Ioi-bn \n v Hcp t]m v FUn-j hnip Jp -B FSpØp \nh Øn BZysØ A ym-b-amb kqd-øp ^mønl ]mcmbww snbvxp-sim- n-cp- p. A p awn- qdpw Cu sndnb kqd-bpss ]T-\-Øn At±lw apgp-in. ^møn-l AKm-[hpw hnim-ehpw Bb Hcp kap-{zam-sw pw Xm AXns AKm-[-X-bn apßns m v kvt\l-øns bpw Imcp-Wy-Øn-s bpw apøp-iƒ imiz-x-kvt\-l-]m-{x-amb Jp -B-\n \n pw txsp-i-bmsw t]mse-bm-bn-cp p At±l-Øns ]mcm-b-ww. (ko-d-øp alvzn, hmeyw2) hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp AKm-[hpw kxy-hpamb A\p-c- nbpw A -W-t_m-[-tØmsS AXns\ ]n ]- n-b-xns A\p-{K-l- -Øm-epw, A mlp hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)\v hnip Jp - Bs KqV- m\w \ In. hnip Jp -Bs tkh-\-øn-\mbn \ntbm-kn- X-\m-b-XmWv hmkvzø akolv (A) F XmWv bmym yw. At±lw kzbw {]kvxm-hn- p- p. ""hnip Jp -B-\n AS w snø-s \n[n- Iƒ temi-øn-\p-ap-ºn shfn-s -Sp-Øm-\mWv A mlp Fs Ab- n-cn- p -Xv. Ckvemans _ ssh-cn-iƒ AXn-t Iqºm-c-am n sh Zpcm-tcm- ]-W-ß-fn \n pw AXns\ ]cn-ip- -am- m\pw th n-bm-wn-xv.'' hnip Jp -Bs _lp-a-xnsb kwc- n- m C m-e-øp A m-lp-hns IpØn-sbm-gp-Ip hnimcw AXyp-{K-am-Wv. FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS \nirjvshpw \njv{]-`-hp-amb Bt -]-ß-fn \n pw hnip Jp -Bs\ ap -am- m\pw kwc- -n m\pw Ah Xocp-am-\n- p-i-gn- p. (a ^q-kmøv hmeyw 1 t]pv 38). hmkvzø ako-lns sszh-\n-tbm-k-tømss hnip Jp -B At±-l-Øns Pohn-X-N-cy-bm-bn. k -i- -\mb A mlp At±-l-Øn\v shfn-]m- Snd n. 37

kxyzqx ""F m \ -Ifpw A\p-{K-lßfpw hnip Jp -B-\n am{xta Is -Øm km[n q'' AXns \ -I-fn \n pw A\p-{K-l-ß-fn \n pw hmkvzø akolv (A) PohnXw apgp-h [mcm-f-ambn {]tbm-p\w t\sn. hnip Jp -Bs m\-am-ip kap-{z-øn B alm-flmhv apßn. AXn-ep apøp-ifpw cxv\-ßfpw ]pd-øp-sim- ph p. CXv temisø \ncp- -I-WvT-cm n Aºc- n- p. hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp AXn-c A\pc n aqew At±lw AXns\ ka-{khpw kpo-hhp-amb {]am-w-am n temi-øn-\p-ap- n Ah-Xcn- n p. Xs al-ømb "_dm-los\ AlvaZnøm'bn AXyp- z-e-amb coxn-bn hnip Jp -Bs kxy-xbpw ]cn-]q Æ-Xbpw AJ-fiy-amb hmzß-fn-eqss At±lw ÿm]n- p. hn[n-\mƒ Znhkw hsc \ne-\n p thz-{kÿw hnip Jp -B am{x-am-sw v At±lw t_m[y-s -Sp-Øn. hnip Jp -Bs ta t m-bva-bp-ambn GXp Imcy- Ønepw a -cn- m a p ax-ß-tfmsv At±lw Blzm\w snbvxp. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ Xß-fpsS {]am-w-{k-ÿ-ß-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-embn-cn- Wsa- -t±lw D]m-[n-sh- p. a p hnizm-kßsf \n»_vz am n-s m v At±lw [oc-ambn sh p-hn-fn- p. C p-hsc Bcpw Xs At±-l- Øns sh p-hnfn kzoi-cn- n- n-. hn[n-\mƒ hsc B pw Xs AXn-\p ss[cy-ap- m-hp-i-bpan-. AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns\ apgp-tem-i- Øn\pw At±lw hnt - p-t]mb Hky-Øm-Wn-Xv. AXns ]cnip n hn[n-\ym-b-zn\w hsc \ne-\nev p-sa v Dd p hcp-øm A mlp sszhn-i-amb ]n p-s m-hy-hÿ (Jn-em-^Øv) \ In A\p-{Kln- p. C v \sω Jnem-^-Øns A mw L w \ In A\p-{K-ln- n-cn- p- p. hnip Jp -B- \nse cxv\-ßƒ \ΩpsS kvt\l-]m-{x-amb Jeo^ (A-øZlp) \ΩpsS apºn sh p p. AXv \sω ]cn-jvi-cn- m\pw \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ [\y-am- m\pw Fs pw \ne-\n-ev p bym -amb A`n-hr n t\sm-\p-am-wv. hmkvzø ako-lns F ]-Xn-e-[nIw {KŸßƒ \ΩpsS ] D v. hnip Jp -Bs m\hpw kxy-xbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw tem- Øns apºmsi Ch Xpd- p-sh- p- p. temiw apgph- hnip Jp -B {]kn- o-i-cn- m-\p 38 A-f-h \n[n-iƒ \ap v HkyØv snbvxn-cn- p- p. AXn-s\-Xn-cn-ep Bt -]-ß-tfmSv ZrV-\n- -b-tømss {]Xn-I-cn- m \sω Ch {]m]vx-cm- p p. hnip Jp -Bs AXp-ey-amb ktµ-ihpw FÆ-a kuµ-cy-ßfpw Imc-W-ambn hmkvzø ako-lv(-a) AXn A\p-c- -\m-bn. hmkvzø ako-ln(-a)\v hnip Jp B-t\m- Sp A\p-c- nbpss ASn-ÿm-\-amb AXn-`m-hp- IXzw bym -Øn sszh-tøm-sp kvt\lam-bn-cp- p. At±lw Hcp D Zp-I-hn-X-bn ]d-bp p: ""hnip Jp -Bs kuµ-cy-ßƒ kpkv]- jvs-am-b-xmwv. F m AXn-t\m-Sp Fs A\pc- n- p bym Imc-Ww, A -tbm, Fs kz -ÿ-\mb bp-am-\-t\, AXv \n n \n pw h p F -X-s{X. Fs lrzbw AXns\ Npw_n- m\pw AXns\ {]Z- nww snøm\pw shº sim- p-i-bm-wv. (Jm-Zn-bm si Bcy Hu lw) bym -Øn A m-lp-hn-t\m-sp A\p-c- nbn \n mwv hnip Jp -B-t\m-Sp A\p-c n Xfn p -Xv. hmkvzø ako-lns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw imco-cn-i-amtbm Bflo-b-amtbm D tcmk-ßƒ p {]Xn-hn-[nbmbn-cp p hnip Jp -B. lzvdøv tum. ao apl-ωzv Ckvam-bn kmln_v (d) \nth-z\w snøp p: "tdman \n p Aw_m-k-U JmZn-bm kµ i-\-øns\-ønb Znhkw akvcn_v \nkv m-cm-\- cw lpkq ko -n Ccn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p. At±-l- Øn\v Xe-bn kω ±w A\p-`-h-s - -Xn-\m \ne- Øp Hcp ]mb-bn InS- p. injy- m At±l-Øns Xe-bn XS-hm apt m p \oßn. ]t, DSs\ Ahsc XS- p. Ah-cn an hcpw t]mb-tijw auehn A_vZp Icow kmln- _n-t\msv lpkq hnip Jp -B-\nse Ipd p`mkw ]mcm-bww snøm A`y n- p. auehn kmln_v hfsc am[p-cy-ta-dnb i_vz-øn hnip Jp -B ]mcm-bww snbvxp. Ct mƒ X\n v hnj-a-sam pw txm p- n-s v lpkq ]d-bp- - Xp-hsc auehn kmln_v ]mcm-bww XpS p. (ko-d-øp alvzn 459 mw \º hnh-c-ww) (Xp-S-cpw) (The Review of Religions Sept. 2006) hnh Ø\w : si.-hn. l -tim-b, timgn-t msv 346

- 2008 sk]vxw-_ Aÿn-c-am-Ip ]min-kvxm km apkm-^n km[mcwk-xn-bn ] m-f-`cww P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp- hpw a\pjy-kzm-x-{ y-øn-s -Xn-cp-am-Wv. F m ]min-kvxms\ kw_- nt -S-tØmfw XΩn t`zw sxm Ω F coxn-bn cmjv{sob `c- Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tf- mƒ BizmktØmsS ] m-fw ]e-t mgpw kzoicn- -s -Sm-dp- v. CkvemanI `c WØn\pth n \ne-sim- p ax-i- n-i-fpss kzm[o-\hpw Agn-aXn hoc- m-cmb cm jv{sob t\xm- - m-cpss t\xr-xzhpamwv ]min-kvxm-\n knhn-en-b `c-wtø- mƒ ] m-f-`c-wsø -P\- kzo-im-cyam- n- am- p- -Xv. C- y bpw ]min-kvxm\pw Hcp Znh-k- Øns hyxym-k-øn ]nd Cc cmpy-ß-fm-wv. kzmx-{ y-øn- \p-tijw 61 h j-øn-\n-s-bn 33 sim w ] m-f- m-cpss _q n- -Snbn Ign-bm hn[n- -s ]minkvxm C v {]iv\ß-fpss \nebn- m- -b-øn-em-wv. A\ -sshhn[yßfp C y Hcp cmjv{sa-mbn-\n p-tºmƒ Ckvem-anI dn -ªn mbn {]Jym]n- -s ]minkvxm\nse _eq-n-nÿm-\nepw, hs v ]Sn- m-d {]hn-iybnepw kn nepw kzbw-`-cw hnl-s-\-hmzw kvt^ms-\m-fl-iamwhn[w kpo-h-am-wv. 22 ixam\w ]W-s -cp w 5 ix-am-\- Øn Ipd kmº-øn-i-hf, ax-`o-i-c-hm-zn-i-fpss \nc- - c-amb t_mw_v kvt^m-s-\-ßƒ F m- n pw aipsw Nm Øp- hn[w cmjv{sob Aÿn-c-Xbpw. ]cn-ip tziw F -ap ]min-kvxm i]vx-tz-i-ambn amdp- I-bmtWm? Alva-Zn-Isf t{zmln ] mf tkzom-[n-]-xn-bm-bn-cp p P\-d knbm-d l-jv. CXns ^-e-ambn AlvaZo Jeo-^ v ]min-kvxm- \n \n pw ]em-b\w sntø n h p. 1988- AlvaZo Jeo-^bpsS ap_m-le (im-]-{]m -\) \ne-hn-en-cns P\-d knbm- D ljv hnam-\-øn BIm-i- Øp-sh v s]m n-sø-dn v [qfn- s - p-t]m-bn. 1988 B-KkvXv 18-\mbn-cp p B kw`-hw. ]n osv ]m In-kvXm `qt m ]p{xn t_\-kodn\v Iogn knhn `c-w-øn h p. IrXyw 20 h -jøn-\ptijw 2008 -B-KÃv 17\v ]minkvxm\n H ]Xv h jw ] m-f- Ø-e-h-\mbn `cn- p-ibpw ]n osv {]kn-u- mbn Øocp-Ibpw sn bvx ] thkv apjvd^pw ÿm\- sam-gn p. Cu Ccp-]Xv h j- Øn- p- n Itk-c- -fn-t]mse cmjv{so-b- mcpw ] m-fhpw ]minkvxms A[n-Im-c-I-tk-c-bn amdn-am-dn-bn-cp- p. Ct mƒ apjyambpw A-ta-cn- -bpss ]n p-w-bn- m-ø-xns t]cn-emwv apjvd^v ÿm\-sam-gn-bp- -Xv. ]m-in-kvxm CkvemanI \nb-a-ßƒ \S- m- m {]Xn- -sb-spø cmpyamwv. A-Xns G hpw henb AS-bm-f-ambn Nq n- m-wn- -s - Sp- Xv AlvaZn-Isf Aapkvenw \yq\-] - -am ns m p \n ba\n Ωm-W-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-I-fpamWv. 1991 apx CkvemanI ico- AØv ]q W-\n-b-a-ambn AwKo-Icn Cu cmpyw `oi-c-hm-zw, Agna-Xn, If-hv, hy-`n-nmcw, ab v acp- v, apx-em-b-hbv v temi-ønse ap Wn cmpy-ß-fn-sem- msw v hnhn[ temi-g-p kn-iƒ hkv Xp-\n-jvT-amb ÿnxn-hn-h-c- -W- p-i-fp-ss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn sh fn-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xm-sW v AlvaZn- Isf AapkvenwI-fmbn AwKo-Icn- -Xns t]cn ]m-inkvxms\ hmgvøp- -h ad- -cp-xv. F m- n- p-ap-]cn ]min-kvxms A-ta-cn- hnt[-bxzw e m-i-c-am-wv. cmjv{sob {]Xn-k- n-bp- m-bm DSs\ Ata-cn- -bpss Bio hm- Z-Øn-\p-th n hmjnw-kvs-wn-te v hnam\w Ib-dp-I-bmWv ] m-f- mcptsbpw cmjv{so-b- m-cp-tsbpw BZy-]-cn-]mSn. temi-ønse at - sxmcp cmpyøpw C{X \ -amb timtfm-wn-b hnt[-bxzw {]I- S-a-. X\n-s -Xnsc Cw]o- vsa v `ojwn h -t mƒ hmjnw-kvs-wn s\ kao-]n apjvd-^n\p Ata-cn- Bio hm-zhpw ]n Xp- Wbpw C F v t_m y-am-bxv sim mwv At±lw cmpn-sh-s m- 347 39

kxyzqx gn- -Xv. As - n {]kn-u v Hcp ssit\m- p-am-bn-cp- p. s\dnsi coxn-bn ]I-t]m- cm jv{sobw hmgp ]min-kvxm-\n apjvd-^ns cmpnbpw XpS p kpc- n-x-po-hn-xhpw Dd- m- m as mcp At-cn- Zmk-\mb kduzn Atd-_y-bpsS ZqX Ata-cn- Bio hm-z-tømss ]min-kvxm-\n h `c-w-{]-xn- ] I n-i-fp-ambn N \S Øn ka-hm-b-ap- m- n-b-xn-\vtij-amwv CkvemanI cmjv{s-øns {]kn-u v ÿm\-sam-gn- -Xv. ]n.]n.-]n.-bpss Bkn-^en k Zm-cnbpw ]min-kvxm apkv enweokns \hmkv ico^pw Kh sa v cq]o-i-cn- m\pw apjvd-^ns\ ]pd-ø-m m\pw H n- p-\n- -t mƒ ]min-kvxm cmjv{so-b-sø- n Aev]-sa- nepw Imcy-t_m-[-ap- -hsc mw CsXm cp a[p-hn[p kjy-am-sw v Dd- n p ]d- n-cp- p. Ct mƒ apjvd^v ]ncn- p-hn PUvPnam-sc (21- \n v XpS ) \n p AØmgw Ign- p ]pdøp t\m n-b-t mƒ {]Imiw ]c- ncn- p- -Xm-bn- - p. t\mºv ho pw A\p-jvTn- -Wtam F v Hcmƒ Fgp-Xn-t m-z-n Xn v AdnbmsX ` n- p-ibpw IpSn- p- Ibpw snøp- Xv sim v ]I-cambn thsd t\mºv A\p-jvTn-t - -Xn F p adp-]sn \ Ip-Ibp- m-bn. (a ^q-kmøv hmeyw 9. `m: 186) dazm-\n Xdm-ho-lv \a-kvim cw cm{xn F p d vaøv ] nbn sh p Pam-A-Ømbn A\pjvTn-t -Wtam AX cm-{xn-bpss A- y-bm-a-øn X\n v ho n sh p \a-kvi-cn- mtam F tnmzy-øn v l: hmkvzø 40 Xncn-s -Sp- p hnj-b-ønepw ]min-kvx {]kn- - ns\ Xncs -Sp- p hnj-ønepw k Zmcn-bp-ambn sx n- n-cn \hmkv ico^v k Zm-cn-s -Xnsc ]minkvxm {]kn-u v ÿm\-tø v a -cn- m ]pxnb {]kn- U p ÿm\m nb-p-ambn cwk Øp- - v. Aßns\ ]min-kvxm ho pw Ießp-I-bm-Wv. BW-hcm-Py-amb ]min-kvxms Cu Aÿn-cX temiw apgp-h `b- m-tsm-ss-bmwv t\m p- -Xv. hmkvx-h-øn ]min-kvxm C v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- Xv AKm- [-amb Hcp B-flob {]Xn-k- nbmwv. Alva-Znøm Jnem-^Øv F sszhniÿm]-\-øn-s\- Xnsc t]mcn-\n-d-ßnb Hcp cmjv{sw t\cn-sp sszhn-i-am-\-ß-fp Hcp {]Xn-k- n-bm-wn-xv. cmjv{sob-hpw, kmaq-ln-i-hpw, kmº-øn- Ihpw ssk\ni-hp-amb {]iv\ ß-fpw, Ac- n-xm-h-ÿbpw akolv C{]-Imcw Acpƒ snbvxp. Xdm-holv \a-kvimcw hmkvxh-øn F p d v AØv Xl- p-zn p ]I-c-ap H m-wv. tnmzy-øn ]d c p-x-c- Ønepw CXm-Im-hp- -XmWv. Cu c p hn[-ønepw dkq- Xncp-ta- \n(-k) \a-kv -cn- m-dp- m-bn-cp- p. F m Xncp-ta\n (k) A[n- Ihpw cm{xn-bpss A y-bm-a- Øn Bbn-cp p \a-kvi-cn- mdp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. (a ^qkmøv hm. 10 `m. 178). Xl- pzv hnxv AS w ]Xn-s\mt m ]Xn-aqt m d v AØpIfm-W-t m. B ÿnxnbn Xdm-ho-ln 20 d v AØp- Iƒ \a-kv -cn- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn v AXns _ln kv^p-c-w-ß-ƒ am{x-am-wv. kap-{z-ønse lnam-\n- I-fpsS A{K-X-e-ßƒ am{x-am-wnh. ]min-kvxm-\nse kmaq-ly-km- K-c-Øn P\m-[n-]-XyØns Hcp bm\-øn\pw C\n-ta im -ambn k -cn- m km[y-a-. Bflobhpw [m Ωn-I-hp-amb iq\y-xbpss ÿm\øv cq]w sim ap m-bn-k-øns ]Sp-Iq- a p-i- -I-fn X n Ah-sb mw XI -Sn-bpw. ]min-kvxm C\nsbmcp t{ib v ssih-c-w-sa- n Ckvemans bym kw kvimcw hni-zo-i-cn- m sszhn- I-ambn \nbp- -amb AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns\ hf p-hn-i-kn- m\pw ]pjv -e-am-hm-\p-ap kvs]bnkv ]m-in-kvxm-\n A\ph-Zn- p-i-bmwv sntø -Xv. AXv ]min-kvxm snøp- n-s - n CXn-\Iw {Kkn ap m-bn-k-øn s _vfmiv tlm-fn s v ]minkvxm kao-]-`m-hn-bn XI pt]m-ipw. F m Wp \n t±iw F p-tnm-zn- -t mƒ lpkq Xncp-a-\ v (A) Acpƒ snbvxp. lzvdøv dkq Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ÿmbn-bmb kp Øv F p d vaøp-iƒ Xl- q-zv, cm{xn-bpss A y-bma-øn \a-kv I-cn- -em-bn-cp- p. t{ijvt-xbpw CXp-X-s. F m cm{xn-bpss BZy-L- - Øn (C-im- p-ti-jw) \a-kvicn- p- Xpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. Hcp cnhm-b-ø-\p-k-cn v cm{xnbpss BZy-bm-a-Øn Xncp-ta-\n (-k) \a-kv -cn- n-cp- p. Ccp-]Xv div-a-øp-iƒ ]n o-sp- m-b-xm- Wv. dkq Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ncy BZyw ]d- Xv t]mse (8 d v- A-Øp-Iƒ)-bm-Wv. (a ^q-kmøv hm. 10, t]pv 113). 348

auehn kn.-si. A_vZp kmln_v simsn-b-øq Pam-A-Øw-K hpw as-hq kztzinbpamb kn.- si. A_vZp auehn Pq 24 mw XnbXn \ncym-x-\m-bn. C m-en- mln... 1970 Ime-L- -Øn Pam-A- Øn {]th-in auehn kmln- _v, Icp-fm-bn, IÆq, simsn-b- Øq XpSßn hnhn[ Pam-A-Øp- I-fn apa- n-ambn tkh-\-a-\pjvtn- p-i-bp- m-bn. kpoh Pam- A-sØ Ckveman {]h Ø-I- \mbncp auehn kmln-_v, "XmKqØn' tpmen Dt]- n- pi F Ah-cpsS Blzm\w snhns m v k m D-tZymKw Dt]- n- m k - X ImWn A]q w hy n-i-fn-sem-cm-fm-bncp- p. Pam-AsØ Ckveman ÿm- ]-\-ß-fn \n v D- X hnzym- `ymkw Ic-ÿ-am- nb auehn kmln_v aptj\ PamAsØ Ckveman ]fin-x-\pw, ktlm-z-c- \p-amb auehn aplvbp±o kmln-_n\pw kxy-a-ko-lns\ kzoi-cn- p-hm `mkyw kn n- p- I-bp- m-bn. Alv azn-øøv kzoicn- Xp ImcWw Gsd XymK-ß-ƒ kln-t n h auehn kmln- _n\v Zo L-Imew simsn-b-øq ] n-bn G-I-\mbn Xma-knt n hcn-i-bp- m-bn. kmam \yw t`-z-s \ne-bn Pohn- ncp `mcym-ip-spw-_-ß-fpss {] tem-`-\-ßsf auehn kmln_v [oc-ambn AXn-Po-hn- p-i-bp m 349 bn. ]tc-x v A mlp D- -X-amb kz ob A\p-{K-l-ßƒ \ Ipam-dm-I-s. Bao A_vZp-dln-am, simsn-b-øq q si.-]n. kn o v Ae-\- q-cnse BZy-Ime AlvaZn si.-]n. Ip -ehn auehn kmln-_ns ai\mb si.-]n. kn o v (58) 2008 Pqembv 30\v _p[-\mgvn h^møm-bn. C m-en- m-ln... ]Ø- n-cnbw Pam-A-Øn Cam-a-p -emøpw A kmdp- mlv kcuapw a p ]e cwkøpw tkh-\-a\pjvtn- p. `mcy: amt me Bbni km ln_. a -ƒ: si.-]n. iwkp-±o km., si.-]n. ico^v km., si.-]n. Xzmln km., si.-]n. \q P-lm kmln-_, si.-]n. iwko\ kmln- _, si.-]n. Pkoe kmln_. si.-]n. apl-ωzv ]Ø- n-cnbw apl-ωzv Ip n kmln_v A-e-s\- q Pam-A-Ønse BZy-Ime AlvaZn-I-fn-sem-cm-fpw, a lqw auem\m Aehn kmln _v F v.-f.-bpss ktlm-z-c-\p-amb Iqa-t cn apl-ωzv Ip n km 2008 sk]vxw-_ ln_v (86) 2008 Pqsse 28\v \ncym- X-\mbn (C- m-en- mln hc m Csseln dmpn Du ) Ae-s\- q-cnse sim mcw al- n Iqa-t cn AlvaZv kmln_pw ]pø-\-ßmsn adnbw kmln-_-bp-am-bn-cp p amxm-]n-xm- ƒ. Jp -B-\nI m\w Ic-ÿam- p- -Xn a lqw si. apl- ΩZv Ip n kmln_v AXo-h-X ]- c-\m-bn-cp- p. ax-]-t-\-øn-\mbn Ac p-]dºnse ]e ] n Z kp- I-fnepw ap Øv ] n Z knepw HmXn-s m- n-cp- p. ]n osv ]e {]mcm-_vz-ßfpw Imc-WØm ]T\w apt m v sim p-t]mim km[n- n-. F n-cp- mepw cmhn se apx sship-t cw hsc A m-\n pw sship-t cw sim mcw ] n-bn t]mbn DkvXm Zvamcn \n pw Jp -B, lzokv apx-em-bh ]Tn- pw. B-Zy-Im-e-ß-fn Pam-A- Øns\ i{xp-xm-a-t\m-`m-h-tøm-ssbmwv I n-cp- -Xv. At±-lsØ ktlm-z-c\pw AlvaZn-bp-amb auem\m Aehn kmln-_ns kmxzni Pohn-X-am-bn-cp p Gsd kzm[o-\n- -Xv. 1962-emWv At±lw ss_aøv snbvxv AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øn {]th-in- -Xv. hf sc kmxzn-i\pw kuay-io-e-\pamb apl-ωzv Ip n kmln_v s]m Xp-cw-KØv Adn-b-s Bfm-bn-cp- p. Ae-s\- q Pam-A-Øn Zo L-Imew {]kn-u- mbpw Daqsd Ba sk{i- -dn-bmbpw tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- n- p- v. `mcy: kn. Ip n-^m-øna kmln_ a ƒ : auehn A_vZp- 41

kxyzqx Fd-Wm-Ipfw tajem A km-dp mlv CPvXnabn 2008 tajem Aao _n.-_n. AlvaZv I_o kmln_v A[y- {]-kwkw \S-Øp- p. aqhm- p]pg {]kn-u v Xßƒ kmln_v, \mknw A km-dp ticf ]n.-]n. \mk-dp-±o kmln_v, Fd-Wm-Ipfw tajem \mknw A km-dp jmlp laozv kmln_v F n-h thzn-bn. Fd-Wm-Ipfw taje A km-dp- mlv kwl-sn- n ax-ssa{xn ktω-f\ - Ø - n aqhm- p-]pg ap kn-]m-en n snb t]-gvk k: tacn tpm Pv txm w D Lm-S-\ -{]kwkw \S-Øp- p. F.-Fw. aplωzv kenw kmln-_v, \m-k auehn kmln-_v, {io. F.-]n. A p, Fd-Wm-Ipfw tajem Aao AlvaZv I_o kmln-_v, ^m. tpm h Kokv, IpSn-bn F n-h thznbn. Jp±m-ap AlvaZnøm t\m Øv Cem kwl-sn- n Jnem-^Øv ktω-f\w ae- pdw tajem A-ao ]n. apl-ωz- en amã kmln_v DZvLm-S\w \n -ln- p- p. t\m Øv CemJm (JmCZv) ]n. im^n AlvaZv kmln-_v, auehn \mkn kmln-_v, auehn Ckvam-bn kmln_v F n-h thzn-bn. lpkq Xncp-a\ - - ns JpXvz_m {]`m-jw {]Z i\w {]kvxpx thznbn D m-bn-cp- p. emw (Iq-Sm-fn), si. kn±o-jv, si. bqk-^v, Pao-e, Ip n-^m-øna acp-a - ƒ : si. apl-ωzv, F. a kq, Sn. Ckva-Øv, si.-]n. l_o-_, F. \Pna. A mlp ]tc- X \v akv ^ ndøpw P Øpw \ In A\p-{Kln- p-am-dm-is -. Fw. A_vZpƒ kao, Ae-\- q 42 JmZn-bm-\n-te v Bh-iy-ap v JmZn-bm-\n DSs\ \n Ωm-W-am-cw-`n- p-hm t]mip ka µv tlmwkns \n Ωm-W-ssk n-te v 35-50 {]mb-øn-\n-s-bn-ep Btcm-Ky-ap - h - c pw, AXym- h iyw ]mniw Adn- b m- h p hm vams\ Bh-iy-ap- v. ss{uhnwkv Adn-bp- h v ap K-W-\. _ -s -SpI : Ph: 9447025715 350