RCEnE 2018 Manila : a Synergy between Science and Engineering Pri Utami Geothermal Research Centre Faculty of Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada Jalan Grafika 2, Yogyakarta p.utami@ugm.ac.id
Talk Coverage HEAT ENERGY BENEATH OUR FEET GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA AND PHILIPPINES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT ROOMS FOR SOCIAL ENGINEERING CONCLUDING REMARKS
Geothermal: ENERGY BENEATH OUR FEET Virtually infinite energy from the interior of the Earth. More equally distributed than any other source of natural energy.
Geothermal energy is contained within a geothermal system, i.e., the system of heat and mass transfer from the inner part of the Earth to the surface. Geothermal systems are open sytem which serve as both natural laboratories and energy sources, which allow us to: Study the Earth and planetary processes. Biodiversity and life in extreme environment. Develop the technology to explore and harness their potential.
Extended definition Heat energy from the Earth that can be extracted economically. Challenge for development Resource discovery and characterization Optimation of energy utilization By-product utilization Environmental sustainablity Economic competitiveness Social and cultural acceptability
Indonesia & Philippines 1 GW Geothermal Country Club
342 locations Reserves = 17,506 MW Resources 11,073 MW Utilization 11% of the existing reserves Great opportunity for research & investment National energy security
http://map.thinkgeoenergy.com/ Other ASEAN Countries known to have geothermal potential: Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand
Resource discovery and characterization INDONESIA 28.579 MW total potential (onshore) ~ 40% world s resource. Installed capacity : ~1.925 MW: high-temperature, volcano-hosted geothermal fields Hidden systems (lack of manifestations) are now being considered. Low and medium enthalpy systems are being researched. Submarine geothermal has not been considered as an economically and technologically feasible option for development.
Keys for succesful development Increase the geological assurance of the resource potential Improve the technology for efficiency of energy extraction and utilization Challenges in research High-temperature, volcano-hosted geothermal system Improve the resolution of geoscientific exploration methods to accurately locate the best production zone. Hidden geothermal system (lack of surface manifestation): Development of exploration technology Technology to access the producible heat at the subsurface. Low & medium enthalpy geothermal system Improvement of the understanding of the geological setting and character of the systems Development of utilization technology
Engineering research Geothermal reservoir engineering Accurate measurements or estimation of reservoir properties Development of powerful, user-friendly modelling softwares Fluid production facilities Efficiency of production facilities Material engineering Energy utilization technology Power generation efficiency in conventional plant Binary power plant Direct use Cascade utization By products New paradigm in scaling mitigation
High-temperature, volcano-hosted geothermal systems Indonesian archipelago: 80 active and inactive strato-volcanoes 20 volcano-hosted high-temperature geothermal systems 1.925 MW from 11 fields 7 fields associated with magmatically derived acidic fluids. A. Geothermal systems hosted by young strato-volcanoes: Sibayak (North Sumatra) Kawah Ijen (East Java) and Tangkuban Perahu (West Java) Ulubelu (South Sumatra) B. Geothermal systems associated with acidic fluid feeders: Dieng (Central Java) Lahendong (North Sulawesi) and Patuha (West Java)
Challenges in developing potential fields with acidic fluids (Example from Lahendong, North Sulawesi) Corrosion of production facilities in the hottest sector of the field. Environmental management to mitigate possible damage due to the presence of deeply derived corrosive fluids. High NCG content from wells in the central parts of the system: Lower the turbine efficiency. Environmental problem. Anticipation of scaling problem in other parts of the system. Modeling the field hydrology that will help: Build the development strategy to reduce risk of future problems related to deeply-derived acid fluid. Find development target with hightemperature and benign fluids.
NZ-type geothermal system in Indonesia? Low relief terrain, high-t, good permeability, benign reservoir fluid Tompaso sector of the Lahendong Tompaso Field, North Sulawesi Detailed, wider coverage of geological survey Detailed, higher resolution of geophysical exploration technology Advanced fluid geochemistry analyzes
Other types of geothermal system Development of suitable exploration concept. Development of direct utilzation design. Example: Sulawesi Occurrence of geothermal resources 6% active volcanoes (Minahasa sector, North Arm) 36% old volcanoes (Gorontalo & South Arm) 28% uplifted granites around the Palu fault zone 30% faulted granite and metamorphic basement rocks and fragments of oceanic crust (Southeast Arm) Map from Watkinson (2011) Geothermal resource locations from MEMR (2004)
Offshore geothermal resource development Although in the short term technicaly more difficult and expensive to develop as practical power source, globally the offshore geothermal resource far exceeds the equivalent potential on land. Using mature technology from onshore geothermal and offshore hydrocarbon exploitation, in the future submarine geothermal resources can be an economical affordable option for energy supplies at small to large scale.
BANDA Arc continent collision World s deepest through (7 km). World s most tectonically and seismically active region. Limited knowledge on its georesources. Submarine geothermal potential in Banda Sea? Špičák et al (2013) Banda volcanic arc : Alor, Wetar and Romang (active 12 13 Ma), Damar, Teon, Nila, Serua (currently active), and Manuk (solfataric activity). Ambon volcanic arc : Ambon (active Plateau, Banda Api (currently active). 5 1 Ma, submarine volcanic complex of the Pisang Northwest of the Banda volcanic arc: submarine volcanoes Emperor of China and Nieuwerkerk (active 8 7 Ma), Gunung Api Wetar (currently active), and the submarine Lucipara ridge (active 7 3 Ma).
RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES Submarine geoscience research to characterise the resource Locate the prospects Model the subsurface conditions (size, resevoir rocks, permeability types, temperature and pressure) Understand the fluid quality Fluid-rock interactions, mineralization Heat extraction and utilization technology Material science Suitable materials for the equipments to access and extract the heat energy Other research to ensure the feasibility of the submarine geothermal projects
Rooms for Social Engineering Bring geothermal closer to the heart of the society
Bring geothermal closer to the heart of the society Geothermal education for the society Introduction to geothermal science and technology to schools Development of geothermal-based economic activities e.g., community-based geothermal tourism, geothermal-powered agro industries, etc.
The First Indonesian Geothermal Festival Lahendong Geothermal Field, 6 7 August 2015 Soft launching of the lahendong Geothermal Education Park celebrated with the first Indonesian Geothermal Festival.
Public activity in the Geothermal Education Park, Lahendong Field, North Sulawesi
Concluding Remarks Being indigeneous, clean, renewable, and season-independent, geothermal energy is a vital aset for the energy security. Synergy between science and engineering certainly help to explore their potentials, optimize their use, and to increase their economic competitiveness. Other ASEAN Countries (e.g., Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam) have geothermal energy potential contained in systems different from those of Indonesia and the Philippines, however their potential are worth to be unlocked. Buliding the support from the community to geothermal energy development is equally important to hard-science and engineering research.
The 1st Indonesian Geothermal Festival 2015