Recurrence of Kanto Earthquakes Revealed from Tsunami Deposits in Miura peninsula

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Recurrence of Kanto Earthquakes Revealed from Tsunami Deposits in Miura peninsula Kunihiko Shimazaki 1,2, Kenji Satake 1*, Haeng Yoong Kim 1, Takeo Ishibe 1, Takashi Chiba 3 & Toshihiko Sugai 3 1 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1 1 1 Yayoi, Bunkyo ku, Tokyo 113 0032, Japan; 2 Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 5 26 20 Shiba, Minatoku, Tokyo 108 8414, Japan; 3 Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5 1 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277 8561, Japan; *Author for correspondence, e mail: satake@eri.u tokyo.ac.jp

Plates around Japan Kanto Eq.

The 1923 Kanto earthquake Damage in Yokohama City Yokohama City Library Tsunami Damage in Ito City Ito City Office Total casualty ~ 100,000 (The worst earthquake disaster in Japan)

The 1923 (Taisho) Kanto earthquake Tsunami Heights Crustal deformation Hatori (1975) Miyabe (1931)

The 1703 (Genroku) Kanto earthquake Previous earthquake at the plate boundary Tsunami Heights Crustal deformation Hatori (1975) Shishikura (2003) Larger tsunami on the Pacific coast of Boso peninsula Larger uplift on the southern tip of Boso Peninsula

Historical records of earthquakes Ueda and Usami (1990)

During Kamakura Era (1192 1333), several damaging earthquakes were recorded, e.g., AD1257 M=7 7.5 AD1293 M~7 AD1433 M> 7 Historical records of earthquakes

modified from Shishikura, 2003 Geomorphological study

Miura Peninsula Koajiro Bay Aburatsubo Bay (tide gauge record since 1895) Ena Bay

Study Site: Koaijiro Bay Koajiro Bay Tidal Flat Tide Gauge Station Aburatsubo Bay

Array Coring using Geoslicer at Tidal Flat

Array Coring using Geoslicer at Tidal Flat

Sequence of Stratigraphy Seaward Landward Three event deposits in the bay sediment beneath tidal flat sediment

Tsunami Deposits T1 1923 Kanto Eq. T2 1703 Kanto Eq. T3 older Eq.

Grain Size Analysis Event Units composed of the coarse materials.

Fresh Water Species Diatom analysis Little diatom in event deposits, but increase after events Gradually increase of marine plankton Gradual (interseismic) subsidence and Sudden (coseismic) uplift

Study Site: Koaijiro Bay Tide Gauge Station Koajiro Bay Tidal Flat Aburatsubo Bay

Dating of most recent event (Cs, Pb) Cs-137 Cs 137 and Pb 210 indicate that T1 sand layer is brought by the 1923 Kanto earthquake

Radiocarbon Dating T1:1600AD~ T2:1600AD~ T3:1060AD~ 1430AD 1060-1260 AD

Older earthquake T3 may correlate with 1293 Sho o earthquake

Long Geoslicer Survey

Long Geoslicer Survey

Long Geoslicer Survey Balanus 710+ 30yBP (1560 1820 AD) ~ 1703 (Genroku) Kanto Eq. Shell in sand layer 1230 1400AD(Marine Reservoir correction applied) ~ 1293 Kanto Eq.

Miura Peninsula Koajiro Bay Aburatsubo Bay (tide gauge record since 1895) Ena Bay

Geoslicer survey in Ena Bay

Characteristics of Tsunami deposits in Ena Bay Three or four coarse layers including shell fragments, gravels, and coarse sand were identified in the inner bay fine sediments. These tsunami deposits erode layers below, indicating a strong current. Sedimentation environment clearly changes between below and above the tsunami deposits.

Diatom and grain size analyses Tide gauge record at Aburatsubo Planktonic > Benthic diatom : interseismic subsidence Planktonic < Benthic diatom : coseismic uplift

Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon Dating and Sedimentation Rate ENA F ENA I T1 T1? T2 T3 T2 T4 T3 T4?? T5 Tidal flat Sub tidal Inner bay Tidal flat Sub tidal Inner bay

Comparison with Geomorphological study modified from Shishikura, 2003

Summary Three or four tsunami deposits are obtained in the inner bay fine sediment. In Koajiro Bay, the top and second tsunami deposits are correlated to the 1923 and 1703 Kanto earthquake. The third one may be 1293 earthquake recorded in historical literature. In Ena Bay, the topmost deposit is the 1923 Kanto earthquake. The second through fourth unit deposited about 3000, 3300 and 3700 year BP, respectively. In addition to tsunami deposits, diatom analysis provide coseismic and interseismic sea level changes.

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