How can I find my seat?

How can I find my seat? The class teacher decides to re-arrange the seats today. She gives each student a card (Figure 3.1). Students have to find the seats by themselves. E1 William A4 Alex G3 Kelly A1 Sara H3 Steven Figure 3.1 1 According to the information in Figure 3.1, mark the names of the students on the seating plan (Figure 3.2). 2 What is the purpose of the letters and numbers in Figure 3.2? 5 4 Windows 3 2 Windows 1 A B C D E F G H Teacher's desk Blackboard Door Figure 3.2 A plan of William s classroom 16

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Chapter 3 Describing locations using grids on maps To learn map reading skills, it is necessary to know how to use grid systems. The chapter interest shows a letternumber grid system. We use this type of system when we buy a ticket to see a movie or attend a concert (Figure 3.3). Many atlases use the same system to help us find a place easily. Grid squares and grid lines Grid squares are formed by vertical and horizontal lines called grid lines. Each grid line has a two-digit number (Figure 3.4). Vertical grid lines are counted from the west to the east, and are called eastings. Horizontal grid lines are counted from the south to the north, and are called northings. Figure3.3 Tickets usually use a letter-number grid system to indicate our seats Skills How can we use grid squares? To read a grid square, we must read the easting first, and then the northing. Therefore, each grid square carries a four-digit number. 1 What are the grid squares of the following objects? (a) (b) (c) Happy School Church Healthy Village 2 What can you find in the following grid squares? (a) 1043 (b) 1242 (c) 1140 The grid square of the fire station is 1140. Figure 3.4 17

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Part one Think about In Figure 3.4, both the police station and fire station are found in grid square 1140. How can we tell the exact location of each of them? Grid references Grid references help us describe the exact location of an object. A grid reference carries six digits, three for the easting and three for the northing. To obtain the third and the sixth digits, it is necessary to divide the area between two grid lines into 10 equal parts. Skills How can we read grid references? To read the grid reference on 1: 20 000 maps, the simple tool in Figure 3.5 can help. Take a piece of transparency. Draw a large square of 5 cm 5 cm on the transparency. Draw vertical lines and horizontal lines 5 mm apart, in the large square. Use a piece of cardboard to make a frame. To find the grid reference of the church near Luen Wo Hui, we can place the simple tool on the map (Figure 3.6). The church is located to the right of the eighth line from 05, and above the eighth line from 90. Therefore, its grid reference is 058908. 91 Cardboard Transparency 90 5 mm 5 mm 05 06 KEY Temple Fire station Church Post office Police station Figure 3.5 A simple tool to measure grid reference Figure 3.6 Sheet No. 3 1:20 000 A map of Fanling 18

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Chapter 3 1 What are the grid references of the following objects? (a) police station (b) fire station (c) post office 2 What can you find at the following grid references? (a) 054901 (b) 058905 (c) 053907 Describing locations with latitudes and longitudes We can see lines on a globe (Figure 3.7). On maps they are shown as horizontal lines called latitudes, and vertical lines called longitudes. These lines form grids, helping us to locate places on world maps or smallscale maps. Latitude The lines of latitude have readings from 0 to 90. The Equator is the 0 latitude (Figure 3.8). The latitudes to its north and its south will have a label N or S. For example, the latitude of Tokyo is 35 N. Melbourne is at 37 S. The Equator is the longest latitude. All other latitudes run parallel to the Equator. They get shorter and shorter towards the poles. Finally, 90 N and 90 S become two points, called the North Pole and the South Pole. Figure 3.7 A globe Tokyo Melbourne 1 66 N 2 1 66 S 2 (Arctic Circle) 1 23 N (Tropic of Cancer) 2 0 (Equator) 1 23 S (Tropic of Capricon) 2 (Antarctic Circle) Figure 3.8 Latitudes on a globe 19

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Part one Longitude All the lines of longitude pass through the North Pole and the South Pole. They have readings from 0 to 180 (Figure 3.9). The 0 longitude passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in London. It is called the Prime Meridian. The longitudes to its east and its west will have a label E or W. For example, the longitude of Toronto is 79 W, and Cairo is 31 E. The longitudes extend to 180 E and 180 W, which denote the same line. *More about 150 W 120 W Toronto 90 W 60 W 30 W Figure 3.9 180 North Pole 0 London 150 E 30 E Cairo 120 E 60 E 90 E Prime Meridian Longitudes on a globe Hemispheres The Equator divides the earth into two halves. The northern half is called the Northern Hemisphere. The southern half is called the Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian also divides the earth into two halves. The area with longitudes labelled E is the Eastern Hemisphere. The area with longitudes labelled W is the Western Hemisphere. Skills Finding places with an atlas Look at the index pages at the end of an atlas. The names of places are arranged in alphabetical order. There is information such as the page from which you can find the place, its latitude and longitude, etc (Figure 3.10). Figure 3.10 A sample index of an atlas 20

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Chapter 3 Refer to Figure 3.11. 1 Where is China? Where is the Hong Kong SAR? With the help of your atlas, mark their locations in Figure 3.11. Figure 3.11 A world map with latitudes and longitudes 2 With the help of your atlas, complete Figure 3.12. Place Continent Latitude Longitude Shanghai Asia 31.15 N 121.26 E Hong Kong Sydney London New York - Sao Paulo Cape Town Frankfurt Figure 3.12 21

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Part one *More about Continents and oceans There are seven continents and four oceans in the world (Figure 3.11). Asia is the largest continent and the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. China is located in East Asia, to the west of the Pacific Ocean. The Hong Kong SAR is on the southeastern coast of China. Key words grid system (!) North Pole () grid square ( ) South Pole () grid line ( ) Prime Meridian (!") easting ( ) *Northern Hemisphere ( ) northing ( ) *Southern Hemisphere ( ) grid reference (!) *Eastern Hemisphere ( ) latitude () *Western Hemisphere ( ) longitude () *continent () Equator () *ocean () Key points 1 We use grid systems to describe the locations of objects on maps. 2 Grid squares are formed by grid lines called eastings and northings. Each grid square carries a four-digit number. To read a grid square, we must read the easting first, and then the northing. 3 Grid references help us describe the exact location of an object. A grid reference carries six digits. To obtain the third and the sixth digits, it is necessary to divide the area between two grid lines into 10 equal parts. 4 On world maps or small-scale maps, the location of a place is shown by latitudes and longitudes. *5 The Equator divides the earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 6 The index of an atlas is a useful tool for finding the locations of places. *7 There are seven continents and four oceans in the world. 22

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