The CMB in Italy Marco Bersanelli Università degli Studi di Milano on behalf of the Italian CMB community
The CMB and the era of precision Cosmology Special status of CMB for precision science: - Simple physics: early universe was in linear regime - Rapid progress in microwave and mm-wave technology Penzias & Wilson 1965 T 0 = 3.5 ± 1 K ~30yrs CMB frequency spectrum COBE/FIRAS (1994) T 0 = 2.726 ± 0.010 K In 50yrs, the CMB has transformed Cosmology into a high precision, data-driven field. E.g. Curvature: σ(ω K ) ~ 35% ~50yrs CMB angular power spectrum Planck 2015 Ω K < 0.005 (95% c.l.) Weimberg (1972) Planck Collaboration (2015) Not just high-precision, also high-accuracy!
CMB: High precision and High accuracy Planck CMB Dipole calibration <0.2% Extend to radio (e.g. VLA) and sub-mm (e.g. Herschel) Low multipoles: Planck vs WMAP ~1% calibration discrepancy Now completely solved! High multipoles: Planck vs ACT
The CMB today: a unique scientific opportunity Cosmology M. Liguori s talk The CMB is at a crucial intersection H 0 Expansion rate Density parameters Curvature k Topology Inflation n, r S [ ] CMB A. Melchiorri s talk m,, Fundamental Physics b Observables: Anisotropy Polarization Spectrum Non-Gaussianity Lensing SZ Effect Astrophysics Neutrinos m, N Dark matter Dark energy Atomic physics Gravitational waves [ ] eff Re-ionization epoch Clusters of galaxies (SZ) Extragalactic sources Galactic magnetic fields (synchrotron) Star formation (interstellar dust) Solar system [ ] P. Mazzotta, C. Burigana talks
A great CMB tradition in Italy The Italian community has a long history in CMB experiments GROUND BALLOON SPACE Spectrum WM+SP+TRIS (1980-2000) Boomerang (1992-2005) PLANCK (1992-2016) and produced fundamental contributions to theory and data analysis
The Italian CMB Community Planck N. Mandolesi s talk 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 EXTENSION 2 EXTENSION 1 NOMINAL MISSION 2006 START SURVEY 2008 2010 29 months 15.5 months 2012 48 months 2014 2016 COBRAS & SAMBA PROPOSALS COBRAS/SAMBA SELECTION REDBOOK LFI & HFI CONSORTIA INSTRUMENT & DPC DEVELOPMENT INSTRUMENT LEVEL TESTS BLUEBOOK CSL TEST LAUNCH EARLY RESULTS HFI EOL LFI EOL 2013 RELEASE Planck: development of a large and well-organized Italian CMB community The expertises cover the whole range: Hardware / Data analysis / Theory Top-level generaiton of young scientists Increasing interest from new communities (e.g. INFN) (A large fraction of the Planck CORE TEAMS are Italians) 2015 RELEASE 2016 RELEASE
The Italian CMB Community Planck Number of authors who have co-authored at least one out of 85 submitted post-launch papers (2015) Second largest community in Planck
The Italian CMB community BOLOGNA - INAF/IASF, Bologna - IRA/INAF, Bologna - INFN Sezione di Bologna CATANIA - INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania FERRARA - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara Ferrara FIRENZE - Dip. Meccanica e Tecnologie Industriali, Univ. di Firenze - IFAC-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) - INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Arcetri GENOVA - INFN Sezione di Genova MILANO - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano - INAF/IASF Milano - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca - Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM, Milano PADOVA - Dip. di Fisica G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova - INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - INFN, Sezione di Padova PISA - INFN Sezione di Pisa - CNR ISTI, Area della Ricerca, Pisa OAA ROMA - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata - INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Roma - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Science Data Center, Roma CNR IFP Catania TORINO - CNR-IEIIT/CNR, c/o Politecnico di Torino TRIESTE - SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste - INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste All presentations given today are given on behalf of the whole Italian CMB community
Technology developments Intensive mm-wave Technology activity in Italy ASI-funded mm-wave technology project (2010-2014) CMB science has highly benefitted from (and triggered new) strategic technology in the microwaves and mm-waves Industry involvement - CMB H/W development - Commercial applications Talks by A. Mennella, G. Castellano, G. Morgante, F. Gatti
LSPE/STRIP J.M. LAmarre "Technical Lessons" 10
CMB polarization: Observational challenges - WMAP and Planck were (almost!) noise-limited - For Planck, this would not be the case if the sensitivity was a factor 5-10 better Major new challenges control systematics and foregrounds at nk level Planck-LFI 70GHz EE Ground Balloon Multipole Ground and balloon experiments are key preparatory/complementary stages Ultimately space observations are mandatory
On-going ASI-funded sub-orbital experiments LSPE CMB B-modes Silvia Masi s talk STRIP Polarimeter array 44, 90 GHz Cooling to 20K SWIPE Bolometer array 140, 220, 240 GHz Cooling to 0.3K OLIMPO SZ effect 2.6m telescope 140-480 GHz Resolution 1.8GHz Ground-based option being considered The international context is extremely competitive
Future sub-orbital experiments: Low resolution polarization F. Piacentini s talk Balloon Ground PIPER LSPE EBEX SPIDER 2016 2017 2018 QUBIC QUIJOTE KECK ABS CLASS BICEP3
Future sub-orbital experiments: High resolution F. Piacentini s talk Balloon Ground Polarbear-I (1280 dets) OLIMPO (T only) 2016 2017 2018 Simons Array/PB3 (~20,000 dets, 3 tel.) ACTPol (3000 dets) Advanced ACTPol (~16,000 dets) SPTPol (~1000 feeds) SPT 3G (~15,000 dets)
COrE Fourth generation CMB space mission P. De Bernardis talk M4 M5
Data analysis Future data analysis will impose new challenges - Likelihood analysis with detailed treatment of systematics - Large MC simulations (computational resources) - High precision component separation (in polarization) - Combining different data sets Synergy with other data sets - Cross-correlations of CMB data with Large Scale Structure data sets (on-going WG within Euclid Consortium) - JWST observations of first galaxies complemented by Re-ionization constraints from EE CMB (Tau parameter) - X-ray observations with CMB SZ data provide powerful probes to the physics of clusters, as well as cosmology - SKA, ALMA, Top-level expertise gained by the Italian Community Talks by C. Baccigalupi, P. Natoli, G. Polenta
CONCLUSIONS (1/2) The scientific potential of CMB studies is far from being completed - Frontier of Cosmology: probing inflation with precision CMB polarization measurements - Astrophysics and fundamental physics - Synergy with other large data bases The Italian CMB community has a leading role - It is crucial to maintain and further develop such great heritage - Human expertise requires continuity! The international competition is very high - The Italian community is ready to take the challenge The support and involvement of ASI is crucial
CONCLUSIONS (2/2) We wish to propose a roadmap, to be discussed with ASI: 1. Completion of the ongoing ASI-funded missions LSPE and OLIMPO in the short term (2016-2020); 2. Strong support aimed at the acquisition of a leading role of Italy in the forthcoming CMB satellite mission of ESA/M5; 3. Strong support, in coordination with INAF and INFN, to Italian participation to ground-based CMB experiments, preparatory and complementary to space; 4. Definition of a pre-phase A study for a polarimetric stratospheric balloon in the medium timescale (2020-2025), to complement ground based Stage-IV. Other key issues: - Data archiving and maintenance of CMB data (Planck, and more) - Technological development, industry involvement, commercial applications - High-level education: PhD, post docs, young researchers