Emission and Scattering Techniques Studies of Inorganic Molecules, Solids, and Surfaces
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Social Sciences Publishers E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn and Germantown U.S.A. Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences Volume 73 - Emission and Scattering Techniques
Emission and Scattering Techniques Studies of Inorganic Molecules, Solids, and Surfaces Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, September 14-25,1980 edited by PETER DAY Oxford University. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory. England D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht: Holland / Boston: U.S.A. / London: England Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute (1980: Alghero, Sardinia) Emission and scattering techniques. (NATO advanced study institutes series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; v. 73) "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index. 1. Emission spectroscopy -Congresses. 2. Scattering (Physics) -Congresses. I. Day, P. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Division of Scientific Affairs. III. Title. IV. Series. QD96.E46N37 1980 543'.0858 81-10681 AACR2 ISBN -13 :978-94-009-8527-8 e-isbn -13:978-94-009-8525-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8525-4 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P. O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Boston Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P. O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Hollar.d D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Group All Rights Reserved Copyright 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1981 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii J. B. PENDRY / Electronic Properties of Surfaces 1 P. A. COX / Valence Band Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Solids 21 G. K. WERTHEIM / Core Level Photoelectron Spectroscopy 61 N. V. RICHARDSON / Angle-Resolved Photoemission from Adsorbate Covered Surfaces 75 G. WIECH / X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy 103 Y. BAER / Bremsstrahlung Isochromat Spectroscopy in Solids 153 R. G. DENNING / Luminescence in Inorganic Solids 171 G. ROVIDA / Low-Energy Electron Diffraction 191 J. STOHR / EXAFS and Surface EXAFS: Principles, Analysis and Applications 213 R. K. THO~~S / Neutron Scattering A~plied to Surfaces 251 A. GIARDINI-GUIDONI, R. FANTONI, R. CAMILLONI and G. STEFANI / (e,2e) Spectroscopy 293 O. PUGLISI/Ion Scattering Spectroscopy and Particle Induced X-Ray Emission 319 H. BOCK / Valence-Shell Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Molecules 335 P. ASCARELLI and M. CINI / XPS Applied to Small Metal Particles and to Metal-Polymer Adhesion: Physical Insight from Initial and Final-State Effects 353
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS L. BRAICOVICH / Comparing Valence Auger Lineshapes and Photoemission Spectra: The Cd and CdO Cases 375 INDEX 385
PREFACE Centrally important to the progress of inorganic chemistry is the application of new physical techniques for determining crystal and molecular structures. Electronic structure, too, can now be explored by a large variety of spectroscopic techniques, most of them of quite recent origin. Realizing how essential it was to bring together experts in the techniques themselves and those who might use them for their own chemical purposes, Professor Furlani and I began in the early 1970's to organize small meetings at which this kind of interchange could take place. The first, funded by the Italian National Research Council and Ministry of Education, was at Frascati in 1971. It was followed by others at Oxford (1974) and Pugnochiuso (1977), funded under the NATO Advanced Study Institutes programme. Lectures given at the Oxford Advanced Study Institute were published by D. Reidel under the title Electronic States of Inorganic Compounds: New Experimental Techniques. A threeyear interval between these Institutes has proved suitable both for introducing new generations of potential users to the methods and allowing us to incorporate advances in the methods themselves. In fact, since the last Advanced Study Institute in the series several important advances have occurred, particularly in electron, ion and neutron spectroscopies. We concentrated the course for 1980 on these newer aspects, though the more specialized lectures were prefaced with introductory material for those not familiar with the general principles. Also included are introductions to the theory of electronic states in solids and to band structure calculations of the type needed to rationalize the kind of information about bulk and surface states which the new methods provide. The methods described in this book can be broken down into two main categories: those in which a particle (usually an electron or a photon) is emitted from the sample under bombardment by photons or electrons, and those in which a particle (electron, photon, neutron or ion) is scattered upon interaction P. Day (ed.), Emission and Scattering Techniques, vii-viii. Copyright 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. vii
viii PREFACE with the sample. In both categories we find methods which give information about surface and bulk crystal structure and others which focus on electronic structure, both of states close to the Fermi surface and those associated with atomic cores. Accounts of all these methods will be found in this book. It remains to thank the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for their financial support, and my Italian and British colleagues on the organizing committee for their enthusiastic help. Oxford, April 1981 P. Day