The Biological Effects of Glutamic Acid and Its Derivatives

The Biological Effects of Glutamic Acid and Its Derivatives

Developments in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry V. A. NAJJAR, series editor Volume I MARTlNUS NIJHOFF/DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON 1981

The Biological Effects of Glutamic Acid and Its Derivatives Edited by V. A. NAJJAR Reprinted from Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Vols. 38 and 39,1981 MARTINUS NIJHOFF/DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON 1981

Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA for all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Li~rary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Biological effects of glutamic acid and its derivatives. (Developments in molecular and cellular biochemistry ; v. 1) "Reprinted from Molecular and cellular biochemistry, vols. 38 and 39, 1981." 1. Glutamic acid--physiological effect--addresses, essays, lectures. I. Najjar, V. A. (Victor A.), 1914- II. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. III. Series. QP562.G5B56 1981 599.01'9245 81-20731 AACR2 ISBN -13: 978-94-009-8029-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8027-3 e-isbn-13: 978-94-009-8027-3 Copyright 1981 Martinus Nijhoffl Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Sojicover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, withoul the prior written permission of the publishers. Martinus Nijhoffl Dr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.

Introduction to 'Developments in molecular and cellular biochemistry' Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry is an international journal that covers a wide range of biophysical, biochemical and cellular research. This type of coverage is intended to acquaint the reader with the several parameters of biological research that are relevant to various fields of interest. Unlike highly specialized journals, it does not bring into focus a particular field of investigation on a monthly basis. Accordingly, it has been decided to supplement its present wide scope by periodic presentations of a restricted area of research in the form of book-length volumes. These volumes will also be published in hard covers as a book series entitled, Developments in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. Each volume will focus on an active topic of interest which will be covered in depth. It will encompass a series of contributions that deal exclusively with one single well-defined subject. The present volume, The Biological Effects of Glutamate and Its Derivatives, is the first one in the book series. The second volume will deal extensively with Immunologically Active Peptides. I t is the editor's hope that Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry will fulfill its intended role of service to the international community of biological scientists. The biological effects of glutamic acid and its derivatives During the past decade, there has been much active research into the effects of glutamic acid and its derivatives on several target organs, particularly the nervous system. It is also involved in the -y-glutamyl cycle through the activity of the enzyme -y-glutamyl transpeptidase. Equally important are the poly--yglutamyl derivatives of folic acid. These have been scattered in many scientific journals, some in basic science journals and others in technical publications. In view of this and the rapid advances in this area during the past decade, it was deemed advisable to bring together many of these investigations into one single publication. This has been done under the auspices of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, an international journal, and has now been published as Volume I of 'Developments in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry'. Victor A. Najjar, Editor in chief

Contents Introduction to 'Developments in molecular and cellular biochemistry', by V. A. Najjar, Editor in Chief... ~.... I. Hippocampal glutamate receptors, by M. Baudry and G. Lynch.......................................................... 5 2. Enzymatic synthesis and function of folypolyglutamates, by J. J. McGuire and J. R. Bertino.................................................... 19 3. e>-aminolaevulinic acid and amino acid neurotransmitters, by M. J. Brennan and R. C. Cantrill................................................... 49 4. I'-Glutamylamine cyclotransferase, by M. L. Fink and J. E. Folk......................................................... 59 5. GABA and the enteric nervous system, by K. R. Jessen..................................................................... 69 6. Post-translational carboxylation of preprothrombin, by B. Connor Johnson............................................................... 77 7. Glutamate and aspartate agonists structurally related to ibotenic acid, by T. Honore, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, J. J. Hansen and J. Lauridsen... 123 8. GABA agonists, by P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and E. Falch................................................. 129 9. Pharmacology of GABA-mediated inhibition of spinal cord neurons in vivo and in primary dissociated cell culture, by R. L. Macdonald and A. B. young... 147 10. Molecular characteristics of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain, by E. K. Michaelis, M. L. Michaelis, H. H. Chang, R. D. Grubbs and D. R. Kuonen... 163 II. Pyroglutamic acid, by G. N. Abraham and D. N. Podell...,...,.................... 181 12. Gamma-carboxyglumatic acid, by J. Burnier, M. Borowski, B. C. Furie and B. Furie... 191 13. FolypolY-I'-glutamate synthesis by bacteria and mammalian cells, by D. J. Cichowisz, Siang K. Foo and B. Shane...,............ 209 14. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic localization of GABA system in the vertebrate retina, by Jang-Yen Wu, C. Brandon, Y. Y. Thomas Su and D. M. K. Lam... 229 15. L-glutamate transport in renal plasma membrane vesicles, by B. Sacktor....................................................................... 239 16. Glutamate as a precursor of GAB A in rat brain and peripheral tissues, by H. L. White... 253 17. The GABA postsynaptic membrane receptor-ionophore complex, by R. W. Olsen..................................................................... 261 18. The stimulation of ion fluxes in brain slices by glutamate and other excitatory amino acids, by V. I. Teichberg, O. Goldberg and A. Luini........................................... 281

19. Alterations of central GABAergic activity in neurologic and psychiatric disorders: evaluation through measurements of GABA and GAD activity in cerebrospinal fluid, by T. A. Hare...................................................................... 297 20. Cellular compartments of GABA in brain and their relationship to anticonvulsant activity, by M. 1. Iadarola and K. Gale........................................................ 305 21. Pteroylpolyglutamates, by R. L. Kisliuk... 331 22. Glutamate receptor binding in insects and mammals, by P. A. Briley, M. T. Filbin, G. G. Lunt and P. D. Turner............................... 347 23. 'Y-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic, structural and functional aspects, by S. S. Tate and A. Meister.......................................................... 357 24. Utilization of GABA in Substantia Nigra, by K. Gale and M. Casu............................................................. 369