Channels and Challenges: Higgs Search at the LHC Tilman Plehn CERN The Puzzle of Mass & the Higgs Boson Standard Model Higgs Boson at the LHC Supersymmetric Higgs Bosons at the LHC
Elementary Particles Standard Model: particles & interactions leptons (essentially means like electron ) 1897 Thomson: electron (1) m e = 0.5 MeV 1937 Anderson: muon (2) m µ = 6 MeV 1975 Perl: tau lepton (3) m τ = 1800 MeV definition of mass : inertia in TV tube, dropping in LEP ring plus three neutrinos and anti-neutrinos ν 1990s CERN: no more than 3 light neutrinos quarks (essentially means not like electron at all ) neutron (uud) and proton (udd): up (1) and down (1) in bound states: strange (2), charm (2) and bottom (3) 1995 Fermilab: top (3) m t = 175 GeV Fermions in three generations, different only by mass Mixing of generations quarks mix a little (Cabbibo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix) one complex phase in 3 3 mixing matrix CP violating effect observed leptons mix a lot (Maki Nakagawa Sakata matrix) CP violation not yet observed
The Puzzle of Mass Another take on particle masses Rutherford 1911: electrons and protons/neutrons compose matter proton mass multiparticle effect electron mass essentially zero electromagnetic and gravitational interactions all forces with infinite range (Coulomb potential V 1/r) equivalent to massless (virtual) photon exchange Fermi 1934: theory of weak interactions (n pe ν e and µ e ν e ν µ ) divergent four fermion reaction amplitude: A G F E 2 unitarity violation (transition probability A 2 ) effective theory valid for E < 600 GeV Yukawa 1935: massive virtual particle exchange Fermi s theory for E M unitary for large energies: A g 2 E 2 /(E 2 M 2 ) mass of Yukawa particles means?? W CERN 1983: W, Z bosons discovered m W 80 GeV and m Z 91 GeV (m W,Z (m t + m b )/2) mass: inertia when pushed, dropping to the ground in flight boson and fermion masses the same thing
Unitarity and Higgs Boson Theory of W, Z bosons start with SU(2) gauge theory (massless W, Z) measured masses L m W,Z A µ A µ not gauge invariant not renormalizable (except in small m W,Z limit) (means not predictive to all scales) but valid effective theory of massive W, Z bosons W W Unitarity tests W W = + probe theory in W W W W scattering A G F E 2 just like Fermi s theory, not unitary above 1.2 TeV postulate additional scalar particle: Higgs boson unitarity conserved fixed coupling g W W H m W add fermions: W W f f scattering fixed coupling g ffh m f test new theory with W W HH scattering fixed coupling g HHH m 2 H /m W final test: HH HH scattering fixed coupling g HHHH m 2 H /m2 W γ,z + γ,z Standard Model: complete unitary theory of massive W, Z bosons Higgs mass a free parameter, all Higgs couplings fixed
Hadron Colliders: Tevatron & LHC Conversion of energy into mass (E = mc 2 with c=1) search for new physics/particles (conclusive only if real particle produced) highest possible energies required electron colliders: collide two highly relativistic e + e LEP: 46 GeV each to produce one Z LEP2: 3 GeV each to produce pairs of new particles TESLA/CLIC: 1...3 TeV? hadron colliders: collide protons Tevatron: p p collision with 2 TeV LHC: pp collisions with 14 TeV (mostly valence quarks) (mostly gluons) LHC mass reach roughly 3 TeV special feature: trade luminosity for energy New physics with hadron colliders what is a jet and what isn t??? trigger: no leptons no data (b tag, τ tag) (e.g. pp t t W + bw b b b + 4jets) huge and uncertain backgrounds rates pp jj or pp W Z+jets statistical significance: S/ B > 5 is discovery σ (nb) proton - (anti)proton cross sections 9 8 σ tot 7 Tevatron LHC 6 5 σ b 4 3 2 σ jet (E jet T > s/) 1 σ W σ 0 Z σ jet (E jet T > 0 GeV) -1-2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2 events/sec for L = 33 cm -2 s -1-3 -4 σ t σ jet (E T jet > s/4) -3-4 -5 σ Higgs (M H = 150 GeV) -6 σ Higgs (M H = 500 GeV) -7 0.1 1 s (TeV) -5-6 -7
proton - (anti)proton cross sections 9 9 8 σ tot 8 7 6 Tevatron LHC 7 6 5 5 σ (nb) 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2 σ b σ jet (E T jet > s/) σ W σ Z σ jet (E T jet > 0 GeV) 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2 events/sec for L = 33 cm -2 s -1-3 σ t -3-4 σ jet (E T jet > s/4) -4-5 σ Higgs (M H = 150 GeV) -5-6 -7 σ Higgs (M H = 500 GeV) 0.1 1-6 -7 s (TeV)
Challenge 1: Find SM Higgs t W,Z Designing Higgs searches for the LHC (a) unitarity limit: m H < 1 TeV (b) electroweak precision tests: m H < 2 GeV b,t W,Z production and decay combos for light Higgs signal trigger gg H backgrounds qq qqh systematics gg t th q q S/ B vs. S/B W H... mass resolution... H b b H W W H τ + lh τ l H γγ H µµ... State of the art 6 million Higgses in gluon fusion: gg H γγ (mass resulution m H /m H Γ/ S < 0.5%) backgrounds smaller in W W fusion: qq qqh qqττ (reconstruct m ττ in collinear approximation, S/B = O(1)) off-shell Higgs decays: qq qqh qqw W (works down to m H < 1 GeV) few examples of marginally successful strategies: gg t th t tb b gg t th t tττ q q W H W b b (complexity of signal) (never openly admitted) (NLO background estimate) qq qqh qqb b (no ATLAS trigger)... Signal significance 2 1 L dt = fb -1 (no K-factors) ATLAS H γ γ tth (H bb) H ZZ (*) 4 l H WW (*) lνlν qqh qq WW (*) qqh qq ττ Total significance 0 1 180 0 m H (GeV/c 2 )
2 gg H σ(pp H+X) [pb] s = 14 TeV M t = 175 GeV CTEQ4M 1-1 qq _ HW qq Hqq -2-3 -4 gg,qq _ Hbb _ gg,qq _ Htt _ qq _ HZ 0 0 400 600 800 00 M H [GeV] 1 bb _ BR(H) WW ZZ -1-2 τ + τ cc _ gg tt - -3 γγ Zγ 50 0 0 500 00 M H [GeV]
8000 600 Events/500 MeV for 0 fb 1 7000 6000 5000 4000 Events/500 MeV for 0 fb 1 400 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 a) m γγ (GeV) b) m γγ (GeV)
Signal significance 2 L dt = fb -1 (no K-factors) ATLAS H γ γ tth (H bb) H ZZ (*) 4 l H WW (*) lνlν qqh qq WW (*) qqh qq ττ Total significance 1 0 1 180 0 m H (GeV/c 2 )
Challenge 2: Higgs Properties Find the Higgs what are you talking about??? + mass measurement (H γγ) + coupling to W (qq qqh and gg H γγ) coupling to Z (gg H ZZ) coupling to top (gg H) coupling to tau (qq qqh qqττ) 1/σ tot dσ/d Φ jj WBF H ττ CP odd SM + W W H coupling g µν and CP (qq qqh qqττ jet correlations) CP even 0 50 0 150 Z ττ Φ jj + ZZH coupling g µν and CP (gg H ZZ decay correlations) + invisible Higgs decay (qq qqh for % invisible decays)? trilinear Higgs self coupling λ HHH (really tough, next transparency)? spin 0 scalar (spin 1 ruled out by H γγ) coupling to bottom and to light generations? Yukawa couplings to fermions not established (maybe qq qqh qqµµ) total width? (to compare with sum of observed decays) four Higgs self coupling λ 4H? (not in my life time) LHC luminosity upgrade for precision studies linear collider TESLA mandatory (rule of thumb: factor better)
1/σ tot dσ/d Φ jj WBF H ττ CP odd SM CP even 0 50 0 150 Z ττ Φ jj
Challenge 2b: Higgs Self Coupling Higgs Self Coupling scalar with Yukawa couplings to fermions, so what? back to Higgs potential (λ = m 2 H /(2v2 )) V (H) = m2 H 2 H2 + m2 H 2v H3 + m2 H 8v 2 H4 self couplings the holy grail of Higgs physics Higgs pair production HH 4W : serious detector simulation needed, not hopeless (use observable m vis to determine λ HHH ) HH b bττ: miracle required HH 4b: several major miracles mandatory (TESLA in better shape) HH b bµµ: at least small miracle would be helpful (might come out of µµ mass resolution) HH b bγγ: some enhancement needed serious challenge to detectors and machine (my personal favorite for luminosity upgrade)
Challenge 3: Variants Many attempts to modify the Higgs sector idea usually to hide it at some unwanted collider (always easier to hide things than to find them) example: many Higgs doublets (thought to hide at LHC) (a) precision data: m 2 H C 2 i m2 h i = M 2 (0GeV) 2 (b) W, Z masses: v 2 v 2 i = v2 C 2 i (c) fermion masses: m t = vy t v i Y i t = v C i Y i t assume v i = v/n and Y i = Y (also C 2 i = NC2 = 1 and C i = NC = N) fermion widths Γ f = Γ SM f Ci 2/( i C i) 2 = Γ SM f /N 2 gauge boson widths Γ W,Z = Γ SM W,Z /N 2 all decays same as SM Higgs with mass m hi LHC strategy production process for M 2 (0GeV) 2 integrated qq qqh production rate roughly matches SM rate decay channel without mass reconstruction: H W W l l + ν ν no problem to find continuum Higgs at all We will find the Higgs at the LHC We will measure some Higgs parameters Funny variants will not prevent that
MSSM Higgs Sector Why Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model? quadratically divergent one-loop corrections to m H : δm 2 H = Λ 2 3 8π 2 v 2 Higgs mass always driven to cutoff scale ( ) 2m 2 W + m 2 Z + m 2 H 4m 2 t (except Veltman s condition) invent theory with mirror particles which enter with ( 1) remember spin statistics: change spin by 1/2 call it supersymmetry stabilize proton explain dark matter... Higgs sector: two Higgs doublets for top and bottom mass Two Higgs doublet model one (complex) Higgs doublet: 4 degrees of freedom three for longitudinal gauge bosons, one for (neutral) scalar Higgs two (complex) Higgs doublet: 8 degrees of freedom three for longitudinal gauge bosons, five for physical Higgs particles two scalars h 0, H 0, one pseudoscalar A 0, one charged H ± free parameters (1) still only one free mass scale: m A (usually heavy) (2) two vacuum expectation values: tan β = v t /v b surprising prediction: m h < 135 GeV M Higgs [GeV] 500 max 450 m h scen., = 5 h 400 H A 350 H +- 0 250 0 150 0 FeynHiggs2.0 50 50 0 150 0 250 0 350 400 450 500 M A [GeV]
500 450 400 350 max m h scen., = 5 h H A H +- M Higgs [GeV] 0 250 0 150 0 FeynHiggs2.0 50 50 0 150 0 250 0 350 400 450 500 M A [GeV]
Challenge 4: Find One MSSM Higgs Boson MSSM Higgs bosons and qq qqh qqττ allowed MSSM Higgs masses: m Z m h < 135 GeV decoupling regime m A GeV pseudoscalar, scalar H 0, and charged Higgs heavy light scalar h 0 looks like SM Higgs production rate: g W W h 1 (of the corresponding mass) branching fraction: BR(h 0 ττ) > BR(H SM ττ) opposite case m A 1 GeV heavy scalar H 0 around 135 GeV qq qqh 0 qqττ SM-like intermediate case m A 1 GeV usually regarded as toughest h 0, H 0 ττ just add up h o m h [GeV] 1 0 80 1 0 m 80 A sin 2 (β-α) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 0 m 80 A (σ.b) h [fb] 0.4 0.2 1 0 m 80 A 25 H o m H [GeV] 1 0 m 80 A cos 2 (β-α) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1 0 m 80 A (σ.b) H [fb] 0.4 0.2 0 1 0 m 80 A M SUSY =1 TeV, maximal mixing perfect channel qq qqh 0 qqττ: MSSM no lose theorem 15 5 LHC(40fb -1 ): VV H ττ LEP2: e + e Zh VV h ττ 80 0 1 M A [GeV] Futile attempts to escape this channel low tan β: forbidden by LEP2 super large mixing A t > 6 TeV: enhanced WBF W W and γγ rate CP phases in A t : coverage solid funny couplings of all kind: still standing
h o H o m h [GeV] 1 0 80 m H [GeV] 80 1 0 m A 80 1 0 m A sin 2 (β-α) cos 2 (β-α) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 80 1 0 m A 80 1 0 m A (σ.b) h [fb] (σ.b) H [fb] 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0 80 1 0 m A 80 1 0 m A M SUSY =1 TeV, maximal mixing
25 15 LHC(40fb -1 ): VV H ττ VV h ττ 5 LEP2: e + e Zh 80 0 1 M A [GeV]
Challenge 5: Find all MSSM Higgs Bosons How to tell it is two Higgs doublets (not even talking about MSSM) intermediate m A 1 GeV: lots of Higgs bosons observable problem distinguishing them: H 0 µµ top quark decays t bh +? decoupling regime m A GeV light SM like h 0 guaranteed (Tevatron RunI top sample still small) (indirect evidence tough) Yukawa coupling for heavy states: m b tan β and m t / tan β tan β < hopeless? (possibly gg H 0 h 0 h 0 or SUSY cascades?) decoupling regime m A GeV and large tan β bottom Yukawa coupling m b tan β 0 GeV desirable production processes b b H 0 or b b A 0 or gb th decays H 0, A 0 ττ, µµ or H tb, τ ν SUSY correction m b /(1 b ) with b µm g /MSUSY 2 We will find one MSSM Higgs at the LHC We might find all of them Some more progress would not hurt