`vwqz kxj grm mø envi

7

GdGI `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi KvwiMwi wb ` wkkv 7 `vwqz kxj grm mø envi RvwZms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v ivg, 1998

GB Z_ cyw Kvq cö`ë msáv I welqe i gva g ivóªms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v Kvb `k, mxgvbv, bmi ev AÂj ev Zvi mve fšg Z i AvBbMZ gh v`v wel q ev H ` ki mxgvš ev mxgvbv wba viy wel q Kvbiƒc cökœ DÌvcb Ki Q bv ev gzvgz cökvk Ki Q bv me ^Z msiw Z wk v ev Ab vb A-evwbwR K D Ï k Z_ Dr mi NvlYv D j Lcye K GB Z_ cyw Kvi welqe cybg y`ªb I cöpvi MÖš ^Z vwakvixi KvQ _ K wjwlz c~e Aby gv`b e wz i KB AvBbm Z e j MY n e cybwe µq ev Ab vb evwbwr K D Ï k GB Z_ cyw Kvi welqe i cybg y`ªb MÖš ^Z vwakvixi wjwlz Aby gv`b e wz i K wbwl e j MY n e Giƒc Aby gv` bi Rb wefvmxq cöavb, cökvkbv I gvwëwgwwqv mvwf m, Z_ wefvm, RvwZms Ni Lv` I K wl ms v (GdGI), wfqv j ` j Zv g ` KvivKvj v, 00100 ivg, BZvjx GB wvkvbvq A_ev cpyright@fa.rg GB e-mail wvkvbvq hvmv hvm Ki Z n e Gd G I 1998 Bengali translatin by Ministry f Fisheries and Livestck and Department f Fisheries Gvernment f Bangladesh Translated and Printed by the Bay f Bengal Prgramme Inter-Gvernmental Organisatin April 2009 2

cyw Kv cöyqb cö wz GB wb ` wkkvi g~j cvv mgyn AvBfi K zkvm (Ivr Clucas) hlb hy³iv R i wmöbxp wek we` vj qi cövk wzk m ú` Bbw wudu _ K GdGI Gi we` vqzb I M elyv Bbw wud Ui mn hvwmzvg~jk Kg m~wpi AvIZvq, grm mø envi I evrvirvzkiy mevi we kl `vwq Z wb qvwrz wq jb ZLb Zix K ib GB we kl Kv R cöavbz A_ vqb K iwqj hy³iv R i AvšÍR vwzk Dbœqb wefvm (wwgdavbww) G mkj wb ` kbvi Lmv Rvg vwbi eª g b AbywôZ (6 Ryb 1996) wdm&l (Fisch) Õ96 AvšÍR vwzk Ges BD iv ci mgy`ª-lv` wkí welqk Kg kvjvi Rb 11 Aby Q `i Dci GBm GBm nvm I wc G gmviwj bi ˆZix (H H Huss and P A Messerlin) KvwiMwi UxKv Ges H Kg kvjvq UxKvi Dci M nxz gzvgzmgyn we epbv K i Zix nq LmvwU ZLb Av iv gzvg Zi Rb GdGI Gi g a I we k i A bk we klá `i wbku cöiy Kiv nq GUv Rvi `Iqv n q Q h, GB wb ` kbvmgy ni Kvb AvBbMZ Ae vb bvb Ges Bnv GdGI Gi `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi Rb AvPiYwewai Aby Q` 11.1, `vwqz kxj grm mø envi Gi ev Íevq b mnvqzvi Rb mvaviy civgk `Iqvi B Qv Z Zix GB wb ` kbvmgyn Ggb m~pbv wnmv e ˆZix Kiv n q Q hv Z Bnv Kvb we kl grm vavi ev A ji Rb cwiea b I cwigvr b K i AvPiYwewawU eys Z, ev Íevqb Ki Z Ges wek e vcx Qw q w` Z mnvqzv K i weziy: mkj GdGI m`m I mn hvmx m`m AvMÖnx RvZxq I Avš R vwzk ms vmgyn GdGI grm wefvm GdGI AvÂwjK Awd mi GdGI grm Kg KZ ve ` AvMÖnx emikvix ms vmgyn 3

GdGI grm mø envi I evrvirvzkiy mev `vwqz kxj grm mø envi GdGI `vwqz kxj grm vni Yi KvwiMwi wb ` wkkv bs 7, GdGI, ivg, 1998. 40 c ôv mvims c G wb ` kbvmgyn, GdGI Gi `vwqz kxj grm vni Yi AvPiYwewa ev Íevq b mnvqzvi Rb, we kl K i grm Drcv`b wk íi Avni YvËi ch v q `vwqz kxjzvi cö qvrbxqzv m ú K Zix Kiv n q Q Lv ` i Rb grm Drcv`b wk íi `vwqz kxjzvi wzbwu cöavb Î n Q: Lv ` i fv³v K wbwðz Kiv hb GwU wbivc` Lv` Ges GwU Kvw Z YMZ I cywógvbm úbœ, m ú `i w` K wbwðz Kiv hb Gi AcPq nqwb Ges cwi e ki w` K wbwðz Kiv hb Bnvi Lvivc cöfve me wbgœ ch v q Av Q Dciš, wek e vcx j j jvk hv Z G wk í wbiwew Qbœfv e KvR K i RxweKv wbe v ni Rb ch vß Avq Ki Z cv i Zv wbwðz KivI G wk íi `vwqz `vwqz kxj grm vni Yi Rb AvPiYwewai 11.1 Aby Q` I AvPiYwewai Ab vb mswkó Ask, we klfv e G mkj `vwqz m ú K m úk hy³ GB cöe Ü, G Aby Q`mgy ni wel` UxKv I wb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv n q Q, hv Z K i wkímgyn hb UKmBfv e cwipvwjz nq Zv wbðz Ki Z, m ve me ai bi Kg cš v wba vi Y wb ` kbvmgyn ev evqb Kv R wbhy³ `i mnvqzv nq 4

m~wpcî kã ms c 6 cuf~wg 7 f~wgkv 9 Avni YvËi grm Kg Kv Û `vwqz kxjzvi cö qvrbxqzv 9 Avni Yi ci gv Qi h_vh_ e env ii cöwzeükzv 13 AvPiYwewai 11 Aby Q` 14 AvPiY wewai mswkó Askmgyn 14 Aby Q` 11.1- `vwqz kxj gr m mø envi 15 Z_ wb ` wkkv 38 5

kãms c (Abbreviatins) wwgdavbww (DFID) B _b AvšÍR vwzk Dbœqb wefvm (hy³ivr mikv ii) wewu (Bt) e vwmjvm _vwiswm qbwmm (Bacillus thuringiensis) wmgwm (CAC) K W Gwj gbuvwiqvm Kwgkb (GdGI/WweDGBmI Gi) (Cdex Alimentarius Cmmissin (f FAO/WHO)) wmgdwm (CFC) K v ivd z ivkve b (Chlrflurcarbn) wmavbwubgm (CITES) wecbœ cörvwzi AvšÍR vwzk e emvi ixwz (Cnventin n Internatinal Trade in Endangered Species) wmigdavb (COFI) grm KwgwU (GdGI Gi) (Cmmittee n Fisheries (f the FAO)) wwwwwu (DDT) WvB K v iv-wvbwdbvbj-uªvb K v iv- (Dichlr-diphenyltrichlr-ethane) (Department fr Internatinal Develpment (f UK gvernment)) BB RW (EEZ) GKvšÍ A_ bwzk AÂj (Exclusive Ecnmic Zne) GdGI (FAO) Lv` I K wl ms v (RvwZms Ni) (Fd and Agriculture Organizatin (f the United Natins)) GBmGwmwmGd n vrvw G vbvjvbwmm wµwuk vj (Hazard Analysis Critical (HACCP) K Uªvj c q U (n vmvc) Cntrl Pint) GBmwmGdwm nvb Wªv K v ivd z ivkve b (Hydrchlrflurcarbn) (HCFC) GBmGdwm (HFC) nvb Wªvd z ivkve b (Hydrflurcarbn) RGgwcAvi evjvbbvkk Ae kl Gi hym mfv (Jint Meeting n Pesticide (JMPR) (GdGI/WweDGBmI Gi) Residues (f FAO/WHO)) GbwRI (NGO) emikvix ms v (Nn-gvernmental Organizatin) BDGbwmBwW (UNCED) RvwZms Ni cwi ek I Dbœqb Gi Dci Av jvpbvmfv (United Natins Cnference n Envirnment and Develpment) WweDGBmI wek ^v ms v (Wrld Health (WHO) Organizatin) WweDwUI (WTO) wek evwyr ms v (Wrld Trade Organizatin) 6

cuf~wg cövpxbkvj _ KB gvq aiv gvbervwzi Rb Lv ` i cöavb Drm wn m e ^xk Z Ges G Kg Kv Êi mv _ mswk ó Rb Mvwôi Kg ms vb I Av qi hvmvb w` q _v K wkš grm m ú `i MwZkxj Dbœqb I Ávb fvûvi mg w i mv _ mv _ G Dcjw G m Q h RjR m ú` bevqb hvm n ji GB m ú` GKw`b kl n e; ZvB we k i ewa Z RbmsL vi cywó, A_ bxwz Ges mvgvwrk mg w Z Gi Ae`vb envj ivl Z G m ú `i Dchy³ e e vcbv `ikvi mvgyw`ªk m ú `i DrK ó e e vcbvi Rb mgy`ª AvB bi Dci 1982 mv j RvwZms Ni Kb fbk b GKwU bzzb KvVv gv ˆZix nq we k i mvgyw`ªk m ú `i 90% m ú` GKvš A_ bwzk GjvKvi (Exclusive Ecnmic Zne) AvIZvq _v K G AvB bi gva g grm m ú `i e envi Ges e e vcbvi `vwqz I AwaKvi DcK jxq ivóªmg~n K `qv n q Q mv cöwzk Kv j Lv ` i wk íi Rb we k i grm m ú` GKwU MwZgq Dbœqbkxj LvZ wnmv e cwijw Z n q Q Ges G my hvm Kv R jvwm q DcK jxq ivóªmg~n grm I grm RvZ c Y i Avš RvwZK Pvwn`v c~i Yi wbwg Ë AvaywbK bšhvb I cöwµqvrvz KviLvbvq wewb qvm Kivi AvcÖvY Póvq wjß n q Q GUv AZ š cwi vi n q M Q h, Awbqwš Z Avni Yi gvîv e hviqvi d j A bk grm m ú` wu K _vk Z cvi e bv i Z c~y grm m ú `i AwZ AvniY, ev ms v bi iƒcvš i, A_ bwzk wz Ges grm m ú` e e vcbv I e emvi Avš R vwzk we iv ai d j grm m ú `i `xn gqv`xq vqxz kxjzv Ges Lv` wn m e Ae`vb ûgwki m ylxb G Kvi Y 1991 mv ji gvp gv m AbywôZ GdGI Gi grm welqk KwgwUi (wmigdavb - COFI) DwbkZg mfvi mycvwikgvjvq ejv nq h grm m ú` e e vcbvi bzzb bxwzgvjvq msi Y I cwi ekmn Av_ mvgvwrk I w`kmg~n we epbv KivI AZ š Ri ix cö qvrb `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi aviyvi Dbœqb I we wzkiy Ges Zv cö qv Mi Rb GKwU AvPiYwewa cöyq bi `vwqz GdGI K `qv n qwqj ciez x Z, gw Kv mikvi GdGI Gi mn hvwmzvq 1992 mv ji g gv m K vbkv b `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi Dci GKwU Avš RvwZK Kbdv iý Av qvrb K iwqj H Kbdv i Ý K vbkvb NvlYvi ms hvrb 1992 mv ji Ryb gv m AbywôZ BDGbwmBwW (UNCED) Gi wii m j bi ` wó AvK ly K iwqj, hv `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi AvPiYwewa ˆZwi Z mg_ b hywm qwqj 1992 mv ji m Þ ^i gv m AbywôZ GdGI Gi KvwiMwi civgk mfvq `~iez x mgy `ª gvq aivi (High sea fishing) Bmy wu wb q GKwU we vwiz AvPiYwewa Zixi Rb cybivq mycvwik Kiv nq 1992 mv ji b f ^i gv m AbywôZ GdGI cwil `i GKkZ `ybzg mfvq AvPiYwewa wb q we vwiz Av jvpbv nq Ges mycvwikgvjvq AvPiYwewa cöyq b `~iez x mgy`ª (High sea) welqwu K cövavb `qv nq Ges Avni Yi Dci MwVZ KwgwU 1993Zg Awa ek b AvPiYwewa msµvš cö vebvwu Dc vc bi Rb Aby iva Kiv nq 7

1993 mv ji gvp gv m AbywôZ wmigdavb Gi wekzg mfvq cö vwez KvVv gv Ges we vwiz wb ` kvejxmn G ai Yi GKwU AvPiYwewai welqe mvaviyfv e cix v Kiv nq Ges AvPiYwewawU cybivq ea bi Rb GKwU mgqmxgv Aby gv`b Kiv nq G mfv _ K GdGI K AviI Aby iva Kiv n qwq jv AvPiYwewai Ask wnmv e AMÖvwaKvi wfwë Z cö vebvmg~n ˆZixi Rb hb bšhvbmg~ ni e w K evavmö Kiv hvq hv `~iez x mgy `ªi grm m ú` msi Y I e e vcbv KŠkj K wzmö K i 1993 mv ji b f ^i gv m AbywôZ GdGI Kbdv i Ýi 27Zg Awa ek b GUv Aby gvw`z nq GB Awa ek b `~iez x mvm i grm AvniY bšhvb KZ K Avš R vwzk msi Y I e e vcbv KŠkjmg~n AbymiY Kivi cöeyzv e w i Rb GdGI Kbdv i Ýi 15/93 QKc Îi AbyKi Y GKwU Pzw³ Kiv nq hv AvPiYwewai GKwU Awe Q` Ask wewawu Ggbfv e Zix Kiv n qwqj hb G m ú wkz Avš RvwZK AvBb Abymv i Zvi e vl v `qv hvq Ges Zv cö qvm Kiv hvq 1982 mv ji mgy`ª AvBb welqk RvwZms Ni Pzw³ Z_v 1982 mv ji 10 ww m ^ ii mgy`ª AvBb m ú wkz RvwZmsN Pzw³i cö qvm welqk aviv hv 1995 mv ji `yb ev Z ZvwaK ` ki grm gry` Ges D P AwfcÖvqbkxj grm gry `i msi Y I e e vcbvi mv _ m ú wkz Ges Ab vb wji g a 1992 mv ji K vbkvb NvlYv, 1992 mv ji cwi ek I Dbœqb welqk wii NvlYv (we klz 17 bs Aa v qi 21 bs G RÛv) GB Pzw³ Z cöwzdwjz n q Q AvPiYwewai Dbœq bi Rb RvwZms Ni mswk ó ms v Ges emikvix ms vmn Ab vb Avš RvwZK ms vmg~ ni mv _ Av jvpbv Ges Zv `i mn hvwmzvq GdGI GB AvPibwewa cöyq bi KvR m úbœ K iwqj cvupwu m~pbvg~jk aviv wb q AvPiYwewawU MwVZ hgbt cök wz Ges Kvh Î; D Ïk ; Ab vb Avš RvwZK ea `wj ji mv _ m úk ; ev evqb, cwiex Y Ges nvj bvmv`kiy Pvwn`v; Ges Dbœqkxj `k wji we kl cö qvrb GB m~pbvg~jk/ cöviw K avivmg~n GKwU mvaviy m~î wfwëk aviv K AbymiY K i _v K, hv QqwU welq ey bv K i hgbt grm e e vcbv, grm AvniY, grm Pvl Dbœqb, DcK jxq AÂj e e vcbvq grm Avni Yi mgš^qmvab Ges gvq AvniY ciez x e e vcbv I e emv Ges grm M elyv BwZc~ e B D j L Kiv n q Q h bšhvbmg~ ni Øviv `~iez x mgy `ª Avš RvwZK msi Y Ges e e vcbv KŠkj e w i wel q m wz Ávcb K i h Pyw³wU ^v wiz n q Q Zv GB AvPiYwewai GKwU i Z c~y Ask wewawu ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z Z e Gi wkqz Ask Avš RvwZK AvBb m ú wkz Ab vb wbqgbxwzi Dci wbf ikxj hv cök Zc 1982 mv ji 10 ww m ^ ii RvwZms Ni mgy`ª welqk AvB bib cöwzdjb wewawu Z h kz jv i q Q Zv Ab vb eva Zvg~jK ˆea `wjj ( hgbt `~iez x mgy `ª bšhvbmg~ ni Øviv msi Y Ges e e vcbv KŠkj e w i Rb Pzw³ 1993) Øviv `j jvi (Parties) g a Av ivc Kiv n Z cv i A_ev BwZg a B Av ivc Kiv n q Q 1995 mv ji 31 A ±vei AvVvkZg mfvq `vwqz kxj grm Avni Yi AvPiYwewa 8/95 bs vi K Aby gv`b Kiv nq GKB vi K AvMÖnx ms v Ges m`m `kmg~ ni mn hvwmzvq AvPiYwewaev evq bi Rb Dchy³ KvwiMwi wb ` kbv Zixi Rb GdGI K Aby iva Kiv nq 8

f~wgkv 1 `vwqz kxj grm vni Yi AvPiY wewawu wzbwu cöavb Î `vwqz kxjzvi aviyv `q: cwi e ki cöwz `vwqz kxjzv; grm I grm cy ˆZixKvix wk íi cöwz `vwqz kxjzv; gv Qi fv³vi cöwz `vwqz kxjzv 2 `vwqz kxjzvi GB wzbwu Îmgyn, G fv e ev Ab fv e, wewagvjvi mkj Aby Q` Øviv cwipvwjz nq, wkš, 11 Aby Q ` (Avni YvËi AvPiY I evwyr ) fv³vi cöwz `vwqz kxjzv K ekx D¾ j Kiv n q Q `vwqz kxjzvi Dc ii wzbwu Îmgyn ci úi mshy³ Ges A bk Î G Ki cöwz `vwqz kxj gv bb Ab `yb qi cöwzi `vwqz kxj GLv b Aek B g b ivl Z n e h, AvPiYwewawU GKwU wk íi mv _ mswk ó Ges wkíwu wu K _vk Z cv i bv, hw` Kn Zvi cy µq bv K i, Avevi AwaKvsk Î, gvq LvIqv- Ab K_vq, hw` mlv b Kvb fv³v bv _v K 3 wewawui mvaviy bxwzgvjvq, G mkj `vwqz kxjzvi wkqy iƒc ilv Av Q: 4.7 grm I grm cy AvniY, cwiph v, cöwµqvrvzkiy I weziy Ggbfv e Ki Z n e hb c Y i cywómz g~j, YMZgvb I c Y i wbivcëv ervq _v K, AcPq K g Ges cwi e ki cöwz Lvivc cöfve me wbgœ _v K 4 hw`i wewawui AwaKvsk Aby Q` wj jlv n q Q hb, wewagvjv ev Íevq bi `vwqz mikvi ev iv óªi Dci ez vq, Z e Bnv mgmö grm Lv Zi Rb wewagvjvi gvb` Ûi mgwóii Bw½Z `q Aby Q` 2, hlv b wewawui D Ïk vejx mwbœ ewkz Av Q, mlv b ejv n q Q h, grm Lv Zi mv _ hy³ mk ji Rb GwU AvPi Yi gvb`û cö`vb K i Avni YvËi grm Kg Kv Û `vwqz kxjzvi cö qvrbxqzv 5 mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, cywómz I Lv` wbivcëvi Î grm vni Yi h _ó i Z i q Q GdGI Gi wnmv e `Lv M Q h, 1994 mv j cövq 30 wgwjqb jvk, nq cök wz _ K AvniY K i bv nq grm Pvl K i cöv_wgk grm Drcv` b wb qvwrz (GdGI grm Z_, DcvË Ges cwimsl vb BDwbU 1997) wb Pi mviyx Z AÂjwfwËK cöv_wgk grm Drcv` bi mv _, mb grm Drcv` b wb qvwrz Rb Mvôxi Zzjbv Kiv n q Q `Lv M Q h, wb qvwrz Rb Mvôx I Zv `i Kg Kv Ûi gvîv c w_exe vcx Amgfv e we Z, hvi g a Gwkqv Z m e v P AskMÖn Y me wbgœ Drcv`b nq hgb, Gwkqv Z RbcÖwZ M Drcv`b evrmwik `yb U bii Kg, mlv b BD iv c Bnv cövq 30 Ub GB mkj msl v wewfbœ gnv ` ki grm Kg Kv Û wkívq bi gvîv cökvk K i Ges Õ z`ª-gvîviõ grm vniy, we kl K i Gwkqv I Avwd«Kv Z Lv` ms v bi i Z c~y Ask wb Q Zzjbvg~jKfv e Aí gvbyl wb qvm K i D P gvîvq 9

gvq aiv, cöavbz cï Lv ` i Rb `w Y Av gwikvi QvU cjvwrk cörvwzi wkívwqz AvniY, m ez GB A ji RbcÖwZ D P Abycv Z Drcv` bi welqwu e vl v Ki Z cv i gnv `k bvggvî Drcv`b (Ub) 1990 1 Drcv` bi kzkiv nvi Drcv` b wb qvwrz jvkmsl v 2 jvk msl vi kzkiv nvi RbcÖwZ Drcv`b Ub/ermi Avwd«Kv 5,138,400 5.3 1,857,692 6.5 2.8 Gwkqv 46,080,200 47.1 24,252,822 85.0 1.9 BD ivc 11,457,600 11.7 391,781 1.4 29.2 DËi Av gwikv 9,584,400 9.8 844,675 3.0 11.3 `w Y Av gwikv 14,453,900 14.8 785,556 2.8 18.4 c~ e i mvwf qz BDwbqb 10,389,100 10.6 251,000 0.9 41.4 I kwbqv 747,800 0.8 143,701 0.5 5.2 me gvu 97,851,400 28,527,227 3.4 (Drmmgyn: 1 GdGI 1997G; 2 GdGI grm Z_, DcvË Ges cwimsl vb BDwbU 1997) 6 mivmwi gv Qi cöv_wgk Drcv` bi mv _ RwZ e w³ `i AwZwi³ e w³ Av Qb hviv wk íi mn hvmx wnmv e hy³ Av Q hgb bškv ˆZix, Rvj ˆZix, eid Drcv`b, gvk jvmvb, evrvirvzkiy, weziy, kxzjxkiy, cö KŠkj, BZ vw` Ges hviv wk íi mv _ hy³ M elyv, Dbœqb I cökvm b wb qvwrz Av Qb GKB fv e KZ jvk grm vniy I grm Pvl, c Y i cöwµqvrvzkiy, evrvirvzkiy I wezi Yi mv _ RwZ Zvi mwvk wnmve bvb ZeyI, G e vcv i m `n bvb h, Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi Avni YvËi Lv Z cöv_wgk Drcv`b Lv Zi gzb z`ª-gvîvq cvwievwik e emv I wbf ikxjzvi Î GKUz Kg gvîvq GKB ai bi web vm _vk e 7 GwU Lye m ve h, cöwz GK Rb cöv_wgk Drcv` bi mv _ RwZ e w³i mv _, Avni YvËi mn GB me Ab vb Kvh Kjv c AšÍZ PviRb jv Ki Kg ms vb n q Q, Ab K_vq, hlv b 150 wgwjqb ch š jv Ki Kg vb i q Q hv K mvaviyfv e Ógrm vniy wkíó ejv nq G me Lmv msl v wj Zv `i Rb hviv m c~y i c ev AvswkKfv e grm vniy wkí _ K Zv `i RxweKvi Rb Avq Ki Q, Ges m ez Gi wzb Y G `i Dci wbf ikxj cwiev ii m`m i q Q- 450 wgwjqb, hv c w_exi RbmsL vi m ez kzkiv 7 _ K 8 fvm cöwzwbwaz K i 8 mv cöwzk ermi jv Z c w_exi grm Drcv`b cöwz eqi 100 _ K 110 wgwjqb Ub Gi g a _v K, Z e 1995 mv j wqj m e v P 112 wgwjqb Ub Gi g a gvuvgywu 80 wgwjqb Ub mivmwi gvby li Lv` wnmv e e eüz nq, evkx 30 wgwjqb U bi cövq meuzkzb gvby li Lv ` i Rb cïi Lv` 10

wnmv e ev wwg I `y»rvz cy Drcv` b e eüz nq hvi gvby li Lv` wkk j cö ek K i (GdGI 1997G I GdGI 1997we) 9 AeZi Yi ci AvnwiZ gr mi g~j wnmve Kiv n q Q 83,000 wgwjqb BDGm Wjv iii ekx, Ges Av iv 42,000 wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi Av m grm Pv li cy _ K c w_exi grm I grm cy evwy R i Î 1995 mv j 52,000 wgwjqb BDGm Wjv iii ekx g~ j i cy RvZxq mxgvbv AwZµg K i (GdGI 1997we) GB mxgvbv AwZµgKvix evwy R i kzkiv GKvbœfvM Dbœqbkxj `k wj _ K Av m Dbœqbkxj `k wji grm ißvwb _ K ˆe `wkk gyy`ªv AR bi cwigvy 1985 mv ji 100 wgwjqb BDGm Wjvi _ K 1995 mv j 1,800 wgwjqb BDGm Wjv i e w c q Q (GdGI 1997wm Ges GdGI Af šíixb cvwb m ú` I grm Pvl mev, grm m ú` wefvm 1997) 10 c w_exi grm gry `i GKUv e Ask cyivcywi AvnwiZ n q Q wkqy AwZAvnwiZ n q Q ev dzwi q M Q Ges mrb hw` mvwe K grm Drcv`b ez gvb Ae vq `xn gqv ` UKmB fv e a i ivl Z nq Zv n j Zv cybi v ii K_v we epbv Ki Z n e grm Pv li e w wkqyuv n ji cöpwjz m ú` _ K w i ev µgaebwzkxj hvmv bi mgm v mgvav b mnvqzv Ki Q, wkš gvby li RbmsL v e w i cö vc U hvmv bi ^ízv i q hviqvuvb úó Gi A_, gv_vwcqy hvmv bi cwigvy Kg e I Zvi djkö wz Z gv Qi `vg ev Z cv i Gi wnmve Kiv n q Q h, me ai bi e env ii Rb gv Qi gvu Pvwn`v 2010 mvj bvmv` 140 _ K 150 wgwjqb U b e w c Z cv i (GdGI 1997wm) 11 aiv _ K LvIqv ch ší gv Qi AcPq ev bó niqv Kgv bvi d j gv Qi gry `i Dci ` k gvb wkqy Pvc Dckg K i Q hv UKmB m ú` Avni Y mnvqzv Ki Q 12 wkqy NUbv Av Q hlv b ïay wb Ri fv Mi Rb gvq aiv nq (Rxeb avi bi Rb grm vniy) A _ i cwie Z c Y i Rb wewbgq Kiv nq (cy wewbgq evwyr ) ev Ljvi Rb aiv nq, Z e gv Qi e Ask Avni Yi c i cöwµqvrvz K i Zv weµq Kiv hvq ZvB GwU úó h, ez gv b Drcv` bi `vwqz kxj e envi, grm vniy wk íi Rb, c w_exi gvq fvmkvix RbM bi Rb Ges Av iv A b Ki Rb hv `i RxweKv Lv` wnmv e gv Qi Dci wbf ikxj Zv `i mk ji Rb AZ ší i Z c~y c w_exi grm wkí I AeKvVv gv A bklvwb wbf i K i LyPiv we µzv I fv³vi g a kl weµ qi Dci, hlv b grm I grm cy hvq GK w` K Avi A_ hvq Ab w` K GB me kl msmwvz jb- `b Qvv gvq aiv ev gvq Pv li c~ e i mkj cö Póv, Gi cöwµqvrvzkiy I msi Y, grm vav ii wbqš Y I e e vcbv, mikvix I AvšÍR vwzk ms v _vkv, wk íi I wk íi ms M RwZ e w³i ^v _ i Rb DrmM Kiv, G mewkqyb A_ nxb ev cö qvrb bvb e Z, GLv b gvq K GB Ae vq cviqvi c wz Z h mkj DcKiY cö qvrb Zvi A_ cwi kv ai Rb Kvb A_ cöevnb _vk Zv bv 13 ZvB, cöwz ekmz, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk A bk Kvi Y GwU wbwðz Kiv i Z c~y h, hlb gvq aiv n e, ZLb hb me v c v ` Zvi mv _ Zv fv³vi wbku cš Q Ges kl weµ qi jb- ` b hb µzv I we µzv Df q cwiz ß nq, hviv Avm j GB AvB b grm wk íi Ab vb Askx`vi `i ^v _ i cöwzwbwaz K i 11

14 c w_exi A bk gvby li cywói Dr mi mv _ m ú ³ Ab vb Av iv A bk KviY hvi R b m e v P ` Zv I me wbgœ wz wbwðz K i fv³vi wbku gvq cšqvb cö qvrb AwaKvsk grm vniy I grm cvjb Kvh µ gi me kl KviY nj Lv` mieiv n Ae`vb ivlv A bk mgq gvq K, RvZxq Lv` wbivcëvq Zgb GKUv i Z `Iqv nq bv, KviY GwU K vjwii cwigv Y I wbivcëvq mvgvb Ae`vb iv L, hvnv mpvivpvi Kvb RvwZi RbcÖwZ wk cwigvy k Zmv ii hvmvb w` Q Zvnvi gva g cwigvc Kiv nq 15 cvwievwik Ges e w³mz ch v q gvq cywói Drm wnmv e AZ ší i Z c~y n Z cv i, Kb bv GwU mnrcvp, AwZ cö qvrbxq A vgvb bv G vwmw, we kl K i jvbwmb, hv mn R GZ D P gvîvq Ab Kv_vI cviqv hvq bv, mg D P YMZgvbm úbœ Avwgl mieivn K i Dciš, gv Q D P gvîvq Av Q AwZAm ú ³ d vwu G vwmw, we kl K i I gmv-3 d vwu G vwmw G wj wewfbœfv e ^v i Rb DcKvix hgb- ü` ivm cöwz iva, gw Í I mœvqywek Dbœq b mnvqzv, å Y I wkïi wekvk Ges Abygvb Kiv hvq wkqyuv n ji eûg~î, `xn vqx msµgy I K výv ii myi v `q 16 gvq wewfbœ wfuvwgb hgb we-12, G, B Gi Drm Ges wfuvwgb ww Gi cöavb cövk wzk Drm gv Q Av iv Av Q wewfbœ ai bi i Z c~y z`ª Dcv`vb hgb- Av qvwwb I wm jwmqvg gv Q Avevi mvwwqvg Kg _v K hv i³pvc RwbZ mgm vq Av Qb Ggb jvk, hv `i Kg mvwwqvg hy³ Lvevi cö qvrb, Zv `i Rb i Z c~y welq ZvB, cywómzfv e gv Qi A bk myweav Av Q Ges hlv b cövyxr Avwg li Ab vb Drm `y cövc ev e qeûj, hgb we k i Kg DbœZ A j, gvq mpvivpvi Lv ` i Avwg li me P q i Z c~y Drm 17 hw`i wkqy gymwjg I Bûw` cöpj b wkqy Lvjm hy³ I AuvBk-wenxb gvq LvIqvi e vcv i wb laváv Av Q, mvaviyfv e gvq jvkvpvi ev ag xq evav wb l ai mv _ mswk ó bq hv Ab vb cövyxr c Y i Î we` gvb hviv Dò i³hy³ cövyxi gvsm Lvq bv Zv `i Kv QI gvq MÖnY hvm n Z cv i A bk ^í DbœZ ` k gvq mv a i g a cövyxr Avwg li Drm, hv ïay ^í g~ j B bq eis GwU vbxq I cöpwjz Lv` ZvwjKvi Ask wnmv e AMÖvwaKvi cvq vbxqfv e Drcvw`Z grm I grm cy mvaviyfv e Ab vb cövyxr Avwg li Dr mi, hgb- Mi i gvsm, ïk ii gvsm, Lvwmi gvsm ev fvi gvs mi Zzjbvq m Ív, Ges mpvivpvi msiw Z Ae vq MÖvgxY m cö`v qi wbku cwievwnz nq, hlv b Ab vb cövyxr Avwg li Drm mvaviyz mwvk g~ j wbz w` bi Lv` wnmv e mnrjf bq 18 cywó Z gv Qi Ae`vb vb f ` Rb Mvwôi Af vm I cöpj bi Dci wfwë K i cwiewz Z nq wek wfwëk GdGI ÕLv` w wzc' ÎÕ (jvd iwz 1996) `Lv hvh h, 1993 mv j RbcÖwZ grm Drcv`b wqj 13.4 KwR Av Í gvq GwU fvmk Z cövyxr Avwg li kzkiv 15.6 fvm wb ` k K i ^í Av qi Lv` NvUwZ ` k, Aek, gv_vwcqy gvî 9.6 KwR gvq cviqv hvq hv úó K i h, G mkj `wi`ªzg ` k Ab vb cövyxr Avwg li Dr mi Zzjbvq gvq mpvivpvi ekx i Z c~y Lv` vf vm, cöpwjz ixwzbxwz, Ab vb `ª e i cövc Zv I gv Qi cövc Zvi Dci wfwë K i wewfbœ ` k Gi we Íi cv_ K _vk Z cv i D`vniY ^iƒc, K gvim Øx c eq i gv_vwcqy 21.3 KwR gv Qi cövc Zv i q Q hvnv Zv `i gvu cövyxr Avwg li kzkiv 61.5 fvm, KvbvWv Z gv_vwcqy gvuvgywu GKB cwigvy (22.4 KwR) gv Qi cövc Zv i q Q wkš GwU KvbvwWqvb `i gvu cövyxr Avwgl MÖn Yi gvî kzkiv 12

10 fvm wb ` k K i GwU wb ` k K i h, KvbvwWqvbiv me gvu A bk ekx cövyxr Avwgl MÖnY K i Avi KvbvwWqvb `i Zzjbvq K gvwiqvb `i Lv` ZvwjKvq gv Qi i Z ekx K gvwiqvb `i Rb m ez gvq A bk m Ív I mnrjf Avi KvbvwWqvb `i Î gvq Zv `i we` gvb we Z cq `i Lv` ZvwjKvq GKUv mshyw³ gvî Avni Yi ci gv Qi h_vh_ e env ii cöwzeükzv 19 cövq me ai bi Ab vb Lv ` i Zzjbvq gvq `ª Z cu P I Lvev ii A hvm n q hvq g Z yi wkqy bi g a fvm bv Ki j GwU AMÖnY hvm n q hvq Ges g~j evb Lv` ZvwjKv _ K ev` c Z cv i msi Y I cöwµqvrvzkiy Kjv KŠk ji g a i q Q, ZvcgvÎv Kgvb (kxzjxkiy I wngvqb), Zvc cwi kvab ( KŠUvRvZKiY, dzuvb I auygvqb), cövc cvwb Kgv bv (ïuwkkiy, jeyvqb I auygvqb) I gry `i cwi ek cwiez b ( gvkhy³kiy I kxzjxkiy) gv Qi cup bi nvi K Kwg q w` q gvq c w_exe vcx weziy I evrvirvzki Yi c_ mymg K i Z_vwcI, AeKvVv gvmz ev Kjv KŠkjMZ h Kvb Î wui Rb G mkj c wzi Kv_vI gvq bó n q h Z cv i, KviY fv³vi wbku cšqv bvi c~ e B GwU cu P h Z cv i D`vniY wnmv e MÖnY Kiv hvq- Zvc Kwg q msi Yi Î wbiwew Qbœ we` yr bv cviqvq eid, wngvqb I wngvmvi Kvh µ gi e vnvz, ïuwk K ïkbv ivl Z gv Ki AKvh KvwiZv, hš cvwzi Î wui Kvi b KŠUvRvZKi Yi Î mwvkfv e RxevYygy³ bv niqv, hvmv hvm AeKvVv gv Î wui Rb evrv i weziy e vnvz ev cupbkxj `ªe cwien Yi hvbevnb bó niqv 20 Lv` e wnmv e UvUKv gv Qi f½yizvi Av iv w`k nj, hw` evrvirvzki Yi ^vfvwek Ae v cwiewz Z ev e vnz nq hv Z K i Zvi wbw` ó gry`-mg qi g a weµq Kiv m e bv nq Z e Zv cu P h Z cv i Ges Zv ev` w` Z nq h mkj gvq Kvbfv eb msi Y Kiv nq bv, m Î Bnv we kl mgm v Ges LyPiv ch v q h Z DògÛ ji ^vfvwek ZvcgvÎvq gvî K qk N Uv Kvh Kwi gry`-mgq _v K A bk Î hw` AvR wewµ bv Kiv nq Z e AvMvgxKvj Zvnv AMÖnY hvm n q hvq 21 RjR cwi e k Rx ei ˆewPÎZv cöpzi mvaviyfv e grm Avni Y, h mkj cörvwz ev AvKv ii evrvi Av Q ev wbqš Yi Rb hlvb _ K gvq AvniY Kiv nq mlv bi e ve vcbv c wz Z hv Aby gvw`z Zvnv mywbw` ófv e wbe vwpz Kiv hvq bv Gi A_ nj, h gv Qi Kvb evrvi bvb ev hv AvBbMZfv e aiv ev AeZiYKiv AbAby gvw`z m me gvq g Z ev g i hv PQ Ggb Ae vq cybivq cvwb Z d j `Iqv nq GB d j `Iqv gvq gvby li Lv` wnmv e e eüz n Z cvi Zv wkš evrvi bv _vkvq Zv AcPq n Q AvnwiZ gv Qi GB d j `Iqv As ki cwigvy A bk wj wel qi Dci wbf ikxj, hvi g a i q Q- grm vav ii cök wz, AvniY miäv gi cök wz, FZz ˆewPÎZv Ges grm AvniYKvixi ` Zv I AwfÁZv 22 c w_exi mvm i, b`x Z I ü ` A bk mnkª cörvwzi gvq i q Q d j, gvq _ K A bk mnkª cökv ii Lv` cy ˆZix n q Q Ges m wj Dchy³ Ae vq b ói gvîv me wbgœ i L fv³vi wbku cšqv bvi Rb msi Y I cöwµqvrvzki Yi wfbœ wfbœ c wz i q Q 13

23 hw`i gvq msi Y I cöwµqvrvzki Yi mvaviy bxwzgvjv mkj cörvwz ev c Y i Rb GKB I ci úi n ÍvšÍi hvm, cö Z Ki Avevi i q Q wb R ^ MVb, AvKvi, AvK wz I Af šíixb imvqb Dciš, kixie wëk Ae v I Zvi d j ivmvqwbk MVb Kvb we kl bgybvi Rb wbf i K i- Kv_vq GwU aiv n q Q, KLb GwU aiv n q Q, x bv cyi l, eqm I cwic Zv Ges Ab vb welq hv AvniYKvixi wbqš Yi evb i 24 Aek grm Pv l G mkj welq wj Av iv A bk ekx wbqš Y hvm Ges c Y i Avni YvËi cwiez bmgyn Av iv ekx mn R wba viy I Abygvb Kiv hvq ZeyI, wewfbœ KuvPvgvj ev Szw fwz Lv` cy hv mvaviyfv e gvq bv g cwiwpz Zvi Avni YvËi cwiph vi Rb M elyv I Dbœq bi mwe kl i Z c~y Î ˆZix K i Q 25 hw` h_vh_fv e ivmrxevyyi msµgy, wel ev msµvgk cöwz iva ev cwiz vm Kivi e e v bv Kiv nq Z e Ab vb Lv` c Y i gz, Lv` wnmv e gvqi, fv³v ivmvµvší niqvi SuzwK Qv Z cv i Lv` wnmv e gv Qi wbivcëv, gv Qi fv³vi wbivcëvib GKUv i Z c~y Ask hv wk íi UKmBKi Yi Rb cö qvrb fv³vi Av v Qvv, Lv` wnmv e gv Qi Pvwn`v f ½ c Z cv i hv wk íi Ab vb Ask K AvNvZ Ki Z cv i D`vniY ^iƒc, Rbmg Lv` -welwµqvi mvgvb NUbv Z, fv³v gvq µq eü Kivq mgmö wk íi cöwz gvivz K djvdj e q Avb Z cv i AvPiYwewai 11 Aby Q` 26 `vwqz kxj grm vniy msµvší AvPiYwewai 11 Aby Q` wbgœwjwlz wzbwu As k wef³: 1 `vwqz kxj grm mø envi 2 `vwqz kxj AvšÍR vwzk evwyr 3 gvq I evwyr m úwk Z AvBb Ges wewa-weavb Dc ii wzbwu As ki cö_gwu - `vwqz kxj grm mø envi GB wb ` wkkvi mywbw` ó welqe wewai mswk ó Askmgyn 27 gv Qi Avni YvËi welqmgyn I `vwqz kxjzv m ú K cöavbz 11.1 Aby Q ` (`vwqz kxj grm mø envi) AšÍf y³ Av Q, Z_vwc 11 Aby Q `i evb i wkqy msl K welq Av Q h wji `vwqz kxj grm mø envi Gi mv _ mswk ózv i q Q G wji g a i q Q: Aby Q` 8.8 hv ch vqµ g evwni niqv Ges mwvk IRb n«vmkvix e i, we klk i kxzjxkiy c wzi mwvk cwiz vmkiy m úwk Z, Aby Q` 8.9.1wW hv grm wk íi Øviv AeZiY K `ª I cvzvkª q `~ly Kgv bvi welq m úwk Z, Aby Q` 9.4.7 hv Lv` wbivcëv Ges YMZgvb i Yv e Y c wz grm Pvl wk íi ms M GKÎxKiY m úwk Z, 14

Aby Q` 8.4.4 hv bškvi Dc i I f~wg Z AeZi Yi c i h_vh_ cwiph vi Kjv KŠkj Dbœqb hv Z AvniY Kvh µ g AvnwiZ gv Qi m e v P e envi I hzœ biqv wbwðz Kiv hvq, m m úwk Z, Aby Q` 12.7 I 8 hv Lv` wnmv e gv Qi m e v P e envi Ki Z M elyvi cö qvrbxqzv Ges gvq LvIqv wbivc` ivlvi Rb M elyvi cö qvrbxqzv D j L K i 28 wbgœwjwlz Aby Q` wji cö qvrbxq v b G mkj Aby Q `i D j L Kiv n e, Z e mvaviyfv e h wj 11 Aby Q `i Zzjbvq Kg wbw` ófv e Av Q m wj H Aby Q ` D j L Av Q 29 wkqy wkqy Î AwaµgY Av Q Ges wkqy Dc-Aby Q ` I Aby Q ` hlv b GKB `vq`vwqz wewfbœ ` wófw½ Z we ewpz n q Q mlv b cybive wë Av Q D`vniY ^iƒc, Aby Q` 11.1.1 _ K 4 ch ší cöv_wgkfv e grm I grm c Y i fv³vi `vq`vwqz m úwk Z, Aby Q` 11.1.6, 7, 8wm I 12 cwi e ki cöwz `vq`vwq Z i aviyv `q Ges Aby Q` 11.1.5, 6, 8G I we, 9 I 10 gv Qi ewa Z mø envi I wkí K mnvqzv m úwk Z Aby Q ` 11.1 - `vwqz kxj grm mø envi 30 wbgœwjwlwz Ask wj Z Aby Q` 11.1 Gi Aby Q`wfwËK Av jvpbv Kiv nj Aby Q `i wb R ^ msl v I kã wj D¾ j Kiv n q Q mv _ mv _ cv`wukvq wb ` kbv Av Q 11.1.1 ivóª Dchy³ e e vejx cwimöny Ki e hv Z K i wbivc`, ^v Ki I wb f Rvj grm I grm cy fv M fv³vi AwaKvi wbwðz nq 31 GB Aby Q ` wbw` ó Kiv n q Q h, wbivc`, ^v Ki I wb f Rvj grm I grm cy fv M fv³vi AwaKvi Av Q Ges Dchy³ e e vejx cwimöny K i H mkj AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv iv óªi `vwqz 32 wkqy Î AwaµgY Av Q Ges wzbwu kã- wbivc`, ^v Ki I wb f Rvj e env i m ve m `n wbgœwjwlzfv e cwi vi Kiv hvq: wbivc` gvq - fv³vi Amȳ, AvnZ ev g Zÿ i KviY nq bv - GwU wzki bq grm cy Awbivc` n Z cv i hw` ivmrxevyy (e vk Uwiqv, fvbivm, QÎvK) ev Zv `i wel Dcw Z _v K ev e w cvq, ˆRe we li Dcw wz ( hgb-ˆredrcvw`z A vgvbbm& I wm qvwel) I cirxex A_ev Kvb ivmvqwbk c`v_ ev Awbivc` e (avzz/kvup) Øviv msµwgz nq ^v Ki gvq - ^v i Rb DcKvix GB kã civgk `q h, gvq ïay wbivc` n e ZvB bq eis Gi DcKvix cöfvei i q Q A_ vr GwU fv³vi Rb cywómzfv e fvj cök wzmzfv e gvq cywóki Avi ZvB ^v Ki Lv` mvgmöx, Ges Gi ^v Ki w`k e w Kiv m e bq, Z_vwc AbybœZ cöwµqvrvzki Yi gva g Bnvi cywó Y K g hviqv m e, d j ^v Ki w`k K g h Z cv i Kvb Kvb KZ c ^v K ii mv _ cupb ev cu P 15

hviqv K mshy³ K i Gfv e h, cupv gv Qi cywó Y UvUKv ev mwvkfv e cöwµqvrvzk Z gv Qi Zzjbvq Kg, hvnv n ZI cv i Avevi bvi n Z cv i wb f Rvj gvq - gvq frvj nq hlb B QK Zfv e µzv/ fv³v K VKv bvi D Ï k Kvb KvR Kiv nq hv Z wbgœgv bi `ªe K cök Z wrwbl e j Pvwj q `Iqv nq GwU Kg g~ j i gvq wnmv e ev gv Qi gz `L Z wkš m ez GKB ikg cywógvb hy³ bq Ggb Ab Kvb Lv` `ªe n Z cv i G Î frvj, B QvK Zfv e µzv ev fv³v K VKv bvi D Ï k Drcv`bKvixi RvwjqvwZi mv _ m ú ³ 33 gvq wbivc`, ^v Ki I wb f Rvj wkbv Zv wbwðz Kivi Zvr wbk nv Z-Kj g `vq`vwqz gvq Drcv`bKvixi Dci ez vq, Zvici gvq AvniYKvix _ K LyPiv we µzv cö Z Ki Dci hvq, hvi g a i q Q, cöwµqvrvzkvix, e emvqx, weziykvix I cwienykvix iv óªi Aek Rbmvavi Yi cöwz hzœevb niqvi KZ e GB hzœevb niqv KZ e AvBb cöyq bi gva g me P q fvjfv e cöwzcvwjz n Z cv i, hv Z GKwU djcöm~fv e Kvh Ki wbivcëv/gvbwbqš Y e e v ejer _vkvi cö qvrbxqzv Zix Ki e; Ávbx jvkej Øviv mb Kg m~wp ev ÍevwqZ n e Ges ^v m Z Ae vq Lv` cöwµqvrvz Kiv n e iv óªi Av iv KZ e Av Q AvB bi KvVv gv K cövwzôvwbk iƒc `Iqv hv Z K i Drcv`bKvix K fv³vi ^v i Rb wec`rbk Lv` evrv i Avbvi Rb gvgjvi AvIZvq Avbv hvq 34 bxwzmzfv e, AvaywbK Lv` wbivcëv Ges YMZgv bi wbðqzv c wz Z fv³vi wbivcëvi Rb wk mzk Zv biqv n q Q Zvnv cö`k b Kiv cö qvrb mzk Zv bxwzi ev Íe cö qvm ev Óh_vh_ cö PóvÓ cö`k b, wewfbœ AvBwb c wz Z gvgjvq AvZ i vi Rb e eüz n Z cv i ZvB GwU cö qvrb h, c wz ^ Q I cö`k b hvm hv Z K i Óh_vh_ cö PóvÓ cö qv Mi Z_ -cögvy _v K 35 wkqy AvBwb c wz Z Lv` c Y i me kl we µzv Zv `i weµqk Z gv Qi wbivcëv I YMZgv bi Rb `vqx, hw`i Zviv nqz Drcv`b cöwµqvq hy³ wqj bv ZvB GwU cö qvrb nq h, we µzv hb Drcv` bi gv b mš ó nq Ges we µzvi mieivnkvix K ÓwbivcËv wbix vó KivI cö qvrb n Z cv i wbivcëvi Rb `vwqz wkkj wewfbœ ch v qi ga w` q hvq Ges Gi g a R j ev gvq Pvlx KuvPvgv ji cöv_wgk mieivnkvix wnmv e _vk Z cv i 36 Lv` welwµqvi NUbv ev gvq LvIqvi mv _ hy³ Amy Zv Dbœqbkxj ` ki z`ª-gvîv Lv Z mvaviyfv e Zgb eysv hvq bv z`ª-gvîvi wkí ewnf yz Kvh µ g ^v m Z Lv` ms v bi cö qvrbxqzv guv bvi Rb mikv ii mnvqzv cö qvrb n Z cv i mswk ó `i wk v I cöwk Y Ges wkí hb gšwjk cö qvrbxqzv guvq Zvi eva evakzv wbwðz Kiv mvaviyfv e mikv ii `vwqz 37 hw`i gvq RbmsL vi GKUv e As ki Avwg li wbivcëvi Rb mpvivpvi i Z c~y f~wgkv iv L, GB f~wgkv me mgq ^xk wz cvq bv A ^v Kifv e ˆZix gvq iv óªi Rb AwZwi³ wpwkrmv e q e w K i, Kg w`em Kwg q, gvq wewµ Kwg q, BZ vw` wewfbœfv e myß e qi KviY n Z cv i z`ª-gvîv wkí K mnvqzvi gva g GB mkj LiP Kgv j Zv Z jvf n Z cv i G mkj mnvqzvi ga _vk Z cv i: 16

AeZiY v bi ms vb hv Z K i cy mgyn Lv` wbivcëvi SuzwK QvvB P j Avm Z cv i KŠkjMZ Ae v b hgb, AeZiY v b, cöwµqvrvzkiy GjvKvq, I evrv i cvb hvm cvwb myjf Kiv wewfbœ ch v q ^v gv b MÖnY hvm evrvirvzki Yi my hvm m wó grm cy Drcv`b I evrvirvzki Yi mv _ mswk ó `i, gv Qi ^v m Z cwiph v I cöwµqvrvzki Yi Dci wk v I cöwk Y cö`vb wbivc` Lv` Drcv` b mnvqzv`v bi Rb wk íi mv _ mswk ó `i civgk mev `vb 38 grm cökvm bi m cömviy mev n Z cv i GB ai bi Kvh Kjv ci mvaviy c_, wkš G mkj mev ` Zvi mv _ Kvh Ki ivl Z cö qvrb ch vß A _ i ms vb Ges Lv` wnmv e gv Qi welqe we klámn h_vh_ cöwkw Z Rbej 11.1.2 fv³vi ^v i v _ I evwywr K RvwjqvwZ cöwz iv ai Rb iv óªi Kvh Ki RvZxq wbivcëv I YMZgvb wbðqzv c wz cöwzôv I i Yv e Y Kiv DwPZ 39 Kvb mikv ii Rb Zvi RbM bi ^v_ I ^v i v Kiv Aek B AMÖvwaKvi cvq Kvb djcöm~ Lv` wbivcëv I YMZgvb wbðqzv c wz fv³vi ^v I wk íi ^v_ DfqB i v Kivi gšwjk Dcv`vb fv³vi ^v i v Kiv `k f ` wewfbœ mikvix wefv Mi KvR n Z cv i djcöm~ ^v cwi`k b I Lv` wbivcëv c wzi Rb wewfbœ AvMÖnx AskMÖnYKvix `i g a mgš^q weavb AZ vek K Rb ^v I Lv` wbivcëvi Rb mvaviyfv e GKUv KZ c i e e v _v K, mv _ mv _ grm cökvm b grm c Y i Rb GKUv `j _v K hviv cö Póvi cybive wë Ges m ez m `n ˆZix Ki Z cv i GB KZ c me v MÖ fv³vi AwaKvi i vq m Pó _vk e, Ab w` K grm cökvmb Drcv`bKvix `i m ú K Drmvnx n e 40 c wz Ggb fv e mvwr q wb Z n e hv Z K i vbxq, RvZxq Ges hw` cö qvrb nq evwn ii KZ c Zv `i `vwqz I KZ e m ú K eys Z cv i Ges msnvzgq I/ev AwaµgYK Z wewaweavb ev` `Iqv n q Q Zv wbwðz Kiv hvq AvBb I KvVv gvi gva g ms v wj KvR I mn hvwmzvi wel q AskMÖnYKvix `i gv S Av jvpbvi gva g GKgZ n Z n e 41 GKwU Lv` AvBb I Lv` wbivcëv wbqš Y KŠkj n e g~j wfwë hv Lv` wbivcëv wbqš Y mev cö`vb Ki e hvi _vk e cwi`k b, we k ly, Kg c v qý I mb` cö`v bi KvR I mg_ 42 we kl mev cöwzôv I cwipvjbv Kiv, hgb we k ly I cwi`k b Ki Z h A_ bwzk fvi nq Zv civgk `q h, ïay GKwU RvZxq cökvmb ch v q m ú` GKwÎKiY I cybive wë cwinvi Kiv bq, AvÂwjKfv ei GKwÎKiY Ki j Zv wkqy cwiw wz Z g~j enb Ki Z cv i 43 c w_exe vcx MÖnY hvm Lv` wbivcëv Ges YMZgvb wbðqzv c wz hvi g a _vk e Ówec` we k ly msku wbqš Y we `y (n vmvc)ó (Hazard Analysis Critical Cntrl Pint, HACCP) bxwz, Zvnv Drcv`b wk íi cq `i c wz n q Av Q `kxqfv e I Avg`vwb c Y i Î n vmvc 17

Gi e envi Kiv A bk ` ki ev `k mgwói cö qvrb ev cö qvrb n e Gi A_ nj, mikvi gvbe m ú` I AeKvVv gv Î wewb qvm K i wbwðz Ki e hb `kxq wkí GB c wz g b Pj Z mg_ n vmvc GK A _ ^wbqwš Z c wz hv Z cö qvrb nq h, cö Z K Drcv`bKvix Zv `i cy Drcv` bi wec` I SzuwK we k ly Ki e Ges Zvi ci Z`viwK, wbix v I cögvy Kivi KvR Pvwj q hv e hb wec` K g GKUv MÖnY hvm ch v q b g Av m 44 hw`i n vmvc wfwëk YMZgvb wbwðzkiy c wz e eüz n q Q Ges cöv_wgkfv e wpšív Kiv n qwqj GwU c Y i wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi GKUv Dcvq Ges ^bvgab Kv úvwb wb R ^ gvb I ey bv gvzv ek Kvb wbw` ó c Y i gvb I msmwz ervq ivl Z; Zvr wbk wbivcëv wb ` k bv Ki ji hv c Y i Ó YMZgvbÓ Lvivc Ki Z cv i Ges Kv úvwbi evwywr K I A_ bwzk Dcj _vk Z cv i Ggb wrwbl wbqš Y e eüz n e 45 G mkj c wz cy ˆZixi k l wbiwew Qbœ cwi`k bi cö qvrbxqzv A bk Kwg q w` q Q GB Kvi Y Lv` wbqš Y ms vi Kvb D P c` Kg KZ vi cö qvrb bvi n Z cv i hlb Kvb wkí n vmvc wfwëk c wz MÖnY I cwipvjbv K i ZLb mycöwkw Z, cö Yvw`Z I wkw Z Rbe ji z`ª BDwbU wbw` ó mgq AšÍi civgk I Z`viwK Ki j m ez cö qvrbxq me wkqy Kiv n e GB mkj `vq`vwqz wkqy we kl e w³ ch v qi Kv úvwb K Ac Y Kiv h Z cv i hvi Dchy³ mikvix ms v KZ K G ai bi cwi`k b I cöz vqb Kivi Rb ^xk wz Av Q 46 wbivcëvi Rb wec` Ggb A bk wkqy _vk Z cv i hv Kvb Kv úvwbi GKKfv e ev mvgwókfv e MvUv wk íi wbqš Yi evb i G wji g a _vk Z cv i cwi ekmz cwiez b ev `~ly hgb iw³g Rvqvi, Rjvk q Zj ev `~lykvix ivmvqwbk c`v_ hv KuvPvgv ji wbivcëv AvµvšÍ Ki Z cv i G ai bi wec `i Rb wkí I fv³vi c mikvix ms vi Aek B Z`viwK I wbhš Yi `vq`vwqz biqv DwPZ G ai bi wec `i Rb mswk ó KZ c i mg_ _vkvi cö qvrb n e hb wec` bv hviqv ev cy wbivcëv wbwðz bv niqv ch ší Kvb wbw` ó Rjvkq _ K gvq AvniY eü ev wbqš Y Kivi gzv _v K 47 wewagvjvq RvwjqvwZ _ K fv³v K i v Kivi welq K i Z i mv _ Zz j aiv n q Q, hv ivóª K evwywr K RvwjqvwZ mbv³, wby q I cöwz iv a Kvh Ki cö wz cöwzôv I i Yv e Y Drmvn `q cök wzmzfv e evwywr K RvwjqvwZ Ggbfv e mvrv bv nq hb GLvb _ K A ea jvf Av m Ges ZvB GwU mbv³ Kiv KwVb GB RvwjqvwZ AmsL fv e n Z cv i hgb: fyjfv e cörvwz I cörvwzi wekí mbv³ c v KUmgy n mwvk IRb bv _vkv B QvK Zfv e Kwg q c v KU Kiv AwZwi³ ms hvrb`ªe e envi ( hgb, cvwbi cwigvy e w Ki Z dm du) LyPiv ch v q mwvk IRb bv `Iqv Drcv`bKvix ` ki fyj j ej 18

48 hw` Kvb Kv úvwb RvwjqvwZ Ki Z cöwzáve nq Z e Zv Ki eb Ges iv óªi `vwqz Ggb GKUv KŠkj Kvh Ki ivlv hvi gva g Acivax aiv cvi mgyn m vebv _vk e Ges hw` aiv c Z e gvgjvi m ywlb n e Drcv`b I weµq j IRb I gv ci cix v, kl c Y i MVbMZ gv bi we k ly I Av`k gv bi mv _ hvpvb, RbmvaviY I KZ c i mv _ hvmv hv Mi c_ Lvjv hv Z K i m `nfvrb `i m ú K cöwz e`b `Iqv hvq, BZ vw`i gva g RvwjqvwZ wby q Kiv hvq 49 Drcv`b j wb qvmk Z mk j RwZ n q YMZgvb wbðqzv c wz e envi Ki j, h nzz AwbY xz I Lei ewnf~ Z _vk Z A bk msl K jvk K cözvibv I mn hvwmzv Ges MvcbxqZv wbwðr Ki Z n e, RvwjqvwZ Kiv Av iv KwVb Ki Z mnvqzv w` Z cv i 50 gv Qi wkqy cörvwz Ab cörvwz _ K ekx g~j evb, Z_vwc, hlb gvkhy³ _v K I ivbœvi Rb ˆZix _v K ZLb GKUv _ K Ab Uv K c _K Kiv ek Kómva Kvb D P g~ j i gvq K Ab Kvb wekí Kg`vgx cörvwz ` viv cöwz vwcz Kivi cöjfb _ K RvwjqvwZ nq hlb ïay gvsm ckx ev gvsm _v K ZLb h wewfbœ cörvwz wp b biqv AZ ší KwVb Zvnv mevb Rv b ˆReivmvqwbK we k ly, hgb B j±ª dv iwmm, wewfbœ cörvwzi cv_ K Kivi Rb e envi Kiv h Z cv i Ges gvgjv PjvKvjxb mg q jvm Z cv i 11.1.3 iv óªi DwPZ wbivcëv I YMZgv bi wbðqzvi Rb me wbgœ gvb`ê cb Kiv Ges wbwðz Kiv h, wk íi mkj v b G wj djcöm~fv e e eüz n Q Zv `i DwPZ GdGI/Wwe IGBmI Kv W G wj g Uvwi Kwgkb I Ab vb mswk ó ms v ev e e vcbvi wepv i YMZgv bi gvb` Êi ev Íevqb Z ivwš^z Kiv 51 fv³vi AwaKvi msi Y wbwðr Ki Z iv óªi mg_ AR b GwU cö qvrb n e h, wbivcëv I YMZgv bi wbðqzvi Rb me wbgœ gvb`ê vcb Kiv n q Q hš_ GdGI/Wwe IGBmI Lv` gvb`ê Kg m~wp, hv cöavbz Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc ( Kv W G vwj g Uvwiqvm) Kwgkb (wmgwm) Gi gva g cwipvwjz nq, cöv_wgkfv e fv³v K ^v MZ wec` I RvwjqvwZ _ K i vi Rb, Lv` e emvq mzzv PP vi Rb Ges Lv ` i AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i mnvqzvi Rb cöwzwôz nq hš_ GdGI/Wwe IGBmI Lv` gvb`ê Kg m~wpi cöavb KvR nj fv³vi ^v i v Ges Lv` e emvq mzzv PP v wbwðr Kiv; AvšÍR vwzk mikvix I emikvix ms v KZ K Lv ` i gvb` Ûi Rb M nxz Kv Ri mgš^q Rvi`vi Kiv; AMÖvwaKvi wby q I Dchy³ ms vi gva g I mnvqzvq Lmv gvb`ê I AvPiY- wewagvjv ˆZixi m~pbv I wb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv; gvb`ê I AvPiY- wewagvjv ˆZix Z mnvqzv cö`vb Ges mikvi KZ K M nxz niqvi ci AvÂwjK ev AvšÍR vwzk gvb` Û Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc ( Kv W G vwj g Uvwiqvm) AvKv i cökvk Kiv 52 wewagvjv Øviv Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc Kwgkb (wmgwm) Gi YMZgv bi gvb`ê K g~j wfwë ilv wnmv e e envi I Dbœq b DrmvwnZ Kiv n q Q hv _ K RvZxq gvb`ê vcb Kiv hv e wmgwm 19

`wj j ^xk wz `Iqv n q Q h, wewagvjvi welqe I gvb`û Ggb fv e ˆZix Kiv n q Q hv RvZxq mikvi K vbxq Ae v we epbv K i vbxq AvBb ˆZix Z wb ` kbv `q 53 Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc Kwgkb (wmgwm) KZ K ˆZix AvPiY wewagvjv RvZxq AvBb cö qvmkvix KZ c K cö qvrbxqzvi ZvwjKv cö`vb K i g~j gvb`û K me wbgœ gvb`ê a i Zix Kiv n q Q hv big (Sft) AvBb wnmv e e eüz n e, Ab K_vq eva evakzv QvvB AmsL bzzb wewa I wb ` kbv hv wbr ^ AvBwb KvVv gv ˆZix Z AvMÖnx Kvb `k, K Vvi (hard) AvBb Zix Z wb ` kbv wnmv e e envi Ki e Aek, grm cy ißvwb Ki Z B QyK Kvb `k Avg`vwbKviK ` ki cö qvrbxqzvi K_v RvZxq AvBb ˆZixi mgq Aek B we epbv Ki e Dbœqbkxj ` ki z`ª-gvîvi AvwU mvbvj grm vni Yi GKUv e I µgea gvb Ask DbœZ ` k gvq ißvwbi hvmvb `q GKUv grm AeZiY K `ª hvnv vbxqfv e fvm I ißvwb Df qi Rb e eüz nq Zvnv mywe epbv cöm~zfv e ˆZix, cwipvjbv I e e vcbv Ki Z n e, hv Z K i Zv `yb ai bi Avewk K wbqgkvbyb wj c~iy K i AwaKvsk Î GwU Avg`vwbKviK ` ki cö qvrbxqzv, hvi Dci vbxq KZ c i Zgb Kvb wbqš Y _v K bv, Zvi Dci n e 54 wek evwyr ms v (Wwe IwUI), cövyx ^v (m vwbuvix) I Dw ` ^v (dvb Uvm vwbuvix) e e vejx Ges evwy R i KvwiMix evav m ú K Pzw³ Z DcbxZ n q Q G Z cövyx ^v I Dw ` ^v e e vejx wbwðz Kivi RvZxq eva evakzv ez vq Ggbfv e hb G Z mwz Kvi weávbwfwëk hšw³kzv _v K Ges ^ QvPvix ev A hšw³kfv e ` ki g a cv_ K bv Kiv nq G Pzw³i Aax b `kmgy ni Av iv cö qvrb, `krfv e Drcvw`Z Lv` c Y i ÎI GKB gvb`ê e envi Kiv hv Zviv Avg`vwbK Z Lv ` i Rb K i G mkj kz wjwlz AvBb AvKv i _v K hv hgb Kvh Ki Av Q BD ivwcqvb BDwbqbfy³ `kmgyn I Av gwikvq hlv b Avg`vwbKviK ` ki cö`ë c wz Z m wz _vk j G mkj `k cy Avg`vwb Ki Z B QyK nq 55 Wwe IwUI Gi Pzw³ Abyhvqx gvb`ê Zix Z AvšÍR vwzk gvb AbymiY Ki Z n e, hgb K W G vwj g Uvwiqvm, hvnv cövyx ^v I Dw ` ^v e e vejx g b Pj e ZvB GwU wmgwm Gi i Z Av iv evw q `q Ges `kmgyn K wmgwm Gi KvR K mg_ b Ki Z AvnŸvb Rvbvq 56 K W `wj ji g a Av Q, Lv ` i ^v I cywómz ms vb, Lv ` hy³ Dcv`vb, evjvbbvkk Ae kl, msµvgk, j ej Kiv Ges we k ly I bgybvqb c wz wewfbœ Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc KwgwUi Øviv AvšÍR vwzk HKgZ I myôz ˆeÁvwbK aviyvi Dci wfwë K i GB `wj ji wbiwew Qbœ wbix Yi gva g me wbgœ gvb`ê M nxz nq, wkš D P SzuwK hy³ v b Av iv AZ vek Kxq gvb`ê cªpjb Kiv h Z cv i 11.1.4 iv óªi DwPZ HKZvb ev cvi úvwik ^xk wz ev Dfq Î mvdj AR b mn hvwmzv Kiv, RvZxq ^v e e vejx I mb` cö`vb Kg m~wp h _vchy³ Kiv Ges cvi úvwik ^xk wzi gva g wbqš Y I mb` cö`vb ms v cöwzôv Kiv 57 wewawu ^xk wz `q h, wk íi ˆewPÎZv Ges wewfbœ ` ki mikvi I AvBb c wzi cv_ K i Rb wewfbœ ` k GKB ikg ^v e e vejx I mb` cö`vb Kg m~wp AwR Z niqvi m vebv Kg 20

58 hv AwaKZi AR b m e I GKBfv e ˆea, hz Y wewfbœ Askx`viMb fv³v K i v Kivq m Pó, Zv nj mlv b Av vkxj n Z n e h M nxz e e vejx I Kg m~wpi GKB D Ïk GwU nj mvg Zvi bxwz 59 mvg Zvi bxwz ^xk wz `q h, GKB D Ïk AR bi A bk c_ Av Q (D`vniY ^iƒc wbivc` Lv` Drcv`b) bxwzuv nj, hz Y `Lv hv e h Kg m~wp I c wz cwi vifv e cöyxz, Kvh Ki, weávbwfwëkfv e mwvk Ges cögvyxz djcöm~zv Av Q ZZ Y ivóª G K A b i c wz K ÕmgK Ó wnmv e ^xk wz w` e (m dvsds I wjgv `m m v Uvm 1997) GwUB G wewa Øviv ivóª K HKZvb ev cvi úvwik ^xk wzi mvdj AR b mn hvwmzv Kivi K_v ejv n q Q 60 Lv` b ji g~j cvûyywjwc Kwgkb (wmgwm) mgk Zv m½vqxz K i Q, wewfbœ cwi`k bi I mb` cö`vb c wzi GKB D Ïk AR b mg_ wnmv e GwU n Z n j iv óªi Ggb GKUv c wz Kvh Ki Ki Z n e hv cwipvjbv Ki Z `Lv hv e, Ab K_vq ^ QZv _vk Z n e GwU mvavibfv e ^xk Z h, n vmv ci e envi Aby gvw`z mgk cwigv c HKZvb cöwµqvq K `ªxq f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i 61 Avg`vwb I ißvwbkvik ` ki g a Lv` wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi Rb cvi úvwik ^xk wzi gva g HKZvb cöwµqvi A_ nj, ` ki g a mn hvwmzv I mnvqzv mvaviyz Avg`vwb I ißvwbkvik ` ki g a Kg DbœZ c wz K cö qvrbxq ch v q DbœxZ Kivi Rb Ki Z nq wkqy Î Rviv jv NUbv Av Q h A bk `k, we k ly, Z`viwK, wbqš Y, BZ vw` Z GKB my hv Mi Askx`vwiZ Ki Q 62 RvZxq Lv` wbivcëv wbqš Y c wz Z m gzv wby q GwU ch vß bq h, ivóª ïay AvšÍR vwzk gvb`ê I wb ` kbv Zv `i AvBb cöyq bi wfwë wnmv e MÖnY K i, mlv b Aek B gvb`ê I wb ` kbv e envi Ki Z n e Ges Ab vb wel qi mv _ wbgœwjwlz wj _vkv wbwðz Ki Z n e: gvq cwiph v I cöwµqvrvzki Yi cª qvrbxq AvBb, wewaweavb I AeKvVv gv; GKwU RvZxq Lv` wbivcëv wbqš Y Kg m~wp; `~ly Z`viwK, ˆRewel I grm c Y cöfvekvix Ab vb mvgmöxi Rb RvZxq Kg m~wp; wk íi YMZgvb wbwðzkiy Kg m~wp Z KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`v b Ges G me Kg m~wpi wbix v I cögvy Ki Z mg_ cöwkw Z Rbej; Rbej K we ` k YMZgvb wbwðzkiy wel q AvšÍR vwzk mfvq AskMÖn Yi gva g ˆ`bw `b Dbœq bi mv _ hvmm~î vc bi m ú` I cöwzáv; wbqš YKvix Rbe ji bevqbk Z I nvjbvmv`k Z cöwk Y Ges YMZgvb wbwðzkiy wel q wk íi Rbe ji cöwk Y Kg m~wp 11.1.5 hlb grm m ú `i UKmB Dbœqb I mø env ii Rb cwikíbv Kiv nq ZLb iv óªi DwPZ Avni YvËi grm Lv Zi A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk f~wgkv h_vh_fv e we epbv Kiv 63 mikv ii f~wgkv niqv DwPZ AvniY I Avni YvËi Dfq grm Lv Zi Rb GKwU UKmB I fvimvg c~y Dbœqb wbwðz Kiv ZvB AwaKvsk AvnwiZ gr m i GKUv K `ªxq welq nj wk íi AvniY 21

Avi cöwµqvrvzkiy/evrvirvzkiy Lv Zi g a wgj _vkv c ii Ask hw` ekx e nq Z e Zv grm gry `i Dci AMÖnY hvm Pvc w` Z cv i ev hw` Lye QvU nq Z e Zvi d j gv Qi wz ev AcPq n e, KviY GwU cu P hviqvi c~ e msi Y, evrvirvzkiy ev fvm Kiv hv e bv GKwU myôz cwikíbv cöyqb cö qvrb hv Z mswk ó mkj welq wj, grm AvniY _ K fv³v ch ší (cwi ekev`xivmn) we epbv Kiv nq mikvi cwikíbv ev Íevqb I Gi c~y Zvi Rb Dchy³ cwi ek m wói Rb cö qvrbxq welq wji ms vb Ki Z g~j f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Bnvi g a _vk Z cv i fšz, Avw_ K I AvBbMZ KvVv gv Dbœqb c wz Z mnvqzv 64 grm wk íi Avni YvËi LvZ AZ ší i Z c~y wkš KLbI KLbI D cw Z _v K grm I grm c Y i UKmB weµq I evrvirvzkiy Qvv wk íi Ab Ask f ½ c Z ev wbw Œq n q h Z cv i m mkj wkí hgb, gvq aiv, grm Pvl, bškv ˆZix, AvniY miävg ˆZix, cwieny my hvm, grm cöwµqvrvzkiy, gvk jvmvb, eid ˆZix, BZ vw` UKmB n Z cvi Zv bv hw` bv kl cy ÕgvQÕ fv³vi wbku weµq nz gvq weµq K i h A_ nq ZvB wk íi Ab Ask wj K wuwk q iv L I wkí K cybivq mnvqzv `q 65 z`ª-gvîvi grm vniy I grm cöwµqvrvz wkí, ^í DbœZ ` ki A bk gvby li AZ vek Kxq I g~j evb Avwg li AwZ cö qvrbxq Drm Aek, mpvivpvi Av qi I mvgvwrkfv e wb Pi cöv ší Aew Z jvk hv `i Rxeb-RxweKv wec`vcbœ ZvivB G mkj Kg KvÛ cwipvjbv K i iv óªi DwPZ, grm m ú `i UKmB Dbœqb I e env ii Rb RvZxq cwikíbv cöyq bi mgq Avni YvËi LvZ K Ges z`ª-gvîvi wk íi mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk g½j I Lv` wbivcëvq Zv `i f~wgkv h_vh_ i Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv z`ª-gvîvi wk íi cö qvrbxqzv I AvKv v Abyaveb Kiv, A_ en I UKmB cwikíbv ev Íevq b n Í ci c~e -kz AskMÖnYg~jK g~j vqb c wzi e envi, Z_ msmön I n ÍvšÍi Ges emikvix ms vi (GbwRI) gva g gvq cöwµqvrvzkiy wk íi Kg DbœZ R j m cö`vq K DbœZZi Kivi Kv R mvdj cviqv M Q 66 M elyv I Dbœq b A_ eiv Ïi Î Avni YvËi Lv Zi Ges Ab vb wel qi mv _ mvgmöxkfv e mkj wkí i vq iv óªi ^xk wz cö`v bi A½xKvi cö qvrb grm Lv Zi Dbœqb cwikíbvq AvwU mvbvj I wkíwfwëk Kg Kv Ûi g a mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk cöwzwµqv Ges wewfbœ Lv Z n Í ci djvdj cyivcywifv e we epbv Kiv cö qvrb 67 AwaKvsk Avni Yi grm vavi hv G Ki AwaK R j ev grm vniy e emvq hš_fv e e eüz nq Zvi AeKvVv gv cö qvrb Av Q cö ZK bšhv bi Rb wb R ^ AeZiY vb bv i L mgmö bšhvben ii Rb GK Î AeZi Yi my hvm cö`vb A_ bwzkfv e jvf RbK G ai bi e e v hgb, wbivc` bv½i cö`v bi Rb cvzvkªq, a Z gv Qi AeZi Yi my hvm, cwi vi cvwb I weµ qi Rb a Z gv Qi ^v m Z cwiph vi Rb hš cvwzmn evrv ii Ni, BZ vw` mpvivpvi mikvi ev mikvi mgw_ Z ms vi gva g cöwzwôz nq G mkj my hvm cö`v bi LiP mvaviy A_ fvûvi _ K ev we kl Uvj avh ev GB `yb qi m j b guv bv h Z cv i 22

68 Avni YvËi Lv Zi mg_ b, ev Íe cö qvrb hgb, ei di ms vb I wngvmvi my hvm cö`vb I cwipvjbv Ki Z mikv ii GKUv f~wgkv _vk Z cv i, wkš mvaviyz G ai bi Kg KvÛ RbM Yi A _ cwipvwjz AvgjvZvwš KZv gy³ e w³ Lv Zi Dci Q `Iqv m e vëg e j g b nq 69 ivóª-mnvqk Kv úvwb hviv wb ew`zfv e grm vniy, grm cöwµqvrvzkiy, evrvirvzkiy I weziy Kv R wb qvwrz Zv `i K Dbœqbkxj A_ bxwzi A bk mikv ii Î grm vniy wk íi Dbœq b DÏxwcZ Kivi GKwU h_vh_ Dcvq wnmv e `Lv M Q ZeyI, A b K Zv `i D Ïk AR b mdj nqwb ïi _ K m ú `i AwZ-abZvwš KZvi mv _ gv Qi cwigvb I evrvi cöev ni AwZ- Avkvev`x fwel r evyx, Zvnvi mv _ mpvivpvi weev`gvb mvgvwrk I evwywr K D Ïk mgm vq Ae`vb iv L ivóª-mnvqk e emvi UKmB I K ZKvh Zvq evav`vbkvix welq wji g a i q Q, Zvi cwipvjbvq ivr bwzk n Í c, evwywr K I evrvi Pvwn`vi mv _ Zvjwgwj q Pj Z Amg_ Zv, hlb cö qvrb ZLb Rbej Avbv I ev` `Iqv Ges Abgbxq e e vcbv 11.1.6 ivóª I mswk ó ms vi DwPZ grm cöhyw³ I YMZgv bi wbðqzv Ges A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk, cwi ekmz I cywómz cöfve we epbv K i gv Qi Avni YvËi cwiph vi Dbœq bi Rb mnvqk cök íi e qfvi enb Kiv 70 Lv` cy wnmv e gvq Av m AZ ší cwiez bkxj KuvPvgvj _ K AwaKvsk Lv` hlb KuvPvgvj wnmv e GKwU ev ^ímsl K cörvwzi Dci wbf ikxj, Lvevi wnmv e gv Qi AmsL cörvwz AvniY I evrvirvz Kiv nq D`vniY ^iƒc, GdGI Gi gvq aiv I AeZi Yi evrmwik cwimsl v b (GdGI 1997 G) mkj cörvwz Avjv`vfv e ZvwjKvfy³ bv K i GKB ai bi cörvwz K GK Î wjwce Kivi cii cövq 1080 ai bi nq 71 gv Qi MVbMZ Dcv`v bi cv_ K ïay cörvwz f `B bq eis GKB cörvwzi Î GK vb _ K Ab v b I GK FZz _ K Ab FZz Z cv_ K nq GB we Z cwiez bkxjzv, GK ai bi gv Qi GK ai bi Ae vq M elyvi djvdjmgyn I cöhyw³mz Dbœqb, Ab ai bi gv Qi Ab ai bi Ae vq e envi `~in K i Zv j BwZg a B AvnwiZ wecyj msl K cörvwz QvvI fwel Z gv Qi hvmv bi ^ízv `yi Ki Z mnvqzv `v bi j AvniY hvm bzzb cörvwzi Rb I evrvirvzkiy, Avni YvËi cwiph v, cöwµqvrvzki Yi ˆewkó wba vi bi cö qvrbxqzv úó 72 ïaygvî h wecyj msl K Rv Zi gvq Avni YvËi Lv Zi Rb cviqv hvq ZvnvB bq, eis wecyj msl K wewfbœ evrvi I mb evrv ii Rb c Y i aibi i q Q gvq weµq Kiv nq, UvUKv, kxzjk Z, wngvwqz, Zvc-cwiï, MuvRbK Z, ïuwk, ayugvwqz, jeyvwqz, AvPviK Z, wm, fuvrv, wngvwqz ïkbv, wkgvk Z, vk Z Ges GB mkj c wzi wkqy msl K GKwÎZfv e G mkj c wzi cö ZKwU Z, Ae vb I evrvi Pvwn`vi Dci wfwë K i AMwYZ wewfbœ fv e gvq cö Z I gvkhy³ Kiv nq 73 c w_exi wewfbœ v b h wewfbœ Dbœq bi ch vq I cwipvjbvi gvîv cviqv hvq Zv cörvwz f ` wfbœzvi gvîv Av iv evw q `q wkíwfwëk grm vni Y hv Dchy³ Zv mpvivpvi Dbœqbkxj ` ki z`ª-gvîvi AvwU mvbvj grm vni Y cö hvr bq cv_ K wj kxzcöavb DbœZ ` ki evwywr K grm vniy 23

I Dò A ji Dbœqbkxj ` ki z`ª-gvîvi grm vniy we epbv Ki j we klfv e wpwýz nq cö_g NUbvq, AímsL K cörvwz AbyK j cwi e k Ges h _ó DbœZ AeKvVv gv Z cöwµqvrvz Kiv nq Ges wøzxq NUbvq, AmsL cörvwz cöwzk j cwi e k mvgvb AeKvVv gv Z Kiv nq 74 G mkj AwbðqZvi cª vc U Awf hvrbg~jk M elyvi cö qvrbxqzv Rviv jv n q Q 75 m ai bi M elyvq A_ vqb I mnvqzvq, Rb I e w³ Lv Zi f~wgkv `k f ` cwiewz Z n e Aek GwU g b nq, iv óªi Rb me P q Dchy³ mn hvwmzvi Î n Z cv i hlv b Rb ^v_ i Z cvq Ges e w³ LvZ M elyvq AMÖvwaKvi w` Z Pvq bv Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi, we kl K i ^ídbœz ` ki z`ª-gvîvi grm vniy M elyvi cö qvrbxqzv úó, hv Z K i grm vni Yi gšwjk DcvË I DbœqbkxjZvi bxwz myjf nq Ges Av iv M elyvi cö qvrbxqzv my úó nq G mkj M elyv Kg KvÛ nv Z wb Z m ú`wfwëk cöwzôvb I cö qvrbxq wk v I ` Zv mn Rbej cö qvrb M elyv Kg Kv Û wbgœwjwlz welq wj AšÍf y³ _vk Z cv i: fv³vi ^v myi v, cwi`k b I YMZgvb wbwðzki Yi Rb M elyv YMZgvb wbwðzkiy I cwi`k b c wz Dbœqb, RbwbivcËv wbwðz Ki Z gvb`ê I wb ` kbv Ges Rbg b Av v m wó Kiv h, grm I grm cy wbivc` I ^v m Z GwU Av iv gšwjk M elyv AšÍf y³ Ki Z cv i, D`vniY ^iƒc, ivmrxevyyi cöwz ek I kvixie Ë, hv GKÎxf~Z K i YMZgvb wbwðzkiy c wz I wb ` kbvi AvB bi wfwë n Z cv i bzzb Avwe Z cörvwz ev mbv³k Z gry` hv gvby li Lv` wkk j Av iv DbœwZ c Z cv i, Zvi Rb cö qvrb n Z cv i gšwjk cywómz I ˆReivmvqwbK Aa vqb, ivmvqwbk MVb, Drcv`b I gry` we k ly, h wj ciewz Z e w³ ch v q wewb qv Mi wfwë n Z cv i bzzb Avwe Z cörvwz evrvirvzki Yi my hvm m ú K M elyv cwi ekmz cöfve m úwk Z M elyv hgb: cvwb I kw³ Av iv ` fv e e envi, wzki KxUbvk Ki e envi Kgv Z cvkv `g bi wekí c wz e envi (we kl K i Dbœqbkxj ` k hlv b ïkv bvi cövk wzk c wz e eüz nq), e eüz Kv Vi cwigvy Kgv bvi Rb gvq auygvwqzkiy c wzi ` Zv e w (we kl K i Dbœqbkxj ` k hlv b fv³vi wbku gvq cšqv bv wbwðz Ki Z auygvwqz K i ïw KiY GKwU i Z c~y Dcvq), grm cöwµqvrvzki Yi Dw Qó mvgmöx I wbm Z e R i cwi e ki Dci cöfve, cöwµqvrvzkiy Kg Kv Ûi wbm Z gqjv cvwbi Ab wkí hgb, grm Pv li Dci cöfve Avni YvËi wz Kgv bv Ges mn-avniyk Z I ^íe eüz cörvwzi ( hgb, QvU cjvwrk, g mv- cjvwrk mgyn) e envi e w, hv m ú `i myôz e e vcbvi mv _ m½wzc~y 24

bzzb cörvwz I Zvi c Y i evrvirvzki Yi welq we epbv I M elyv Kivi cö qvrbxqzv úó Ges bzzb cy Dbœq bi Rb GwU Aek B Awe Q` Ask n Z n e 76 Dbœqbkxj ` ki z`ª-gvîvi grm cöwµqvrvzkiy wk íi Kg KvÛ UKmB Ki Z I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb ev AšÍZc ervq ivl Z cwi ek i vi mv _ mswk ó wel q M elyvi cö qvrb Av Q GUv AcÖZ vwkz h, G cwipvjkiv Dc i Dwj wlz mgm v mgvav bi Rb M elyvq wewb qvm Ki Z mg_ n e Ges Avni YvËi Kg KvÛ Av iv ` I UKmB Ki Z, we kl K i Dbœqbkxj grm vav ii Î mikv ii A_ vqb I mn hvwmzv Kivi my hvm i qb hv e 77 ivóª grm fvm evv Z PvB j e w³ Lv Z M elyvq A_ vq b mnvqzv Kivi Rb ˆZix _vkv DwPZ n e GUv mivmwi e w³ Lv Z M elyvq A_ vq b mnvqzv K i Kiv h Z cv i A_ev ms Ni gva g Ki Z cv i G ms N AšÍf y³ n Z cv i, e w³ wkí, M elyv cöwzôvb, wek we` vjq I mikvi mk j wg j GK Î GKUv wbw` ó j KvR Ki Z cv i GB fv e mikvi wbwðz Ki Z mg_ n Z cv i h, M elyvi gva g AwR Z djvdj mikv ii D Ï k i AvIZvq Av Q wkqy NUbv Av Q hlv b e w³ wkí K Zv `i c AbymÜvb cwipvjbvi Rb mikvix M elyv cöwzôvb K A_ vqb ev fz ywk w` Z ejv DwPZ n e 78 M elyv I Dbœq b e w³ Lv Zi wewb qvm, evrvi msµvší niqvi m vebv ewk, hgb cy Dbœqb M elyv ev bzzb cöwµqvrvzkiy c wz I hš cvwz D veb G ai bi M elyv g~j ms hvr bi Dcvq wnmv e, evrvi my hvm we Z Ki Y I we klfv e M elyvq A_ vqbkvix Kv úvwbi cöwz hvwmzv Kivi gzv e w i Î `Lv hvq 11.1.7 ivóª, wewfbœ Drcv`b c wzi Dcw wzi K_v we epbv K i, mn hvwmzvi gva g I Dbœqb K mnvqzv K i Ges Dchy³ cöhyw³ n ÍvšÍi K i wbwðz Ki e h, cöwµqvrvzkiy, cwieny I gry` c wz cwi ekmzfv e myôz 79 grm wkí cwi ek Øviv I cwi ek K cöfvwez Ki Z cv i GB cªeü e j h, ivóª, cöwµqvrvzkiy, cwieny I gry` c wz cwi ekmzfv e myôz cš vq e env i mn hvwmzv Ki e Kvb KvR cwi ekmzfv e myôz ev myôz bv Zvi wm vší wb Z mzk fv e ` we k ly Ki Z n e `vwqz kxj grm vni Yi Rb mzk Zvg~jK KŠk j D Q wmz n q, hw` Kvb we kl ai bi Kg KvÛ cwi ekmzfv e myôy wkbv m e vcv i Kvb m `n _v K Z e, myôy bv niqv m ËI Kg KvÛ ZZ Y ch ší Pvwj q h Z n e hz Y bv GUv Ab fv e cö`wk Z n q Q ev wekí wnmv e cwi ekmzfv e myôy KŠkj ev cöhyw³ myjf nq 80 bzzb wkí vc bi mg q cwi ekmz cöfve wby q Ges wewfbœ ` k c U I cöhyw³i cöfv ei gvîv I SzuwK wbiƒcy, mikv ii bzzb D ` vm Aby gv`b c wzi ˆ`bw `b Kv Ri Ask niqv DwPZ myjf n Z cv i Ggb wewfbœ my hv Mi cwi ekmz cöfve wby q I g~j vq bi Rb we klá ` Zv cö qvrb n Z cv i 25

81 mvaviyfv e grm vniy cwi ek `~l Y Ae`vb ivlvi P q Zv _ K wzmö Í ekx nq Avni YvËi grm Lv Zi e wzµg wji GKwU nj, grm cöwµqvrvzkiy KviLvbvi er grm cöwµqvrvzkiy mpvivpvi furv c wz bq cvwb e envi Kiv nq, cy ev Gi ms ú k Av m Ggb v bi DcwifvM ašz Kivi Rb Kv Ri cwi ek _ K er c`v_ msµvgk mwi q djvi Dcvq wnmv ei GUv e envi Kiv nq GB cvwb wkqy e enb K i, hvi Re Aw Rb Pvwn`v A bk ekx hw` mivmwi cövk wzk Rjvk q GUv Aegy³ Kiv nq Z e Zv cvwbi YMZgv bi gvivz K AebwZi I Aw Rb ^ízvi KviY n Z cv i Ges cvwbi cwi e ki ˆRweK fvimvg Zvi wz Ki Z cv i Kvb Kvb Ae vq GwU K cywói Drm wnmv e we epbv Kiv h Z cv i, Ab Ae vq `~l Yi Drm mvgmªx wj h nzz cök wzmzfv e ˆRweK, cwi k l f ½ h Z cv i Ges mgq I hvqmvq vbxqfv e cöfve dj Z cv i ZeyI,G `i K D c v Kiv DwPZ n e bv, ^íkvjxb I vbxq Avevm j aÿsm niqvi gvivz K wzki n Z cv i cök Z ˆRe mvgmöxi GKB RvqMvq wbiwew Qbœfv e Aegyw³i d j wbiwew Qbœ fq I vbxq we ^bv nq hlv b grm Pvl I grm cöwµqvrvzkiy Kvh µg KvQvKvwQ v b nq, wbm Z cvwb _ K G Ki Øviv A b i msµvg Yi wec` Ges e Ae vq m ve ivmrxevyy e DVvi m vebv Aek B we epbv Ki Z n e 82 mgm v `~ixki Yi cö_g c` c n e ˆ`wnKfv e evqvb K i gv Qi e UzKiv wj mwi q djv, Zvici hw` cö qvrb nq, myweavrbk gqjv cvwb weï Kiv me P q Dchy³ KvR wk n e Zv ekx wbf i K i vbxq Ae vi Dci cö Z K v bi AvBbMZ cö qvrbxqzv I Áv bi ez gvb Ae v we epbv K i we klá civgk cö qvrb n Z cv i cvwb _ K ev cöwµqvkiy jvb bi mn-cy wnmv e KwVb c`v_ wj Avjv`v K i we klfv e djv cö qvrb n e grm DcRvZ e envi K i cybivq Lv` Dcv`vb Drcv`vb (cï Lv` mn) g b nq me P q `vwqz kxj cq `, Aek, A_ bxwz I my hvm myweav me mgq H cq `i AbyK~ j bvi _vk Z cv i 83 DcK~jxq ev Ab vb Rjvk q er djv _ K Avevm j msi Y cwi ek myi v AvBb, DcRvZ d j `Iqvi P q mø envi ekx AvKl bxq K i Zzj e i Ykxj AvB bi Kvi b hw` er djv e qeûj nq Z e cï Lv` Drcv`b, wd ju ˆZixi jvb bi KuvUv Qv As ki c~y e envi, gv Qi gv_v ïkv bv I e envi me wkqyb A_ bwzkfv e MÖnY Kiv hv e 84 grm ašz Kivi h š i D veb I e envi, hv cvwbi cö qvrbxqzv Kgvq Zv ïay er cvwbi cwigvyb Kgvq bv eis cwi ek _ K cvwb D Ëvjb I Zvi mv _ hy³ LiPI Kgvq 85 cvwb I KwVb er QvvI wkqy grm cöwµqvrvzkiy Kvh µg, cöku MÜ Qv Z cv i hlv b gvq ïw KiY Ges/ev ivbœv cöwµqvrvzki Yi GKUv Ask, GUv we kl fv e nq wdkwgj ˆZix Gi cök ó D`vniY wdkwgj KviLvbvi Ae vb hw` gbyl emwzi g a nh Z e Rbmvavi Yi Lye AwcÖq n e, ZvB ciez x mgm v Gv Z PvB j, evzvm cöev ni w`k we epbv K i mzk cwikíbv cö qvrb AvaywbK wdkwgj ˆZwii hš cvwz Zvi mv _ auyqv wbm gc _ MÜ Kgv bvi hš jvm bv h Z cv i Ges wdkwgj Drcv` b AbygwZ cö`v bi mgq GwU c~e -kz wnmv e _vk Z cv i h, Dchy³ MÜ Kgv bvi hš jvm Z n e GUv Av iv úó h, wdkwgj ˆZixi Rb e eüz KuvPvgv ji YMZgvbI MÜ Drcv` b cöfve iv L wbgœgv bi ev cupv KuvPvgvj cöku `ym Ü ˆZix K i Ges mb mv _ wbgœgv bi 26