List of Acronyms used in this Book

Preface p. xiii List of Acronyms used in this Book p. xv About the Author p. xvii Rocks and Minerals Introduction p. 1 Importance of Minerals and Rocks to Society p. 1 Minerals p. 5 Rocks p. 12 Mineral Resources p. 14 Further Reading p. 37 Basic Mineralogy Introduction p. 39 Internal Structure of Crystals and Their Properties p. 40 Crystallized and Amorphous Solid Minerals p. 40 Formation of Minerals p. 41 Crystal Lattice p. 42 Crystallographic Axes, the Crystal Planes and Elements of Crystal Symmetry p. 43 Crystal Systems, Crystal Forms, Single Crystals and Crystal Twinning p. 45 Chemical and Physical Properties of Minerals p. 47 Chemical Properties of Minerals p. 47 Physical Properties of Minerals p. 47 Polymorphism and Isomorphism p. 50 Overview of the Main Rock Forming Minerals p. 51 Autochthonous Elements p. 52 Sulfides p. 52 Oxides and Hydroxides p. 53 Carbonates p. 55 Halides p. 57 Sulfates p. 57 Phosphates p. 58 Silicates p. 58 Nesosilicates [SiO p. 59 Sorosilicates- [Si p. 61 Cyclosilicates- [Si p. 62 Inosilicates p. 63 Phyllosilicates-[Si p. 68 Tectosilicates p. 73 Further Reading p. 79 Basic Petrology Introduction p. 81 Structure of the Earth p. 83

Classification of Rocks p. 85 Igneous Rocks p. 85 Sedimentary Rocks p. 85 Metamorphic Rocks p. 86 Origin of Earth and Theory of Plate Tectonics p. 86 Origins of the Earth p. 86 The Protoplanet Hypothesis p. 87 The Nebular Hypothesis p. 88 Age of the Earth p. 88 Plate Tectonics p. 89 Further Reading p. 91 Igneous Rocks Origin of Igneous Rocks p. 94 Properties of Magma and Lava p. 94 Bowen's Reaction Series p. 95 Cooling of Magma after Crystallization p. 96 Classification of Igneous Rocks p. 98 Forms of Appearance and Structure of the Intrusive (Plutonic) Igneous Rocks p. 100 Forms of Intrusive (Plutonic) Igneous Rocks p. 100 Textures of Intrusive (Plutonic) Igneous Rocks p. 101 Shapes and Structures of Veins Igneous Rocks p. 102 Forms of Appearance and Structure of the Extrusive (Volcanic) Igneous Rocks p. 102 Forms of Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 102 Textures of Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 103 Main Group of Igneous Rocks and Their Composition p. 104 Mineral Composition of Intrusive Igneous Rocks p. 104 Felsic Intrusive Igneous Rocks p. 105 Intermediate Intrusive Igneous Rocks p. 108 Mafic Intrusive Igneous Rocks p. 109 Ultrabasic and Ultramafic Intrusive Igneous Rocks p. 113 Mineral Composition of Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 116 Felsic Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 116 Intermediate Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 117 Mafic Extrusive Igneous Rocks p. 118 Veins Igneous Rocks p. 120 Further Reading p. 120 Sedimentary Rocks Function, Significance, Classification and Transformation p. 122 Sedimentary Rock Formation p. 124 Weathering p. 124 Physical or Mechanical Weathering p. 124

Chemical Weathering p. 126 Biological Weathering p. 128 Sediment Transport p. 128 Fluvial Processes p. 128 Aeolian Processes p. 129 Glacial Processes p. 130 Deposition p. 130 Lithification p. 132 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks p. 133 Bedding p. 133 External Bedding p. 134 Internal Bedding p. 134 Upper Bedding Plane Structures p. 137 Lower Bedding Plane Structures p. 140 Forms Created by Underwater Slides and with the Destruction of the Layers p. 141 Packing of Grains p. 142 Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks p. 144 Clastic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks p. 145 Genesis and Classification of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks p. 145 Coarse-Grained Sediments-Rudaceous p. 146 Intraformational Breccias and Conglomerates p. 147 Extraformational Breccias p. 149 Extraformation Conglomerates p. 152 Medium Granular Clastic Sediments-Arenaceous Rocks p. 153 The Composition and Distribution of Sandy Sediments p. 153 Arenite Sandstones or Arenaceous Rocks p. 155 Graywacke or Wackes p. 157 Mixed or Hybrid Sandstones p. 159 Fine Granular Clastic Sediments-Pelite p. 159 Classification of Pelitic Sediments p. 159 Marlstone p. 162 Organic Matter in the Argillaceous Sediments p. 163 Diagenesis of Clastic Sediments p. 164 Diagenetic Processes in Sandy Sediments p. 164 Diagenetic Processes in Clayey Sediments p. 168 Residual Sediments: Laterite, Kaolin, Bauxite and Terra Rossa p. 171 Volcaniclastic Rock p. 174 Definition and Origin of Volcaniclastic Sediments and Rocks p. 174 Composition of Volcaniclastic Sediments and Rocks p. 177 Alteration of Tuff p. 178 Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks p. 179

Limestone p. 179 Mineral Composition, Physical, Chemical and Biological Conditions for Foundation of Limestone p. 179 The Structural Components of Limestone p. 182 Limestone Classification p. 189 Limestone Diagenesis p. 195 Dolomites p. 199 The Origin of Dolomite p. 200 Early Diagenetic Dolomites p. 201 Late-Diagenetic Dolomite p. 201 Evaporites p. 203 Mineral Composition, Origin and Classification of Evaporites Rocks p. 203 Petrology and Diagenesis of Evaporite Sediments p. 205 Siliceous Sediments and Rocks p. 207 Mineral Composition, Origin and Classification of Silicon Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks p. 207 Siliceous Sediments and Siliceous Rocks of Biogenic Foundation p. 208 Siliceous Sediments and Siliceous Rocks of Diagenesis Origin p. 210 Further Reading p. 212 Metamorphic Rocks Origin and Structure of Metamorphic Rocks p. 213 Types of Metamorphism and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks p. 219 Rocks of Dynamic Metamorphism p. 220 Rocks of Contact Metamorphism p. 220 Rocks of Regional Metamorphism p. 223 Schists of Low-Grade Metamorphism p. 223 Schists of High-Grade Metamorphism p. 225 Rocks of Plutonic Metamorphism p. 230 Further Reading p. 232 Precipitation Systems of Major Sedimentary Bodies-Collector Rocks of Oil and Gas Introduction p. 233 Main Forms of Collector Sedimentary Bodies in Clastites p. 234 Alluvial Fans p. 234 Deltas p. 236 Sand Bodies in Coastal Marine Environments (Beaches and Offshore) p. 239 Debrites p. 242 Turbidity Fans p. 245 Main Forms of Collector Sedimentary Bodies in Carbonate Rocks p. 247 Carbonate Platforms p. 247 Carbonates of High-Energy Shallows p. 248 Peritidal Carbonates p. 250 Carbonates of Restricted Shoals, Lagoons, and Inner Shelf p. 253

Carbonate Bodies of Reef and Perireef Limestones in Carbonate Platform p. 254 Carbonate Debrites and Turbidites or Allodapic Limestones p. 257 Reef and Perireef Bioclastic Limestones Outside the Carbonate Platforms p. 258 Further Reading p. 260 Mineral Deposits: Host Rocks and Origin Definition p. 261 Mineral p. 261 Rock p. 262 Mineral and Rock Deposit p. 262 Classification of Minerals and Mineral Deposits p. 263 Mineral Classification System Based on Chemical Composition p. 263 Geographic Distribution p. 263 Depth of Occurrence p. 263 Mode of Occurrence p. 265 Nature of Mineralization p. 265 Structural Control p. 265 Host Rocks p. 265 Genetic Model p. 266 Magmatic p. 271 Sedimentary p. 272 Metamorphic p. 274 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide and Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide p. 275 Black Smokers Pipe Type p. 276 SEDEX/Stratiform p. 276 Mississippi Valley Type p. 277 Manto-Chimney-Replacement p. 277 Irish p. 278 Pennine p. 278 Alpine/Bleiberg p. 278 Skarn p. 278 Residual p. 279 Placer p. 279 Further Reading p. 279 Resource Assessment and Economic Parameters Definition p. 282 Parameters p. 282 Cutoff p. 282 Minimum Width p. 283 Ore p. 283 Ore Deposit p. 283 Estimation Procedure p. 284

Small and Medium Size p. 285 Large and Deep Seated p. 285 Cross-Section p. 285 Long Vertical Section p. 287 Level Plan p. 287 Statistical Method p. 288 Geostatistical Method p. 288 Petroleum (Oil and Gas) p. 290 Analogy Base p. 290 Volumetric Estimate p. 291 Performance Analysis p. 292 Resource Classification p. 292 Metallic/Nonmetallic Minerals p. 293 Conventional/Traditional Classification System p. 293 USGS/USBM Classification Scheme p. 294 UNFC Scheme p. 295 JORC Classification Code p. 296 Mineral Oil and Gas p. 296 Mineral Economics p. 298 Stages of Investment p. 298 Investment Analysis p. 299 Order of Magnitude Study/Scoping Study p. 300 Prefeasibility Study p. 302 Feasibility Study p. 302 Overview p. 302 Further Reading p. 304 Hazards of Minerals-Rocks and Sustainable Development Definition p. 306 Natural Hazards p. 306 Earthquake p. 306 Volcano and Volcanism p. 307 Glacier and Avalanche p. 309 Lightning p. 309 Forest Fire p. 310 Hazards of Minerals p. 310 Apatite p. 311 Arsenic p. 311 Asbestos p. 311 Bauxite p. 311 Cinnabar p. 311 Clay p. 311

Coal p. 311 Corundum p. 312 Feldspar p. 312 Fluorite p. 312 Galena and Cerussite p. 312 Graphite p. 312 Gypsum p. 312 Mica p. 312 Pyrite p. 312 Radon Gas p. 313 Silica p. 313 Talc p. 313 Wollastonite p. 313 Hazards of Rocks p. 313 Granite p. 313 Limestone p. 313 Sandstone p. 313 Slate p. 314 Rock-Fall p. 314 Balancing Rocks p. 314 Rock Fault p. 315 Hazards of Exploration p. 315 Hazards of Mining p. 316 Baseline Monitoring p. 316 Surface Land p. 316 Mine Waste p. 317 Mine Subsidence p. 317 Mine Fire p. 318 Airborne Contaminations p. 319 Noise p. 319 Vibration p. 320 Water Resources p. 320 Hazards of Mineral Beneficiation p. 321 Hazards of Smelting p. 321 Hazards of Refining p. 322 Sustainable Mineral Development p. 322 Mineral/Mining Sustainability p. 322 Further Reading p. 323 References p. 325 Index p. 327 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.