Volume 119 No. 7 2018, 989-1000 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE WITH GRAPHENE AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN POLYESTER COMPOSITE Kolli Balasivarama Reddy [1], Annumula Sai Kiran Reddy [2], Sagala Bharath Sai Chand [3], Paricharla Bharath Kumar [4] Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur-603203 E-mail: balasivarama.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in, saikiran.1338@gmail.com, sagalabharath28@gmail.com, bharathkumar4010@gmail.com. ABSTRACT Natural fibers are excessively occurred in nature as they are one of the renewable products. From these natural fibers we can get high performance with more strength composite materials. This will reduce the usage of synthetic materials and give eco friendly environment [1]. Now a day s composites place a crucial role in day to day engineering applications. These polyester based composites give good dimensions and mechanical properties [2]. So our aim is make a composite material with Bio-degradable (Natural) material such as bamboo fiber with polyester as a reinforced material in the matrix phase and in addition with graphite as filler material to study its mechanical behavior [3]. Graphene is a widely available economical reinforcement material with high stiffness, high modulus, high strength and high theoretical efficiency [4]. In this project we use a hand layup method to fabricate the composite material. These fibrous materials have good stiffness and strength for mechanical applications. Reinforced material is a boon in the sense that it uses shorter lead times and tooling cost is considerably cheaper [5]. The filler material is used in different composition to find variations in bonding properties. With this fabricated material we can test its mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, vibration and also its tribological behavior in dry condition by using pin-on-disc apparatus [6]. For the above tests the American society for testing and material (ASTM) standards were used [7]. KEY WORDS: Bamboo fibre, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP), Cobalt Oxide, polyester, Reinforced Composites, polymer matrix. INTRODUCTION: 989
In the last two decades, there has been resurgence in renewable alternatives to petrochemical based materials. Another approach that has also seen a significant effort has been the development of natural fiber composites. These are usually materials made by mixing naturally grown fibers and polymers in different ways. There has been a significant effort in this area as well driven by a need to provide higher value products to agriculturalists. whereas graphene is a form of carbon consisting of planar sheets which are one atom thick, with the atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped lattice.properties of Graphene are Another graphene s stand-out properties is its inherent strength. Graphene is the strongest material ever discovered, with an ultimate tensile strength of 130,000,000,000 Pascal's (or 130 gigapascals), compared to 400,000,000 for A36 structural steel, or 375,700,000 for Aramid. FABRICATION PROCESS: Step-1 Step-2 Step-3 Step-6 Step-5 Step-4 Figure 1: Fabrication Process The above Flow chart shows the fabrication of the composite material. Step 1: 300 grams of polyester resin was weighed in a beaker. 990
Step 2: 5% of polyester weight that is 15 grams of graphene was weighed using weighing machine. Step 3: Setting up stir casting machine along with stirrer. The rpm was set to 450 and the process takes 4 Hrs for equal distribution of filler into the polyester resin. Step-4: Wax was applied to the polythene sheet and this sheet was placed on wooden plank. Step-5: Then Resin was applied as first coat to the sheet and bamboo fabric was placed on the coated polyester before it get hardened. Step-6: Then we applied polyester mixture to the first layer and place the second fabric on the other like sandwiched. Repeat the same until we get a thickness of 4mm. The above process is repeated for different composites of filler i.e 10%,15%,20% of graphene and four different mould are fabricated. Table 1: Combination of Graphene for preparation of composite materials SAMPLE COMPOSITION OF PLATE 0% Graphene 300gms polyester+0gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre 5% Graphene 300gms polyester+15gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre 10% Graphene 300gms polyester+30gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre 15% Graphene 300gms polyester+45gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre 20% Graphene 300gms polyester+60gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre 991
Figure 2: Fabricated Composite Material EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Cutting the test specimen to as per ASTM Standards: A wire hacksaw blade is used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces, for various experiments: Tensile test- Sample is cut into 250x25x4 mm (ASTM 3039). Flexural test specimen was cut into 150x30x4 mm (ASTM D 790) TENSILE TEST: The tensile was done by using universal Testing Machine (UTM). We performed tensile test for 3samples for each composition of the composite material and we took mean values for better accuracy. The following are the values obtained from these test. Table 2: Tensile Test Values 992
S.no Load at Elongatio Yeild Load at Tensile Graphene % specimen yeild n of yeild stress peak strength (KN) (mm) (N/mm^2 (KN) (N/mm^2 1 1 1.72 5.19 ) 21.529 2.36 ) 29.539 2 2 1.74 5.13 22.16 2.44 31.075 0% 3 3 1.98 5.29 22.826 2.32 26.746 4 Mean 1.813 5.203 22.171 2.37 29.12 5 1 1.6 5.14 19.464 2.56 31.464 6 2 1.48 5.15 18.645 2.54 33.645 5% 7 3 1.58 4.45 19.199 2.82 32.199 8 Mean 1.55 4.913 19.102 2.66 32.49 9 1 2.12 7.92 25.481 2.66 35.48 10 2 2.28 7.19 27.5 2.44 35.5 10% 11 3 2.18 6.7 27.645 2.34 35.24 12 Mean 2.19 6.4 26.875 2.48 34.358 13 1 2.14 5.23 26.349 2.48 33.349 14 2 1.8 4.47 22.431 2.3 32.431 15% 15 3 2.02 5.04 26.142 2.82 32.142 16 Mean 1.984 4.913 24.974 2.533 33.877 17 1 2.26 4.96 26.475 2.44 28.584 18 2 1.94 4.57 22.489 2.46 28.517 19 3 1.32 2.13 15.615 2.14 25.315 20 20% Mean 1.84 3.88 21.52 2.34 35.472 Figure 3: Tensile Test Specimens (Beefore Test) Figure 4: Tensile Test Specimens (After Test) 993
Tensile strength N/mm2 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 32.49 34.358 33.877 35.472 29.12 0% Graphene 5% Graphene 10% Graphene 15% Graphene 20% Graphene Bamboo + Polyester + Garaphene filler % Tensile strength N/mm^2 Figure 5 : Graphical Representation of Tensile test values Tensile test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards of (250x25x4). After doing test we found that Tensile strength is more for 20% graphene has highest tensile stress with 35.472 N/mm 2, nextly 10% graphene has tensile stress with 34.358N/mm 2 and we also found that 0% graphene has least tensile strength with 29.12 N/mm 2. FLEXURAL TEST: The Flexural test was done using Universal Testing machine (UTM). We performed flexural test on three samples for each composition of the composite material and we took mean from that for better and accuracy results. Table 3: Flexural test Values 994
S.no Load at Transverse Graphene Specimen C.H Travel Peak(K Strength % Number Head(mm) N) (N/mm^2) 1 1 0.12 18.54 99.86 2 2 0.245 18.62 98.64 0% 3 3 0.146 18.52 98.72 4 Mean 0.125 18.485 99.059 5 1 5.73 18.63 97.1 6 2 5.62 19.25 124.62 5% 7 3 5.94 16.2 86.72 8 Mean 5.79 17.62 102.81 9 1 0.8 14.96 52.079 10 2 0.71 14.27 56.37 10% 11 3 0.11 14.18 54.89 12 Mean 0.9 14.47 164.7 13 1 0.12 12.64 119.837 14 2 0.23 12.35 201.612 15% 15 3 0.13 15.13 120.703 16 Mean 0.15 13.373 147.384 17 1 0.72 17.52 474.48 18 2 0.18 12.89 113.92 20% 19 3 0.47 23.76 348.8 20 Mean 0.456 18.056 324.45 995
Figure 5: Flexural Test Specimen (Before Test) Figure 6: Flexural Test Specimen (After Test) Transverse test N/mm 2 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 324.456 164.7 147.384 99.06 102.81 0% Graphene 5% Graphene 10% Graphene 15% Graphene 20% Graphene Transverse strength N/mm^2 Figure 7: Graphical Representation of Flexural Test Values Flexural test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards (150x30x4) mm. After doing test we found that Transverse strength is more for 20% Grapheme has highest Transverse strength with 324.45 N/mm 2, next 10% graphene has Transverse strength with 164.7 N/mm 2 and we also found that 0% graphene has least tensile strength with 99.059 N/mm 2. Water Absorption Test: Water absorption test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards. After doing the test we can say that the more amount of graphene material consumes less water. The factors that affect water absorption test are the type of specimen, temperature and the material we had added in it. The amount of water absorbed is calculated by using the formulae as below. 996
W = M2 M1 x 100 M1 Here M1 indicates the initial mass of the composite and M2 indicates the final mass of the composite after water absorbed. Table :4 Water Absorption GRAPHENE COMPOSTION INITIAL WEIGHT (M 1 ) FINAL WEIGHT (M 2 ) WATER ABSORBED PERCENTAGE OF WATER ABSORBED(%) 0% Graphene 14.538 15.296 0.782 5.37 5% Graphene 13.11 14.131 0.661 4.33 10% Graphene 13.141 13.931 0.590 3.77 15% Graphene 14.77 15.627 0.357 3.02 20% Graphene 17.291 17.825 0.234 1.96 997
Percentage % International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Percentage Of Water Absorbed 6 5.37 5 4 3 2 1 4.33 3.77 3.02 1.96 Percentage Of Water Absorbed 0 0% Graphene 5% Graphene 10% Graphene 15% Graphene Bamboo + Polyester + Graphene filler % 20% Graphene Figure 8: Comparison between % of water absorbed and different Graphene Compositions Conclusion: At the end of all testing it is found that Graphene reinforced laminates providing better mechanical properties like Tensile strength, Flexural strength. We found that the tensile is more for 20% graphene and coming to the 0% graphene it gradually decreased and in the Flexural test we got high value for 20% graphene and coming to the 0% we got least value. For water absorption test water absorption percentage is gradually decreasing by increasing of amount graphene percentage. Over all the values between 15% graphene and 20% graphene are gradually decreasing. By seeing these the properties of the material will increase up to certain range of adding of filler material and after that it will decrease. 998
REFERENCE [1] Vivek Kumar, Sanat Mohanty, High Performance Moldable Bamboo Fiber-Epoxy Composites Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Inkilab Technologies Private Limited.page-1 [2] C.S. Verma, V.M. Chariar, AICTE, Development Of Layered Laminate Bamboo Composite And Their Mechanical Properties Chanderlok Building, Janpath, New Delhi, India.Volume-43 issue-3 [3] Manuela Cano, Umar Kahn, Toby Sainsbury, et al, Improving The Mechanical Properties Of Graphene Oxide Based Materials By Covalent Attachment Of Polymer Chains Instituto De Carboquimica Icb-Csic, C/Miguel Lusma Castan 4. E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain Centre Of Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nano devices(crann) School Of Physics Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.Volume-52 [4] William Slocumb, Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites for Prosthetics and Orthotics Department of Bio Medical, Chemical and Materials Engineering. [5] N.Saba, M.Jawaid, Othman Y. Alothman, M.T.Paridah A Review On Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institution Of Tropical Forestry And Forest Products(INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Upm Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Chemical Engineering Department, College Of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Volume-106 [6] Karen Davis(MSc) Material Review: Alumina (Al2O3) Student Of PHd In Chemical Engineering At The School Of Doctoral Studies Of The EU Square De Meeus 37-4 th Floor 1000 Brussels, Belgium.Volume-74 [7] M.Bagci, H.Imrek and Omari M. Khalfan Effects Of Silicon Oxide Filler Material A nd Fibre Orientation On Erosive Wear Of GF/EP Composites.Volume-65 [8] Dr.-Ing.Dipl.-Chem, Ulrich Riedel, Dip.-Ing.J^rg Nickel Institute Applications of Natural Fiber Composites for Constructive Parts in Aerospace, Automobiles, And Other Areas.Volume-45 999
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