Tissues 1. In the unicellular organisms all the life processes are carried out by a single cell. 2. In multicellular organisms different groups of cells perform different functions. This phenomenon is termed division of labour. 3. Such groups of cells having a common origin and similar functions are termed tissues. 4. Plant tissues are of two types : (a) Meristematic, and (b) Permanent.Meristematic tissues are present only at growing points such as root tip, shoot tip and cambium. Meristematic tissue cells are living, young with prominent nucleus, thin walled and capable of dividing. 5. Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissues. Afterwards, they differentiate to do a particular work or function and lose their ability to divide. Cells of permanent tissues may be living or dead, thin or thick walled. 6. On the basis of location meristematic tissues are categorised into three types : (i) Apical meristem (ii) Intercalary meristem and (iii) Lateral meristem 7. Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of the stem and the root. 8. Lateral meristem (cambium and cork cambium) increases the girth of the plant. (This meristem is found exclusively in dicot plant). 9. Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaves or internode (on either side of the node) on twigs. It increases the length in between two nodes (Internode). It is usually found in mococot plants. 10. Characteristics of meristematictissue : (i) Cells of this tissue are very active and have dense cytoplasm. (ii) Cell walls are thin and they have prominent nucleus. (iii) They are living and lack vacuole. 11. There are two main groups of permanent tissues (0 Simple permanent tissue, and (ii) Complex permanent tissue. 12. A simple tissue is a group of one type of cells only. Simple tissue is of three main types are : (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma. 13. Parenchyma cells are isodiametric, thin walled, living. Sometimes, they may be oval, round or polygonal. Parenchyma cells are the only permanent tissues which can divide. Their main function is storage. 14. Chlorenchyma: Parenchyma cells having chlorophyll is called chlorenchyma. 15. Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants, parenchyma cells have air spaces, this type of parenchyma is termed aerenchyma. 16. Collenchyma cells are also living and have thickened corners. The thickening is due to a deposition of cellulose and pectin. This tissue gives mechanical support and elasticity to plant. 17. Sclerenchyma cells are usually dead, thick and lignified. Sclerenchyma cells are of two types :fibres and sclereids. Fibres are elongated cells pointed at both ends. Sclereids are shapeless. This tissue provides mechanical support. 18. Protective tissues are present in the outermost layer of leaves, fruits, flowers, stem and roots. It is one celled thick protects these organs and is known as epidermis. This layer is covered with cutin. 19. In older plants, the protective layer at the periphery becomes cork. Cork cells are dead. The walls of these cells are heavily deposited with suberin. Cork is used in insulation, linoleum and sports goods also 1
20. Epidermis is made up of a single layer of cells. Epidermis of the leaf bears small pores called stomata. They perform the function of gaseous exchange and transpiration. 21. Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of vapours through stomata 22. Epidermal cell of root bears long hair-like projection call root hair, their function is to absorb water from soil. 23. Complex permanent tissues are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells coordinate to perform a common function. Complex tissues are xylem and phloem. 24. Xylem consists of (/) trachieds and vessels (ii) xylem parenchyma, and (Hi) xylem fibres. 25. Many cells of xylem are dead cells and have thick walls. 26. Trachieds and vessels are tubular structures. This allows them to transport minerals and water. 27. Trachieds are abundunt in lower plants (Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms) while vessels are found in angiosperms. 28. Xylem parenchyma stores food while xylem fibres provide mechanical support. 29. Phloem is the conducting tissue which conducts food manufactured in leaves to other parts of the plant. Cells of phloem are living and consists of conducting cells, sieve tube and sieve element, companion cells for short distance transport, parenchyma for storage and phloem fibres for mechanical support.. 30. Animal tissue is of following four main types : (a) Epithelial tissue. It covers the outer and internal surface of various body organs. Depending upon functions epithelial tissue are of following types : Main functions of epithelial tissue is protection, secretion, absorption and elimination. (b) Muscle tissues. Muscles of various body parts are made up of elongated cells called muscle fibres. Movement of various body parts are due to muscles. There are three types of muscle fibres. Striated muscles also known as skeletal or voluntary muscles. These muscles are attached to the bone and work according to our conscious will, hence also known as skeletal or voluntary muscles. The cells of these muscles are elongated, cylindrical, unbranched, non tapering, showing dark and light bands and contain many nuclei situated towards the periphery of muscle fibre. (ii) Unstriated or smooth muscle or involuntary muscles. They are found in stomach, intestine, ureter, bronchi. These muscles do not work according to our will hence also known as involuntary. Since they do not have dark and light bands they are also called smooth muscles. The muscle cells are tapering at both ends with a single muscles at the centre. (iii) Cardiac muscle. These are found exclusively in heart. The cells are cylindrical and branched and have light and dark bands. They do not work according to our will. (c) Connective tissue. It binds, supports and pack different organs together. It also helps in transport of oxygen, hormone, carbon dioxide, nutrients and excretory products. This tissue is compound of matrix and cells distributed in matrix. Matrix is solid in bones, semisolid in cartilage and liquid in blood. Various examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, blood, tendon, ligament and adipose tissue. (i) Bone and cartilage. Our skeleton is made up of bone (non-flexible) and cartilage (flexible). Bone become hard due to deposition of calcium in the matrix. Bone cells are known as osteocytes. They have haversian canal which contain blood vessels and nerve fibres. On the contrary, cells of cartilage are known as chondrocytes and the matrix is not solid but flexible. Example of cartilage are bone of ear pinna, tip of nose, some fishes have whole skeleton made up of cartilage, e.g., shark. (ii) Tendon and Ligament. Tendons are strong and connect muscle to the bone. Ligaments are elastic and connect bone to bone. 2
Areolar Tissue forms a packing tissue between organs lying in the body cavity. Blood is a fluid connective tissue due to fluid matrix. The fluid matrix of blood is also called plasma. Plasma contains cells called blood corpuscles. They are RBC (red blood corpuscles), WBC (white blood corpuscles) and platelets. RBC contains haemoglobin and help in transport of O, from lungs to other parts of body. While WBC help in defence of body against pathogens and platelets helps in clotting of blood. (d) Nervous Tissue. Our brain, spinal cord and nerves are all made up of nervous tissue. The cells of nervous tissue are called neurons TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS Questions given on page number 69 of the Textbook. Q.l. What is tissue? Ans. A group of cells that are similar in origin, structure and function is termed tissue. Q.2. What is the utility of the tissues in multi-cellular organisms? Ans.In unicellular organisms all the functions are carried by a single cell. But in multi-cellular organisms, each specialised function is taken up by a different group of cells. In multi-cellular organisms show division of labour. Questions given on page number 74 of the Textbook. Q.l. Name types of simple tissues. Ans. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Q.2. Where is apical meristem found? Ans. Tip of stem and root. Q.3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut? Ans. Sclerenchyma (fibres). Q.4. What are the constituents of phloem? Ans. (i) Sieve cells and sieve tubes. (ii) Companion cell. (iii) Phloem parenchyma. (iv) Phloemfibre. Questions given on page number 78 of the Textbook. Q.I. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body. Ans. Muscular tissue. Q.2. What does a neuron look like? Ans.It is very long having a cell body and axon with nerve endings. Q.3. Give three features of cardiac muscles. Ans. (i) Heart (cardiac) muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. (ii) They are involuntary, and (iii) They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. Q.4. What are the functions of areolar tissue? Ans. (i) It fills the space inside the organs. (ii) Supports internal organs. (iii) Helps in repair of tissues. TEXTBOOK EXERCISES Q.l. Define the term "tissue". Ans. A group of cells similar in origin, structure and function is termed tissue. Q.2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them. Ans.Four namely : (i) Trachieds (ii) Vessels (iii) Xylem fibres, and (iv) Xylem parenchyma. 3
Q.3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants? Ans. Distinction between simple tissue and complex tissue. Simple tissue Complex tissue Simple tissue is a group of one type of cells. Example, parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma. Complex tissue is made up of more than one type of cells and they work together as a unit. Example, xylem and phloem. Q.4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. Ans. Distinction between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cells wal1. Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Thin cell wall without any Cell wall irregularly The walls are thick due to thickening. thickened at corners. presence of lignin. Often the thickening is ^o much that there is no internal space inside the cell. Q.7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? Ans.To show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life to enable the heart to work as a pump. Q.8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. Ans. Distinction between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles. Striated Muscle Unstriated Muscle Cardiac Muscle Structure Cylindrical, unbranched having many nuclei. Dark and light bands present. Location Mostly attached to bones. Structure Spindle shaped having single nuclei. No dark and light bands. Location Organs of alimentary canal, iris of the eye, ureters and bronchi of the lungs. Q.10. Name the following : (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth. (b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans. (c) Tissue that transports food in plants. (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body. (e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix. (f) Tissue present in the brain. Ans. (a) Squamous epithelium. (b) Tendon. (c) Phloem. (d) Adipose tissue. (e) Blood. (J) Nervous tissue. Structure Cylindrical, branched having single nuclei. Dark and light bands present but less prominent. Location Only in heart. 4
Q.11. Identify the type of tissue in the following : skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle. Ans. Skin Stratified squamous epithelium.bark of tree Cork (Secondary meristem). Bone Connective tissue. Lining of kidney tubule Cuboidal epithelium. Vascular bundle Complex permanent tissue; xylem and phloem. Q.12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present. Ans. Soft parts of leaf, stem, root, fruits and potato tuber. Q.13. What is the role of epidermis in plants? Ans. Epidermis plays a protective role. It protects all the external parts of the plant against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, which aids in protection from mechanical injury and water loss. Root hairs present on epidermis of root help in absorption of water and mineral from soil. Q.14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue? Ans. Cells of cork or the bark of the tree are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls which makes them impervious to gases and water. Very Short Type Question(One Mark Each) Q.l. What is division of labour with reference to multicellular organisms? Ans.In multicellular organisms different functions of the body are assigned to different groups of cells. Q.2. Define tissue. Ans. Groups of cells having a common origin and which perform similar functions are called tissues. Q.3. Name the two groups of plant tissues. Ans. I. Meristematic tissue.2, Permanent tissue. Q.4. Where meristematic tissues are located in plants? Ans.Only at the growing regions like shoot tip, root tip and cambium. Q.5. Which meristematic tissue helps in elongation of plant? Ans. Apical (Those located at root tip and stem tip). Q.6. Name the meristematic tissue which increases the thickness of plants. Ans. Cambium (lateral meristem). Q.7. From where permanent tissue is derived? Ans. Meristematic tissue. Q.8. What is the main function of parenchyma? Ans. Storage. Q.9. What name is given to parenchyma cells which contains chlorophyll? Ans. Chlorenchyma. Q.10. Which type of plant tissue has cells which is thickened in the corners? Ans. Collenchyma. Q.ll. Name the two types of cells of sclerenchyma. Ans. Fibres and sclereids. Q.12. Deposition of which substance makes cork cells so hard. Ans. Suberin. Q.13. Name the outermost layer of plant parts. Ans. Epidermis. Q.l 4. There are small pores on the epidermis (outer layer) of plant parts. Name them. 5
Ans. Stomata. Q.15. What is complex tissue? Ans. Complex tissue is made up of more than one type of cells. Q.16. Name the tissue which conducts water and mineral in plants. Ans. Xylem. Q.17. Name the plant tissue which conducts food in plants. Ans. Phloem. Q.18. What is middle lamella? Ans. Wall between adjacent plant cells is known as middle lamella. Q.19. Which tissue forms the protective covering of various organs in animals? Ans. Epithelial tissue. Q.20. Name the epithelial tissue which bears cilia. Ans. Ciliated epithelium. Q.21. Name the epithelial tissue which is secretory in function. Ans. Glandular. Q.22. Why muscle cells are known as muscle fibres? Ans.Because they are elongated in structure. Q.23. What are the other names of striated muscles? Ans. Skeletal and voluntary muscles. Q.24. Why striated muscles are also known as skeletal muscles? Ans.Because these muscles are attached to the bones. Q.25. Why skeletal muscles are also known as striated? Ans.Because they have light and dark bands. Q.26. Why striated muscles are also known as voluntary? Ans.Because they work according to our will. Q.27. What are the other names of smooth muscles? Ans. Involuntary or unstriated. Q.28. Why smooth muscles are also known as involuntary? Ans.Because they do not work according to our will. Q.29. Which type of muscle is found in intestine? Ans. Smooth muscle. Q.30. Which type of muscle is exclusively found in the heart? Ans. Cardiac. Q.31. Which compound brings about contraction in muscles? Ans. Contractile protein. Q.32. Which tissue performs the functions of binding, supporting and packing together different organs of the body? Ans. Connective. Q.33. Name a flexible connective tissue. Ans. Cartilage. Q.34. What name is given to the space which fills the space between cells of connective tissue? Ans. Matrix. Q.35. Name the connective tissue with solid matrix. Ans. Bone. Q.36. Name the cells of bone and cartilage. Ans. Osteocytes - bone, Chondrocytes - cartilage. 6
Q.37. Give example of a cartilaginous bone in our body. Ans. Nose and ear pinna. Q.38. Which connective tissue joins muscle to bone? Ans. Tendon. Q.39. Which connective tissue joins bone to bone? Ans. Ligament. Q.40. Which tissue forms packing between organs lying in the body cavity? Ans. Areolar tissue. Q.41. Name a liquid connective tissue. Ans. Blood. Q.42. Name the cell which forms the nervous tissue. Ans. Neuron. Q.43. Which structure receives impulse in neuron? Ans. Dendrite. Q.44. Which structure takes impulse away from a neuron? Ans. Axon. Short Answer Type Questions (Two Marks Each) Q.l. What is the difference between meristematic and permanent tissues? Ans. Difference between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue 1. Cells of this tissue are living and walled. 2. Have the ability to divide. 3. Nucleus is prominent. 4. Contain few or no vacuoles. 5. Localised to shoot and root tip. 1. Cell may be living or dead with thick wall. 2. Do not divide. 3. Sometimes absent. 4. Contain vacuoles. 5. Found in all plant parts. Q.2. What is the difference between simple and complex plant tissues, give two examples of each? Ans. Difference between simple and complex plant tissue. Simple Complex A simple tissues is a group Complex tissue is made up of more of one type of cells only. than one type of cells and they work Example. Parenchyma and together as a unit. Collenchyma. Example. Xylem and Phloem. Q.3. What is difference between parenchyma and collenchyma? Ans. Difference between parenchyma and collenchyma Parenchyma Collenchyma 1. Have thin walls. 2. Shape of the cells is oval, polygonal, round or elongated. 3. Intercellular spaces present, sometimes absent. 1. Have thick walls particularly at corners. 2. Cells circular, polygonal or oval. 3. No intercellular space. 4. Main function is to give mechanical support. 7
4. Main function is storage. Q.4. What is the difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma? Ans. Difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Collenchyma Sclerenchyma 1. Lumen of the cell is wide. 1. Lumen of the cell is narrow. 2. Consists of living cell. 2. Consists of dead cell. 3. Provides mechanical 3. Provides mechanical support. support and elasticity. 4. Cell wall lignified and very thick. 4. Cell wall has cellulose and not uniformly thick. Q.5. What is cork? Mention its uses. Ans.As root and stem grow older and increase in girth, peripheral tissue of root and stem become cork. Cork cells are dead and do not have any intercellular spaces. Cork is protective in function. It is used in manufacture of sports goods, linoleum and for insulation. Q.6. How many types of elements are present in xylem? Ans.It consists of four types of elements : (0 Trachieds(ii) Vessels or Tracheae (iii) Xylem parenchyma and (iv) Xylem sclerenchyma. Q.7. How many types of elements are present in phloem? Ans.It is composed of four elements : (i) Sieve tubes (ii) Companion cells (iii) Phloem parenchyma and (iv) Phloem fibres. Q.8. How many types of tissues are found in animals? Ans.Four types of tissues are found in animals : (/) Epithelial (ii) Muscular (ii) Connective (iv) Nervous. Q.9. Give two differences between striated and unstriated muscles. Ans. Differences between striated and unstriated muscles. Striated muscles Unstriated muscles 1. Cells cylindrical with more than one nuclei. 2. Work according to will. 3. Dark and light bands present. 1. Cells spindle shaped with only one nuclei. 2. Do not work according to will. 3. Dark and light bands absent. Q.10. Give two differences between bone and cartilage. Ans. Differences between bone and cartilage. Bone Cartilage 1. Hard and 1. Flexible. non-flexible. 2. Matrix semi-solid made up of protein. 2. Matrix hard due to 3. Blood vessels absent. deposition of calcium and phosphate salts. 8
3. Blood vessels present. Q.ll. Give differences between tendon and ligament. Ans. Differences between tendon and ligament. Tendon Ligament 1. Rigid not elastic. 1. Elastic. 2. Joins muscle to bone. 2. Joins bone to bone. Q.12. What is the function of cardiac muscle fibre? Ans.These muscles are found only in heart. They help in beating of heart and work 24 hours a day till death. Short Answer Type Questions (Three Marks Each ) Q.l. What are the functions of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma? Ans. Parenchyma. Main function is storage. Some parenchyma cells contain chlorophyll and help in photosynthesis. Collenchyma.It is mechanical tissue provides mechanical support and elasticity. When they contain chlorophyll they help in photosynthesis. Sclerenchyma.It is mechanical tissue gives support to the plant body. Shell of nuts are hard due to presence of this tissue Q.2. What is the composition of blood? Q.3. What are the functions of bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon? Ans. Bone. Provides support to the body. Protects vital organs of body. Cartilage.Provides support and flexibility to the body parts. Ligament.It joins muscle to bone. Tendon.It joins bone to bone. 9
ASSIGNMENTS FOR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT I. VERY SHORT ANSWER Questions (1 Mark) OTHER IMPORTANT Questions 1. Name the tissue which is present at the growing tips of stem and roots. 2. What do you mean by aerenchyma? 3. Name the tissue which allows easy bending in various parts of a plant. 4. Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites? 5. Where is intercalary meristem found? 6. Name the tissue that stores fat in our body. 7. Based on ability to divide, how many types of plant tissues are found? 8. Name the tissue which forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands. 9. Name the fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility. 10. Name the tissues which makes up the husk of coconut. II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I 11. What do you mean by glandular epithelium? PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS 1. List two characteristics of cork cells which help them to function as protective tissue? 2. Why does the growth of a plant occur in specific regions? Where are the following found? (a) Intercalary Meristem (b) Lateral Meristem 3. Name the connective tissue which helps in repair of tissues. State where this tissue is found. 4. (a) In the diagram of location of meristem tic Tissue in plant body given below, identify the type of meristem tic tissue found in the regions marked 'A' and 'B' of a stem. (b) State one function of each. 5. (a) Identify the region of the stem marked 'A' in the diagram given below and the type of simple permanent tissue found in this region. [2010 (T-I)] 12. Where is cuboidal epithelium found? 13. Which tissue is responsible for movement in our body? 14. Where is involuntary muscles found in our body? 15. Name the tissue by which two bones can be connected with each other. 16. Name the tissue found in the iris of our eye. 17. Name the enucleate thin walled plant cells with perforated end walls. 18. Name the tissue present at the growing tips of root and stem. 19. What is the function of xylem? 20. What is the function of connective tissue? (2 Marks) (b) Mention any two characteristic features of the cells found in this tissue. 6. List any four salient features of meristematic tissue. [2010 (T-I)] 7. Which elements of xylem : (i) help in transport of water and minerals, (ii) store food and (iii) provide mechanical support? 8. How does cork act as a protective tissue? 10
9. Draw diagram of a neuron showing nucleus and cell body. 10. In a temporary mount of a leaf epidermis we observe small pores. (a) What are the pores present in leaf epidermis called? (b) How are these pores beneficial to the plant? 11. Differentiate between aerenchyma and chlorenchyma. 12. Name the tissue that smoothens bone surfaces at joints. Describe its structure with the help of a diagram. 13. (a) Identify the type of plant tissue given below. Where in the stem of a plant would you find this tissue? (b) Label the parts marked 'A' and 'B'. B< 24. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. How does fluid connective tissue differ from other connective tissues? 2. Mention the type of tissues present in the following parts : (a) Wall of ducts (b) Bridge of nose 3. How many types of elements are present in phloem? 4. In which part of the plant the following tissues are located? (a) Parenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma III. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II 14. What is epidermis? What is its role? 15. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. (b) Give two differences between tendon and 16. ligament. (a) State two important functions of areolar tissue. (b) Why are skeletal muscles known as striated muscles? 17. Write any two points of difference between structure and location of striated and unstriated muscles. Give two points of difference between striated and 18. cardiac muscle with respect to structure and location. What is the role of epidermis in plants? 19. 20. Blood is considered to be a connective tissue. Give reason. 21 Mention two functions of stomata.. What is ligament? Which type of tissue ligament is? 22 Give the other name of dividing tissue in plants. In. which part of plants, apical meristem is present. Also mention its function. Name the simple permanent tissue which : (a) forms the basic packing tissue (b) provide flexibility in plants 5. List two structural characteristics of connective tissue. 6. How many types of tissues are found in animals? 7. Give two differences between striated and unstriated muscles. 8. Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain. 9. Why is epidermis important for plant? 10. Differentiate between columnar epithelium and cuboidal epithelium. PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS 1. Name the tissue responsible for flexibility in plants? 2. What is a connective tissue? State its any two basic How would you differentiate it from other permanent components. Differentiate between ligament and tissues? tendon. 23. (3 Marks) 11
(a) Identify the given figures. (b) State in brief their structure. (c) Describe the role performed by the two. (c) Suggest any two parts of the plant where such cells are present. Thickening 4. (a) Draw labelled diagram of striated muscles. (b) Mention any two characteristic features of the cells that form the above muscular tissue. 5. (a) Draw the adipose connective tissue. (b) Mention one region in the body where this tissue is present and state one function of this tissue. 6. Draw diagrams to show the difference between the structures of the three types of muscle fibres. 7. List any six characteristics of parenchyma tissue. 8. Draw labelled diagrams to show the difference between the structures of any two types of muscle fibres. 9. (a) Identify the tissue. (b) Infer the characteristic features of these cells (c) Specify the function of the tissue (d) Name any one part of the plant where these cells are present Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus (c) Specify any two parts of the plant where such cells are present. 12. How is meristematic tissue classified on the basis of its location? Draw a well labelled diagram to show the location of meristematic tissue in a plant body. Lignified wall Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. (Three labellings) Identify the tissue which is Thick lignified wall made up of these cells. Name one organ that is made of this tissue. [2010 (T Make a table to show the difference between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and location in the body. What do you understand by complex tissue? Name 13. the two types of complex permanent tissue present Intercellularspace 10. (a) Identify this tissue. (b) Infer the characteristic features of these cells. 11. (a) Identify the tissue. (b) Infer the characteristic features of these cells. 15. 12 14.
in plants? Give one function of each complex tissue. 16. Name the fat storing tissue in our body. Describe its structure and function with the help of a diagram. 17. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron and label any four parts. 18. Mention one function of each of the following : (i) Meristematic tissue (ii) Areolar tissue (iii) Cork 19. Identify the type of tissue in the following : Skin, bark of tree, bone. 20. Identify the type of tissue in the following : Lining of kidney tubules, vascular bundle, skin. 21. Draw a well labelled diagram of phloem tissue. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. Animals of colder regions and fish of cold water have thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Why? 2. Name the different components of xylem and draw a living component. 3. Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give one example for each type. 4. Where are companion cells located in plants? Mention their functions. 5. List the characteristics of cork. How are they formed? Mention their role. 6. Fill in the blanks - --------------------------------------- IV. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (a) Lining of blood vessels is made up of PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS 1. Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues. Draw diagram of each type of epithelial tissue. 2. Draw well labelled diagrams of various types of muscles found in human body. 3. Give reasons for (a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole. (b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchymatous tissues. (c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling, when we chew pear fruit. 22. Give two examples of complex tissues. Mention the function of each. 23. Draw a neuron-unit of nervous tissue and label axon, nucleus, dendrite, nerve ending. 24. Which permanent tissue : (a) forms husk of coconut. (b) stores nutrients and water in stems and root. (c) is irregularly thickened at corners. 25. (a) Name the following structures of a neuron : Single long part which arises from cell body part of neuron which bears many short, branched parts. (b) What is nerve? (c) Name two involuntary muscles. (b) Lining of small intestine is made up of (c) Lining of kidney tubules is made up of 7. Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary or involuntary muscles. (a) Jumping of frog (b) Pumping of the heart (c) Passing of food in your intestine. 8. Draw and identify different elements of phloem. (5 Marks) (d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity. (e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree. 4. Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? How are they different from one other? 5. (a) Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissues in plants. 13
(b) Define the process of differentiation. (c) Name any two simple and two complex permanent tissues in plants. 6. Where are the following types of tissues located in an organism? (a) Ciliated epithelium (e) Adipose connective tissue (b) Columnar epithelium (c) Cuboidal epithelium (d) Sensory epithelium ASSIGNMENTS roots in both the jars for a few more days. Record your observation in the table given below : From the above activity, you note that, the growth of roots continues in the jar B. But in jar A, the roots stop growing. As a result, the length of roots in jar A is less than in jar B. Why so? A. Group Activities 1. Observe the given diagram of 'Section of Stem' and name its different parts : 2. To learn about the tissues (meristematic tissues) responsible for growth in plants. Materials Required Two glass jars filled with water, two onion bulbs, scissors, ruler. Procedure : (i) Take two glass jars filled with water. (ii) Take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar in such a manner that the base of the bulb is dipped in water. (iii) Observe on a daily basis what happens to the bulbs in the two jars. You will observe the roots coming out of the bulbs. Now measure the length of roots on day 1 and 2. On 3rd day, cut the tips of the roots of onion bulb in jar A and leave jar B as such. Observe the growth of 3. Complete the table : Jar A Jar B This is because the growth of plants occurs only at certain specific regions, where the dividing tissue called themeristemic tissue is present. When the tips of the roots in jar A are cut, this tissue is cut. Hence, the growth stops. 14