Earth Science Astronomy 2018 Name:

Earth Science Astronomy 2018 Name:

Notes & Diagrams Page 1 of 70

Notes & Diagrams Page 2 of 70

Page 3 of 70

Page 4 of 70

Page 5 of 70 E A B F G This is a projection. C D G F E D C B A Lat & Long of the points to the nearest whole degree:

Page 6 of 70 Name the cities that corresponds to the given coordinates.

The Earth s Coordinate System Latitude and Longitude The model below shows latitude and longitude lines on Earth. Points A through E represent locations on Earth. The latitude lines shown are spaced 10 apart and the longitude lines are spaced 15 apart. C B D E Record the Latitude and on longitude of each point shown in the model. Be sure to include the degrees symbol ( ) and N or S for latitude and E or W for longitude! Location Latitude Longitude A B C D E Page 7 of 70

Earth Science Solar System Data Analysis Name Period Date The following chart summarizes data for objects within our solar system. Directions: Using the above table, either the correct term to complete each sentence. Based on the above table, Earth is the (second / third) planet from the sun. Therefore, the column titled, (Equatorial Diameter / Mean Distance from Sun / Mass) is the most important column to place celestial objects in distance order from the sun. Saturn has a distance equal to roughly (100 times / 10 times / 5 times) greater than the distance the Earth is to the sun, whereas, Mercury is roughly (3 times / 30 times) closer to the sun compared to Earth. Considering the first four planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars these inner planets have a density ranging from 3.9 g/cm 3 to (3.3 g/cm 3 / 5.5 g/cm 3 ). What name is assigned to these four inner rocky planets (jovian planets / terrestrial planets). In contrast, the four outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune all have relatively low densities ranging from (0.7 g/cm 3 / 1.3 g/cm 3 ) to (3.3 g/cm 3 / 1.8 g/cm 3 ). The term assigned to these outer gaseous planets is (jovian planets / terrestrial planets). At its equator, Earth has a period of rotation of (23 h 56 min 4 s / 24 h 37 min 23 s). This value is nearly the same as the value you are familiar with 24 hours for one day on Earth. Therefore, period of rotation is a term that describes the amount of time required for Earth to (spin once around on its axis / go once around the sun). Page 8 of 70

Is there a pattern when comparing the mean distance from sun value of an object to its period of rotation (yes / no)? Explain the above sentence: The period of revolution of Earth is (365.25 d / 224.7 d). This value describes the (number of days between your back-to-back birthdays / the number of homebase activities which you have enjoyed this school year), and therefore, is termed Earth s (daily / annual) motion. It can also be thought of as simply (time required for Earth s trip around the sun / the time required for Earth to spin once around on its axis). Complete the data table below analyzing period of revolution of objects within our solar system: Celestial Object Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Ranking Of Each Solar System Object Shortest Period of Revolution around the sun= 1 Longest Period of Revolution around the sun = 8 Based on your ranking work above, and on the Solar System Data table, the relationship statement between distance from the sun and period of revolution is: As the distance from the sun of an orbiting object increases, the time it takes to travel around the sun (increases / decreases). This could also be stated as, the smaller the mean distance to the sun of a planet is to the sun, the (less / more) time is required for that same object to complete a full (rotation / revolution) of the sun. Short Answer Section What do you think may cause the pattern noted above when comparing mean distance from sun and period or revolution? Page 9 of 70

Latitude Latitude is the distance in degrees (0º - 90º) north and south of the equator (0º). Lines of latitude are called parallels. imaginary lines that circle the world from east to west that are parallel to the equator. Longitude Longitude is the distance in degrees (0º - 180º) east and west of the prime meridian (0º). Lines of longitude are called meridians. imaginary lines that form halfcircles and run between the North and South Poles. Latitude runs East-West BUT THEY MEASURE THE ANGULAR DISTANCE NORTH OR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR Ladder-tude like the rungs of a ladder These lines are long and tall Longitude runs North-South BUT THEY MEASURE THE ANGULAR DISTANCE EAST OR WEST OF THE PRIME MERIDIAN! Page 10 of 70 1

Earth s Motions Rotation The spin of the Earth on its axis (rate of 15º/hr) Earth s Geographic axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5º from perpendicular (90º). In other words, the tilt of the Earth s axis is 23.5º off of the 90º angle it should have IF it had a perfectly perpendicular tilt to the plane of the ecliptic. The Earth s axis is always tilted in the same direction throughout its orbit (parallelism of Earth s axis) The axis is always parallel to itself as the Earth travels around the sun (the NP always points to the same spot in the sky (Polaris) Remember, the ecliptic is the plane that is created from the path that the Earth takes around the Sun Page 11 of 70 1

Heat Source Heat Sink The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle = = Page 12 of 70

Earth s Motion Terminology Rotation to spin on an axis ROTATE X I S Earth s Rotation The Earth rotates on its axis (imaginary vertical line around which Earth spins) every 24 hours One rotation of the Earth creates the length of one full day. Daylight on Earth is on the side of the Earth facing the sun. Night on Earth is on the side of the Earth facing away from the sun. Since the Earth is a sphere, one half is always lit (daylight, and one half is always dark (night) Page 13 of 70 2

The different aspects or views of our Earth that are shown on maps. View View View Page 14 of 70

Now, complete the same activity, but this time, the Earth has the North Pole, South Pole and Equator drawn in. But remember, the SUN lights up the Earth and it doesn t matter how the Earth is tilted or where the Equator is!!!! Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Page 15 of 70

How does the tilt of the Earth actually cause seasons? The model below shows the Sun Earth system. In the center of the model is a very small edge of the sun since the Sun is so large, only a very small part of it is shown in the model. The Sun emits or radiates huge amounts of energy. Some of this energy reaches the Earth. Each picture of earth represents a different position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun. The solid lines with arrows coming out of the Sun represent just some of the energy that the Sun radiates. We call this energy INSOLATION. Insolation is a mash up word that combines three words together. Find the three words in the diagram below that Insolation stands for and record it below. Insolation is a shortened word for: Note that each ray of insolation radiating from the Sun is the same thickness we can therefore infer that each ray of insolation contains the amount of energy. Use a RED colored pencil to trace the length of the surface of Earth that each ray touches. Page 16 of 70

Page 17 of 70

Page 18 of 70

Earth s Motion Terminology Revolution the motion of a body around another body Earth s Revolution It takes the Earth 365.25 days (or rotations) to travel or revolve around the Sun once. This is called a year. Orbit Earth s Motion Terminology Orbit the path that is followed around another body in space Page 19 of 70 3

Why do we have seasons? Seasons are the result of the tilt of the Earth's axis. Earth s axis is tilted 23.5. This tilting is why we have SEASONS like fall, winter, spring, summer. The number of daylight hours is greater for the hemisphere, or half of Earth, that is tilted toward the Sun. Also, the strength of the sun s rays (called insolation ) is different in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres due to the tilt of the axis. Solstices Occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is oriented at its extremes. NP is tilted the furthest away or furthest toward the Sun. Winter solstice is the shortest amount of daylight of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere. It occurs on December 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of the NH s winter. The Summer Solstice is the longest amount of daylight of the year. It occurs on June 20 or 21 and marks the beginning of the NH s summer. The Vernal (spring) equinox occurs on March 20 or 21. The Autumnal (fall) equinox occurs on September 22 or 23. A day lasts 12 hours and a night lasts 12 hours at all latitudes. Equinox literally means "equal night". The sun is directly over the equator. This occurs twice a year. Sun rises due (exactly) East and sets due (exactly) west Equinoxes Page 20 of 70 4

Why do we have seasons? Summer is warmer than winter (in each hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more direct angle during summer than during winter this is the angle of Insolation New York New York Review Look closely at where the direct rays of the Sun are hitting the Earth during each season: Page 21 of 70 5

In what season does the Earth s sunlight distribution look like this? In what season does the Earth s sunlight distribution look like this? In what season does the Earth s sunlight distribution look like this? Page 22 of 70 6

Page 23 of 70

Page 24 of 70

Page 25 of 70

Seasons Notes Earth s rotation The Earth rotates on its axis every hours & minutes. One day on Earth is one of the Earth. One on Earth is when our side of the Earth faces the sun. Night on Earth is when the side of Earth we are on faces away from the sun. Earth s revolution It takes the Earth days (or rotations) to travel or revolve around the Sun once. This is called a. Motion Terminology to spin on an axis the motion of a body around another body the path that is followed around another body in space Why do we have seasons? The Earth s orbit around the sun is NOT a perfect circle. It is an. Seasons are not caused by how the Earth is to the sun. In fact, the Earth is to the sun around January 3 and away from the sun around July 4. Why do we have seasons? Seasons are the result of the of the Earth's axis. Earth s axis is tilted. This tilting is why we have like fall, winter, spring, summer. The number of daylight hours is greater for the hemisphere, or half of Earth, that is tilted toward the Sun. Why do we have seasons? Summer is warmer than winter (in each hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more angle during summer than during winter Why do we have seasons? Also the days are much than the nights during the. During the winter, the Sun's rays hit the Earth at an, and the days are very short. These effects are due to the tilt of the Earth's axis. Solstices Occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is oriented extremes. Winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere. It occurs on and marks the beginning of winter. The Summer Solstice is the longest day of the year. It occurs on and marks the beginning of summer. Equinoxes A day lasts hours and a night lasts hours at all latitudes. Equinox literally means " ". Sunlight strikes the earth most directly at the equator. This occurs a year. The vernal (spring) equinox occurs March 21. The autumnal (fall) equinox occurs September 21. Page 26 of 70

Page 27 of 70

Solar Eclipses and Lunar Eclipses What are They? Why do They Occur? Watch the video and complete the worksheet on the next page. After you complete the worksheet on the next page, type in the following links and answer the questions that follow: Link 1 Solar Eclipses: www.nbcnews.com/id/11947349 1) How often does the Moon pass in between the Earth and the Sun? 2) At what degree angle is the Moon s orbital plane tilted in relation to the Earth s orbital plane? 3) If there were no angle between the two orbital planes, how often would a solar eclipse occur? 4) What is the fain outer shadow of the Moon called? 5) What is the dark inner shadow of the Moon called? 6) Approximately how long does a total Solar eclipse last? Link 2 Lunar Eclipses: www.nbcnews.com/id/11947384 1) How much of the Earth can view a total Lunar Eclipse? 2) How often do lunar eclipses (partial or total) occur? 3) What is the fain outer shadow of Earth called? 4) What is the dark inner shadow of Earth called? 5) What color does our atmosphere scatter? 6) What colors does our atmosphere allow to pass through? 7) What question do the answers to #5 and #6 allow us to answer? 8) What colors does the moon turn during a total lunar eclipse? Page 28 of 70

Page 29 of 70

Page 30 of 70

Page 31 of 70

Page 32 of 70

Page 33 of 70

Page 34 of 70

Page 35 of 70

Page 36 of 70

Page 37 of 70

Name Per Date Physical Science Astronomy Question Set #1 1) The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe. 3) Billions of stars in the same region of the universe are called A) solar systems B) asteroid belts C) constellations D) galaxies 4) Our Sun located at the center of our solar system is Which arrangement of symbols is most accurate? A) A) a planet B) a star C) an asteroid D) a galaxy 5) The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth as viewed from above the North Pole. B) C) D) 2) The Milky Way galaxy is best described as A) a type of solar system B) a constellation visible to everyone on Earth C) a region in space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter D) a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars Beginning with the Moon at position X (the new-moon phase), which sequence of Moon phases would be seen by an observer on Earth during 1 month? A) B) C) D) Page 38 of 70 Page 1

6) The diagram below shows Earth, the Moon, and the Sun's rays as viewed from space. For observers on Earth, which phase of the Moon is represented by the diagram? A) B) C) D) Page 39 of 70 Page 2

7) The diagram below shows a view of Earth as seen from space at a certain time of the year. 9) The apparent rising and setting of the Sun as seen from the Earth are caused by the A) rotation of the Sun B) rotation of the Earth C) revolution of the Earth D) revolution of the Sun 10) The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth's latitude and longitude system. Compared to people living in the Southern hemisphere, people living in the Northern hemisphere are generally experiencing A) fewer hours of daylight and warmer temperatures B) fewer hours of daylight and cooler temperatures C) more hours of daylight and warmer temperatures D) more hours of daylight and cooler temperatures What are the approximate latitude and longitude of point A? A) 15 S 20 W B) 15 S 20 E C) 15 N 20 W D) 15 N 20 E 8) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram represents the Earth, Moon, and Sun on a particular day as viewed from a point in space. Positions A through D are located along the Earth's Equator and E is at the North Pole. Positions F and G are located on the surface of the Moon. Sunrise on Earth would be occurring at the position marked A) A B) B C) C D) D Page 40 of 70 Page 3

11) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram illustrates the position of the Earth in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the Earth's surface. 13) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram shows the Earth's position in its orbit around the Sun at the beginning of each season. The Moon is shown at various positions as it revolves around the Earth. At which position could a solar eclipse occur? What is the latitude of point A? A) A B) B C) C D) D A) 90º N B) 23 1/2º N C) 15º N D) 0º 12) What is represented by the diagram below? A) changing phases of the Sun B) changing phases of the Moon C) stages in an eclipse of the Sun D) stages in an eclipse of the Moon Page 41 of 70 Page 4

14) Which diagram best represents the motions of celestial objects in a heliocentric (sun centered) model? 15) The diagram below shows the rotating Earth as it would appear from a satellite over the North Pole. A) B) C) The time at point X is closest to A) 6 a.m. B) 12 noon C) 6 p.m. D) 12 midnight D) 16) Which diagram shows the position of the Earth in relation to the Sun's rays during a winter day in the Northern Hemisphere? A) B) C) D) Page 42 of 70 Page 5

17) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram shows the Earth in its orbit. The vertical rays of the Sun are striking at 23 1/2º South latitude. Stars X and Y are two of many which an observer would see in the nighttime sky. The orbiting motion of the Earth is best described as A) inclination B) revolution C) rotation D) declination Page 43 of 70 Page 6

18) Base your answer to the following question on the data tables below. Table 1 shows average planetary distance from the Sun in astronomical units (AU) and average orbital speed in kilometers per second (km/sec) for the nine planets in our solar system. Neptune's average orbital speed has been deliberately left blank. Table 2 lists the five largest asteroids and their average distance from the Sun in astronomical units. A blank graph is provided for student use. The asteroids shown in table 2 are located between the orbits of A) Mercury and Venus B) Earth and Mars C) Mars and Jupiter D) Neptune and Pluto Page 44 of 70 Page 7

19) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram provided below, which represents the Sun s rays striking Earth at a position in its orbit around the Sun. Neatly and accurately shade the area of Earth that is in darkness. Page 45 of 70 Page 8

20) Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below. Diagram I represents the Moon orbiting the Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at 8 different positions in its orbit. Diagram II represents phases of the Moon as seen from the Earth when the Moon is at position 2 and at position 4. State the two positions of the Moon at which an eclipse could occur. Page 46 of 70 Page 9

Answer Key Astronomy Question Set #1 1) D 2) D 3) D 4) B 5) B 6) A 7) B 8) A 9) B 10) C 11) D 12) C 13) A 14) D 15) C 16) D 17) B 18) C 19) 20) Position 1 & 5 Page 47 of 70 age 10

Name Per Date Physical Science Astronomy Question Set #2 1. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents Earth at four different positions, A, B, C, and D, in its orbit around the Sun. Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the diagram below. The diagram illustrates the position of the Earth in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the Earth's surface. Between which positions would North America be experiencing the summer season? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and A 2. The arrows in the diagrams represent rays of sunlight striking Earth. Which diagram shows how the Earth's axis is tilted when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere? A) 3. What is the latitude of point A? A) 90º N B) 23 1/2º N C) 15º N D) 0º 4. Which month is represented by the diagram? A) March B) June C) September D) December B) 5. The diagram below represents four positions of the Earth as it revolves around the Sun. C) D) At which position is the Earth located on December 21? A) A B) B C) C D) D 6. During which season in the Northern Hemisphere is the Earth closest to the Sun? A) spring B) summer C) fall D) winter Page 48 of 70

7. The diagram below shows a model of the Moon's orbit around Earth. Letters A, B, C, and Drepresent four positions in the Moon's orbit. What is the approximate length of time the Moon takes to travel from position A to position C? A) 1 day B) 15 days C) 30 days D) 365 days 8. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the Moon, Earth, and the Sun s rays as viewed from space. Letter A indicates a certain position of the Moon in its orbit. Which diagram represents the phase of the Moon, as seen by an observer on Earth, when the Moon is located at position A in its orbit? A) B) C) D) 9. Which diagram sequence correctly shows the order of Moon phases, as viewed from Earth, for a period of 1 month? [Note that some phases have been omitted.] A) B) C) D) Page 49 of 70

10. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a model of the Earth-Moon system as viewed from above the North Pole. The numbers 1 through 8 represent positions of the Moon as it revolves around Earth. The parts of the diagram lettered A through D show how the Moon's phases appear to an observer in New Jersey. Which Moon phase appears highest in the sky at midnight to an observer on Earth? A) full moon B) new moon C) first quarter D) last quarter Base your answers to questions 11 through 13 on the diagram of the Earth below with labeled positions A, B, C, and D. 13. What season is the Northern Hemisphere experiencing? 11. Which letter is receiving the most direct rays from the Sun? 12. Which lettered position would have the greatest length daylight? Page 50 of 70

14. Base your answer to the following question on on the information below about a solar eclipse that will occur on August 21, 2017. The latitude and longitude coordinates for the movement of the center of the Moon's shadow across the Earth's surface are given in the table. On the diagram below, place an X on the Moon's orbit to show the Moon's position during a solar eclipse. Page 51 of 70

15. Base your answer to the following question on diagram below, which shows Earth as viewed from above the North Pole. The nighttime side of Earth has been shaded. The Moon is shown at eight positions in its orbit around Earth. The name of each Moon phase is indicated at each Moon position. The dark portion of each Moon position has not been shaded. On the diagram below, shade the portion of the Moon that is in darkness to show the last quarter phase as viewed from New York State. Page 52 of 70

Answer Key Astronomy Question Set #2 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. Summer 14. 15. Approximately ½ of the Moon is shaded on the right-hand side. Page 53 of 70

What tools do scientists use to study the universe? Page 54 of 70

FYI - TELESCOPES Tools used to help astronomers see celestial (space) objects with greater detail by: gathering more light than your eye can (dim objects are easily seen) magnifying images to separate distant objects from one another Best Locations for Telescopes mountain tops above many clouds and pollution which may block the view. dry climates less moisture means less clouds. remote areas lights from cities interferes with telescopes collecting starlight Orion Nebula courtesy of Kitt Peak KITT PEAK OBSERVATORY Tucson, Arizona! Optical Telescopes REFRACTING SIMPLE OPTICAL TELESCOPE use lenses and mirrors to collect starlight and light reflected off of planets Two main types: Refracting simple refractors uses two lenses. One lens collects the light, and the other magnifies the image. Reflecting uses a large curved mirror to gather and focus the light. Another lens magnifies the image. Page 55 of 70

REFLECTING ADVANCED OPTICAL TELESCOPE Space Telescopes Hubble Launched in April 1990 too put a telescope above the atmosphere s distortion, light pollution and particulate matter. Hubble has had many service upgrades and repairs. New Telescope James Webb Telescope - will be launching in 2018 and will view the Universe mostly in the Infrared portion of the EM Spectrum with some capabilities in the Visible light portion of the spectrum. Other types of Telescopes Radio Telescopes used to study naturally occurring radio emission from stars, galaxies, quasars, and other astronomical objects Celestial objects emit radio wavelengths (longer waves than light waves) By studying the sky with optical, infrared, and radio telescopes, astronomers can gain much more complete understanding of the processes at work in the universe These were the types of telescopes used and seen in the movie Contact AWESOME BOOK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Page 56 of 70

WHAT DOES STUDYING & ANALYZING THE EM SPECTRUM OF GALAXIES TELL ABOUT THE UNIVERSE? Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe According to the Big BangTheory, the universe was created approximately 13.798 billion years ago (+/- 0.037 billion) from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions Galaxy Formation The formation of the universe and all the galaxies is explained by the Big Bang Theory Simply put, it states that the universe was a ball hot, dense material that exploded outward. VIF!!! The expanding cloud had areas that condensed into galaxies that are still expanding out from the center (the universe is getting larger) VIF!!! We can see proof that the universe is still expanding this via RED SHIFT in the vast majority of the galaxies and stars that we observe! HOW IS THE UNIVERSE ORGANIZED? Galaxies system containing millions to billions of stars Ex. the Milky Way galaxy contains over 500 trillion stars Milky Way galaxy is a spiral shaped galaxy with a large central cluster of stars, and thinner arms radiating out from the center The solar system is located on one of the arms of the Milky Way galaxy about 2/3 away from the center Page 57 of 70

The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System. Its name milky is derived from its appearance as a dim glowing band arching across the night sky in which the naked eye cannot distinguish individual stars. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos, "milky circle"). From the Earth, the Milky Way appears like a band because its disk-shaped structure is viewed from within the Galaxy. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. In the past, astronomers thought that all of the stars in the universe were contained inside of the Milky Way. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis,[18] observations by Edwin Hubble definitively showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy some 100,000 120,000 light-years in diameter which contains 100 400 billion stars. It may contain at least as many planets as well. The Solar System is located within the disk, about 27,000 light-years away from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of a spiral-shaped concentration of gas and dust called the Orion Arm. The stars in the inner 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The very center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* which is likely to be a supermassive black hole. Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second. When we look into the night sky and can see the Milky Way, we are looking at a view from INSIDE looking out! What we see depends upon which way we look! March 27, 2014, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy stood almost directly above the European Southern Observatory's Paranal Observatory in Chile's Atacama desert. Our galaxy's dusty central bulge is flanked by Paranal's four 8 meter Very Large Telescope units in this astronomical fisheye view. Along the top, Venus is close to the eastern horizon near the telescope and the crescent moon. VIF!!!!!!! Our Solar System is in the Milky Way Galaxy on one the arms about 2/3 out from the center!!!! You are here! VIF!!!!!!! Our Solar System is in the Milky Way Galaxy on one Orion arm about 2/3 out from the center!!!! You are here! Think about it do we have a photo of our Milky Way from an outside perspective? Page 58 of 70

Shapes of Galaxies and thus how they are categorized Origin of the Milky Way Formed about 13.2 billion years ago Younger than the universe!!! Possibly collided with smaller galaxies to combine into what we know today. Globular star clusters formed Stars and solar systems formed roughly 5 billion years ago Our Solar system is younger than the Milky way! Normal Spiral has arms that circulate out of the center like our Milky Way Barred Spiral the arms are connected to the center by a straight line that looks like a bar. (this is us!!!) Elliptical shaped like ellipses or spheres Irregular no distinct shape Andromeda Galaxy 2.9 million LY from earth Our CLOSEST SPIRAL galaxy neighbor!!! Milky Way Galaxy seen from our on edge perspective Top in starlight Bottom same perspective but in Infrared Wavelength Ursa Major s galaxy (a galaxy that we can see within the constellation) Sombrero Galaxy 50 million LY from earth 100,000 LY across 50 million LY from earth! Page 59 of 70

Name Per Date Astronomy Deep Space & Deep Time Page 60 of 70

HOW DO WE MEASURE SUCH LARGE DISTANCES IN THE UNIVERE?? The sun is the closest star to Earth It is approx. 150,000,000 km (93,000,000 miles) from the Earth This distance is called an astronomical unit (AU) The next closest star to Earth, after the sun, is Proxima Centauri It is 300,000 times farther away from Earth than the sun. Because of the great distances in the galaxy and universe, larger units of measure must be used to quantify distance The light-year is the distance that light travels in one year Since light can travel 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec), light can travel 9.5 trillion km/year!!! Proxima Centuri is 4.3 light-years from Earth! (Word connection - Proxima is Latin for nearest to next to i.e. in close proximity) So One Astronomical Unit (AU) = 150,000,000 km And, one light year (LY)= 9.5 trillion km (9,500,000,000,000 km) Okay let s calculate the distances from Earth to each planet in Astronomical Units (AU) Page 61 of 70

What are the properties of stars? Page 62 of 70

WHAT ARE STARS MADE OF? WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARS? Physical Properties of Stars Stars differ in size, density, mass, composition, and color The color of a star is determined by it surface temperature (ESRT s P. 15 top) The hotter the star, the bluer the color. The cooler the star, the redder the color. (yeah, yeah, I know, it s backwards.) The sun is an AVERAGE SIZE, medium, yellow star Blue stars are actually hotter than yellow stars and yellow stars are hotter than red stars just like in this flame! Physical Properties of Stars Most stars are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium (approx. 98%) The remaining 2% may be other elements A spectral analysis (remember Ch. 20) of the star can tell us what elements a star is made of, since the radiated spectrum depends on a star s composition and temperature Some stars may appear to be brighter than others The star s brightness may be described in three ways 1. APPARENT MAGNITUDE 2. LUMINOSITY 3. ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (See the H-R Diagram in the ESRT s P.15) Page 63 of 70

Apparent Magnitude How bright a star appears (apparent) to us on Earth The farther a star is from Earth (increasing distance), the dimmer it will look even though it may actually be a very bright star Because of this, apparent magnitude does not tell the true brightness of a star Luminosity The actual (true) brightness of the star The comparison is in relation our Sun which has a luminosity of 1 in the HR diagram. Depends on the size and temperature of the star If the stars are the same size, hotter stars are more luminous (brighter) than cooler stars If the temperatures of 2 stars are the same, the larger star will be more luminous Absolute Magnitude The luminosity of the stars if they all brought to the same distance from Earth (32.6 LY away) picture all the stars lined up the same distance from Earth, then compare their brightness This measure is the most useful when comparing the actual brightness of the stars HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM ESRT Page 15 The H-R Diagram Page 64 of 70

Luminosity (Rate at which a star emits energy relative to the Sun) Celestial Object Mean Distance from Sun (million km) Period of Revolution (d=days) (y=years) Solar System Data Period of Rotation at Equator Eccentricity of Orbit Equatorial Diameter (km) Mass (Earth = 1) Density (g/cm 3 ) SUN 27 d 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4 MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4 VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2 EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9 JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3 SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7 URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3 NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8 EARTH S MOON 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 30,000 149.6 (0.386 from Earth) Characteristics of Stars (Name in italics refers to star represented by a.) (Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.) Spica 40 Eridani B Rigel MAIN SEQUENCE (Early stage) WHITE DWARFS (Late stage) Sirius Deneb SUPERGIANTS (Intermediate stage) Polaris Sun Procyon B 20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 Surface Temperature (K) Blue Blue White White Yellow Color Betelgeuse GIANTS (Intermediate stage) Pollux Alpha Centauri Aldebaran Orange Barnard s Star Proxima Centauri Red 2,000 Massive Stars Small Stars 27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 15 Page 65 of 70

Page 66 of 70

Astronomy Big Review Questions Name: Period Date 1) The timeline below represents time from the present to 20 billion years ago. Letters A, B, C, and D represent specific times. Which letter on the timeline best represents the time when scientists estimate that the Big Bang occurred? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 2) The diagram below represents the development of our universe from the time of the Big Bang until the present. Letter A indicates two celestial objects. 3) Scientists infer that the Big Bang occurred approximately (1) 4.6 billion years ago (2) 7 billion years ago (3) 9 billion years ago (4) 13.8 billion years ago The present-day celestial objects labeled A are best identified as (1) asteroid belts (2) terrestrial planets (3) spiral galaxies (4) eccentric comets Page 67 of 70

4) Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which shows eight inferred stages describing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time. What is the most appropriate title for this table? (1) The Big Bang Theory (2) The Theory of Plate Tectonics (3) The Law of Superposition (4) The Laws of Planetary Motion 5) According to the Big Bang theory, which graph best represents the relationship between time and the size of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present? (1) (2) (3) (4) Page 68 of 70

6) Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red shift of light from galaxies moving away from Earth led to the theory of an expanding universe. This expansion implies that the universe was smaller, denser, and hotter in the past. In the 1940s, scientists predicted that heat (identified as cosmic microwave background radiation) left over from the Big Bang would fill the universe. In the 1960s, satellite probes found that cosmic microwave background radiation fills the universe uniformly in every direction, and indicated a temperature of about 3 kelvins (K). This radiation has been cooling as the universe has been expanding. Scientists infer that the universe began approximately (1) 1.0 billion years ago (2) 3.3 billion years ago (3) 8.2 billion years ago (4) 13.7 billion years ago 7) Base your answer to the following question on the newspaper article shown below, written by Paul Recer and printed in the Times Union on October 9, 1998. Astronomers Peer Closer to Big Bang WASHINGTON The faintest and most distant objects ever sighted galaxies of stars more than 12 billion light years away have been detected by an infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. The sighting penetrates for the first time to within about one billion light years of the very beginning of the universe, astronomers said, and shows that even at that very early time there already were galaxies with huge families of stars. "We are seeing farther than ever before," said Rodger I. Thompson, a University of Arizona astronomer and the principal researcher in the study. Thompson and his team focused an infrared instrument on the Hubble on a narrow patch of the sky that had been previously photographed in visible light. The instrument detected about 100 galaxies that were not seen in the visible light and 10 of these were at extreme distance. He said the galaxies are seen as they were when the universe was only about 5 percent of its present age. Astronomers generally believe the universe began with a massive explosion, called the "big bang," that occurred about 13 billion years ago. Since the big bang, astronomers believe that galaxies are moving rapidly away from each other, spreading out and becoming more distant. Compare the age of Earth and our solar system to the age of these distant galaxies of stars. Page 69 of 70

8) Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a model of the expanding universe. Identify the name of the event that is inferred by scientists to have occurred when the universe first formed. Page 70 of 70