RADIATION DETECTION OF ALFA, BETA, AND GAMMA RAYS WITH GEIGER MULLER DETECTOR

International Journal Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 21 27, Article ID: IJMET_09_11_003 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed RADIATION DETECTION OF ALFA, BETA, AND GAMMA RAYS WITH GEIGER MULLER DETECTOR Gerzon Jokomen Maulany and Fransiskus Xaverius Manggau Department Information System Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Musamus University, Merauke, Indonesia. Jayadi Department Electrical Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Musamus University, Merauke, Indonesia. Richard Semuel Waremra Department Physics Education, Faculty Teacher Training and Education, Musamus University, Merauke, Indonesia. Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir 5 Department English Education, Faculty Teacher Training and Education, Musamus University, Merauke, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Alfa, beta and gamma ray detection research has been done with Geiger Muller detector which is aimed to know the influence distance to the and the influence barrier thickness to the radioactive rays. In this study three radioactive sources alpha, beta and gamma rays were used. While the type barrier used were aluminum, copper and plastic. Based on the results the research, it was found that the radioactive rays was inversely proportional to the square the radioactive source distance to the Geiger Muller detector. In addition, the thicker the barrier through which the radioactive rays are, the smaller the shown in the digital counter. In this case based on the thickness the buffer, the barrier which has the greatest to the smallest are the plastics, aluminum, and copper. When comparing the intensities the three radioactive sources, the greatest penetrating power to the smallest the three radioactive elements are, respectively, gamma rays, beta rays and alpha rays. Keywords:, radioactive, squared distance, radioactive rays Cite this Article Gerzon Jokomen Maulany, Fransiskus Xaverius Manggau, Jayadi, Richard Semuel Waremra and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir, Radiation Detection Alfa, Beta, and Gamma Rays with Geiger Muller Detector, International Journal Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 21 27. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype=11 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 21 editor@iaeme.com

Gerzon Jokomen Maulany, Fransiskus Xaverius Manggau, Jayadi, Richard Semuel Waremra and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir 1. INTRODUCTION The atom consists atomic nucleus and the electrons circulating around it. Common chemical reactions (such as combustion and salting reactions), only concern the changes in the atomic shell, especially the electrons in the outermost shell, while the nucleus does not change. Reactions involving changes in the nucleus are called nuclear reactions or nuclear reactions (nucleus = core). Nuclear reactions occur spontaneously or artificially. Spontaneous nuclear reactions occur in unstable atomic nuclei. Substances containing these unstable nuclei is called radioactive substances. The non-spontaneous nuclear reaction may occur in a stable nucleus as well as an unstable nucleus. Nuclear reaction accompanied by changes in energy in the form and heat. Different types nuclear reactions are accompanied by the heaviest exhaust, greater and more common chemical reactions. In 1895, W.C Rongtgen discovered that the cathode ray tube produced a high-penetrating that can discolor the portrait film, even though the film was wrapped in black paper. Because it was not familiar, it was called X-ray. It turns out that X-ray is a electromagnetic arising from a high-speed collision (ie a cathode ray with an anode.) Now X rays are also called rongent ray and is used for rongent to know the state the internal organs. The discovery X-rays made Henry Becguerel interested in studying fluorensensi substance, a substance that can glow after first received (irradiated), Becquerel suspected that the rays emitted by such substance as X-rays. Incidentally, Becquerel examined uranium rocks. It turned out that the allegation was true that the uranium-emitted rays can blacken the portrait film that still wrapped in black paper. However, Becquerel found that uranium rocks emitted highenergy rays by themselves without first being irradiated. This discovery occurred at the beginning March 1986. Such a symptom, ie spontaneous emission, is called radioactivity, and a substance that is radioactive is called a radioactive substance. Radioactive substance which first found was uranium. In 1898, Marie Curie together with her husband Pierre Curie found two other substances from uranium rocks which were more active from uranium. The two substances were named polonium (based on Polania, origin state Marie Curie), and radium (came from Latin word radiare which means shine). To detect radioactive, a detector called a detector is needed. One the detector devices is Geiger Muller detector. The Geiger-Mueller detector consists a metal tube that acts as a cathode and a wire mounted in the center the tube as an anode. Both ends are covered with insulating material filled with noble gas as the main gas which can be mixed with quenching gas. The working principle Geiger-Mueller detector is the interaction with matter through ionization process. If the penetrates the detector then the will interact with the main gas through the ionization process. The ionization process will produce the primary ion pair positive and electron ions. Positive ions and electrons can move toward the opposite electrode when the electric field in the detector tube is strong. The positive ions move towards the cathode while the electrons are attracted to the anode. The movement electrons to the anode will have a greater speed than positive ions. This is because the electrons have a relatively light mass compared to the positive ion mass. During the movement the electrons to the anode, the electrons will strike the other main gas fields resulting in the formation a secondary ion pair. The secondary ionization process will occur continuously until there is considerable charge collection in the anode. Collection charge (avalanche) on the anode will cause the voltage to decrease and generate electrical pulses. The main positive gas ions moving toward the cathode will also collide with http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 22 editor@iaeme.com

Radiation Detection Alfa, Beta, and Gamma Rays with Geiger Muller Detector mixed gas molecules. The collision causes the mixed gas electrons to be attracted by the main gas positive ions and becomes neutral due to the ionization potential difference between the two. The positive ion mixed gas will then be neutralized by collision with electrons on the cathode surface. 2. METHODOLOGY Research on the Detection alpha, beta and gamma radioactive with Geiger Muller detector was done in two stages. The first stage was to vary the distance between radioactive sources (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) with Geiger Muller detector 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm. Here's a picture the arrangement the tool. Figure 1 Set up radioactive ray detection Geiger Muller detector Next read the exposure the radioactive light on the digital counter. Repeat radioctive ray measurement three times for the same distance. As for the second stage that is varying the type barrier (aluminum, plastic and copper) to determine the influence barrier thickness to radioactive rays (alpha, beta and gamma). The three types barriers were placed at the same distance from the Geiger Muller detector 2 cm. Repeat measurements three times for the same type barrier on each radioactive ray source. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Research data Influence distance to http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 23 editor@iaeme.com

Gerzon Jokomen Maulany, Fransiskus Xaverius Manggau, Jayadi, Richard Semuel Waremra and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir Table 1. Data on the result measurement distance variation towards alpha (count per minute = cpm) Distance (cm) 1 2 2 4 3 6 4 8 5 10 1 82 2 67 3 94 1 39 2 62 3 54 1 30 2 49 3 31 1 34 2 33 3 24 1 31 2 30 3 24 Mean 81 52 37 30 28 Table 2. Data on the result measurement distance variation towards beta (count per minute = cpm) Distance (cm) 1 2 2 4 3 6 4 8 5 10 1 1773 2 1720 3 1767 1 284 2 520 3 496 1 217 2 201 3 226 1 115 2 106 3 110 1 68 2 95 3 80 Mean 1753 433 215 110 81 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 24 editor@iaeme.com

Radiation Detection Alfa, Beta, and Gamma Rays with Geiger Muller Detector Table 3. Data on the result measurement distance variation towards gamma (count per minute) Distance (cm) 1 11957 1 2 2 12084 3 12320 1 4073 2 4 2 4159 3 4158 1 2031 3 6 2 1995 3 2016 1 1204 4 8 2 1179 3 1199 1 799 5 10 2 834 3 800 Variations barrier materials against Mean 12120 4130 2014 1194 811 Table 4. Data on the result measurement barrier materials variation towards alpha (count per minute) within 2 cm in distance. Barrier Materials 1 Aluminium 2 Plastic 3 Copper 1 74 2 84 3 88 1 83 2 97 3 77 1 77 2 68 3 85 Mean 82 86 77 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 25 editor@iaeme.com

Gerzon Jokomen Maulany, Fransiskus Xaverius Manggau, Jayadi, Richard Semuel Waremra and Casimirus Andy Fenanlampir Table 5. Data on the result measurement barrier materials variation towards beta (count per minute) within 2 cm in distance. Barrier Materials 1 Aluminium 2 Plastic 3 Copper 1 831 2 850 3 876 1 1517 2 1386 3 1448 1 380 2 391 3 484 Mean 852 1450 418 Table 6. Data on the result measurement barrier materials variation towards gamma (count per minute) within 2 cm in distance. Barrier Materials 1 Aluminium 2 Plastic 3 Copper 1 4170 2 3921 3 3804 1 5100 2 4996 3 4865 1 260 2 270 3 214 Mean 4. DISCUSSION Based on the results the research for variation distance (2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm) to the Am-21, Co-60, and Sr-90 elements it was found that the greater the elemental distance the Geiger Muller detector the smaller the the element. This is due to the greater the elemental distance the detector, the spread particles widened thus the density or flux is getting smaller. As a result the value the count shown on the digital counter is getting smaller. The same is also shown in the graph the relation distance to the the three elements. In this case the relationship shown is a polynomial to obtain a quadratic equation for each radioactive source. This means that the the three radioactive sources is proportional to the square the distance between the radioactive sources against the Geiger Muller detector. This is in accordance with the theory that the all radioactive elements is inversely proportional to the distance the element from the detector. 3965 4987 248 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 26 editor@iaeme.com

Radiation Detection Alfa, Beta, and Gamma Rays with Geiger Muller Detector When comparing the magnitude the the three elements for the same distance variation it is found that the largest average to the smallest is Sr-90, C0-60, and Am-21 respectively. Example for a distance 4 cm obtained by the value the three elements consecutive 4130 count per minute, 443count per minute and 52 count per minute. As for the influence thickness barrier or shielding material on the Am-241, Co-60 and Sr-90 elements it is found that the thicker the barrier the Co-60, Am-21 and Sr-90 elements above will be smaller. This is due to the thicker the barrier then the density the barrier particles is greater thus when passed the more radioactive rays are reflected. As a result the value shown in digital counter is getting smaller. Of the three types barrier, copper has the greatest thickness rate followed by aluminum and plastic thus the third the largest radioactive source to the smallest in the barrier material successively were plastic, aluminum and copper. When comparing the the three radioactive elements for the influence barrier thickness, the highest level to the smallest successively are gamma, beta and alpha found in the aluminum and plastic barrier. However, in the copper barrier material, gamma possesses an smaller than beta and greater than alpha. This is because gamma is an electromagnetic wave and the air has an air density not always constant so as it passes through a denser medium (larger refractive index the medium) gamma rays do not move straight. In addition copper properties that have large mass numbers thus the size atom is big. This means that copper has a narrow space between atoms thus the particles are more difficult to pass through. 5. CONCLUSSIONS From the results this study it can be concluded that the radioactive rays is inversely proportional to the square the radioactive source distance to Geiger Muller detector. In addition, the thicker the barrier through which the radioactive rays are, the smaller the shown in the digital counter. In this case based on the thickness the barrier, the barrier which has the greatest to the smallest are plastics, aluminum, and copper. Compare to the the three radioactive sources then the largest penetrating power to the smallest successively the radioactive rays ie gamma, beta and alpha. REFERENCES [1] A. Imron, Hibah Pengajaran Proyek Due-like Fisika Inti, Surabaya: Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Aktivasi Pengajaran (2000). [2] http://www.geocities.com/reiinaldo/radioaktivitas [3] http://www.wordpress.com/2008/11/materi-26 [4] K. Krane, Fisika Modern, Jakarta, Universitas Indonesia (2002). [5] Waremra, RS and Bahri, S. (2018). Identification Light Spectrum, Bias Index and Wavelength in Hydrogen Lights and Helium Lights Using a Spectrometer, International Journal Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(10), pp. 72 76. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 27 editor@iaeme.com