Physics First Semester Final Study Guide Outline Name Due day of the Final Exam: Directions: Use the below Topics and Essential Questions to create your own study guide following the directions provided on the Create Your Own Study Guide Instructions Handout. Unit 1: Kinematics Essential Questions: How can future/past motion be predicted based on mathematical and graphical representations? How can we use graphs to predict motion? How can we determine the mathematical relationship between two variables from graphical information? How can we use slope calculations to determine relationships? Topics: Determine what the slope of a linear graph represents. (Rise/Run = Slope) Independent/Dependent Variable Vector Scalar Quantity Position vs Displacement vs. Distance Speed Know what velocity is and how to solve equations involving velocity. Know what acceleration is and how to solve equations involving acceleration. Linear Acceleration Free Fall Graphs (Include at least one example of each. Must have graph and explanation of the situation being graphed) o Position vs. Time o Velocity vs. Time o Acceleration vs. Time Vocabulary: Change in ( Δ ) System Equations: v = x t a = v t x = v i t + 1 2 at2 Related Textbook Chapters: All of Chapter 3 Velocity Acceleration Acceleration due to gravity (g) Average speed Determine the effect on acceleration by changing the mass or net force Force and acceleration are directly proportional Mass and acceleration are inversely proportional Force and mass are directly proportional. Compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities Speed vs velocity Distance vs displacement Mass vs weight Determine the types of forces that exist in a system and what causes them Unit 2: Forces and Applications Essential Question: How can the motion of an object be changed? Topics: Net force is the sum of the forces Determine when an object experiences a net force. Types of forces: gravity, applied, friction, normal, tension, drag (air resistance) Force Diagrams (Free Body Diagrams) Vector addition - sum of in x-y components The difference between mass and weight. Weight is also known as the force due to gravity Newton s Second Law Net force causes acceleration Vocabulary: Mass Weight Normal Force Acceleration due to gravity (g) Inertia Equilibrium Change in ( Δ ) Terminal velocity Net Force Equation: F = ma
Related Textbook Chapters: Chapter 2/Chapter 4/Pg. 82-85 Unit 3: Momentum Essential Questions: What does it mean to be conserved? How can you minimize the force during an impact? Topics: Momentum can be transferred from one object to another through impulse, but the total momentum remains constant Law of Conservation of Momentum The total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. Impulse is a change in momentum. Collisions can be inelastic or elastic Inelastic collisions can have two masses start together & separate or two masses start apart and stick together. Total momentum can only be changed with an outside force Increasing the time of impact will decrease the force on an object Manipulate a system to change the force experienced by an object. Include an example problem in which you change a variable to show how it effects the system Define a system and its components/boundaries. What is inside a system and outside a system? Vocabulary: Momentum Law of Conservation of Momentum Impulse Inelastic Collisions Elastic Collisions Equations: p = mv J = Ft = m v m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 1f + m 1 v 1f Related Textbook Chapters: All of Chapter 6 Unit 4: Energy Essential Questions: What is energy? What forms of energy are there? What can energy be transformed into? How can energy be transferred? How are PE and KE related? How can PE and KE be manipulated in a system? Topics: Kinetic energy is due to motion. Potential energy is due to position Work is due to a force over a displacement How to calculate Work Work causes a change in kinetic and/or potential energy. (Work-Energy Theorem) Using the Work equation to solve for change in energy. Energy can be transformed into different types of energy through work, but the total energy remains constant Law of Conservation of Energy Include a roller coaster example showing how PE/KE values change at different points. Be able to identify the parts of a system, and any external forces to that system. Vocabulary: Energy Law of Conservation of Energy Work Work-Energy Theorem Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Total Mechanical Energy Equations: KE = K = 1 2 mv2 PE = U = mgh TE = KE + PE = K + U W = F x Related Textbook Chapters: All of Chapter 7
-4-2 Position (ft.) 2 4 Unit 1 1. Identify each of the variables as scalar or vector. a. Distance b. Change in position c. Speed d. Velocity e. Acceleration f. Force g. Mass h. Momentum i. Impulse j. Time k. Kinetic energy l. Potential Energy m. Total Mechanical Energy 2. Create a graph for the following data. Mass (kg) Force (N) 6.0 58.8 6.2 60.76 6.4 62.72 6.6 64.68 3. Referring to the data table in #2, what is the value of the slope of the graph and what does it represent? 4. Create two position-time data tables that show an object accelerating in one table, and not accelerating in another table. 5. Answer the following questions based on the graph of Mike s position. a. Describe the movement of Mike compared to his home. Mike s Position Compared to Home b. What is Mike s total distance travelled? c. What is Mike s displacement at 14 minutes? 2 6 8 10 d. Determine Mike s velocity during the first four minutes. Time e. Determine Mike s velocity between 10-12 minutes. f. Determine Mike s average speed between 0 14 minutes. g. Determine Mike s average velocity between 0 14 minutes
6. A student was playing with a 0.25kg yo-yo and measured its position over 1 second. The student measured the 10kg mass position compared to an equilibrium position over x amount of time. a. Identify the corresponding points on each graph. f. What is the velocity of the object at point C? b. Create the mathematical model for the velocity time graph where v represents the velocity of the object, and t represents the time. g. What is the velocity of the object at point A? c. What is the displacement of the object at point H? h. What is the acceleration of the mass between A and B? d. What is the displacement of the object at point F? i. What is the acceleration of the mass between B and C? e. What is the displacement of the object at point I? j. What is the acceleration of the mass between C and D? 7. Describe the movement of a person with a westward velocity and an eastward acceleration. 10. A ship s captain notices another ship headed towards a dock has a velocity of 1.5m/s. If the other ship is 300m away from the dock, how long till the other ship collides with the dock? 8. Describe the movement of a person with a northward velocity and a southward acceleration. 9. Describe the movement of a person with a northward velocity and a northward acceleration. 11. An average horse s maximum velocity while galloping is about 13.41 m/s, and can be hold at this rate for 4,828m. If the horse is at maximum speed, how long would it take for the horse cover the maximum displacement it can gallop before becoming exhausted?
12. The record for fastest football player belongs to Jim Hines, who in 1968 competed in the Olympics in Mexico City. At the games, he ran 100m in 9.9sec. What was Jim s velocity during this run? 16. How long does it take an airplane that is accelerating from rest at 5.00m/s 2 to travel 360m? 17. A car enters a tunnel at 24 m/s and accelerates steadily at 2.0 m s2. At what velocity does it leave the tunnel, 8.0s later? 13. A fighter jet can accelerate at a rate of 7.9 m/s 2. If its takeoff speed is 90m/s, what is the minimum length the runway needs to be so the plane can take off safely if it is starting from rest? 14. An object is moving at a rate of 1.8 m/s. It encounters some rough ground and rolls to a stop in 45 seconds later. Calculate the object s acceleration. 18. A futurist alien space craft can accelerate at a rate of 10.9 m/s 2. If its takeoff speed is 150m/s, what is the minimum length the runway needs to be so the spacecraft can take off safely if it is starting from rest? 15. An airplane needs to begin its landing procedure. It is flying at a velocity of 82.26 m/s. It slows down at a rate of 9 m/s/s over 300 seconds as it lands, and traverses 2,700m on the runway. How far away from the runway should the pilot start the landing procedure?
Physics Unit 2 A toy rocket was launched into the air from ground height. After the rocket reached its maximum height, it fell back to Earth. As it was falling, data was recorded about its velocity. At some point as the rocket fell, a parachute opened to slow its fall and protect the rocket as it reached the ground. 1. Plot an appropriate graph and draw a smooth curve that passes through each point. Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Velocity (m/s) 0 15 17 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 9 5 0 a. Label the following parts of the squirrel s descent: Positive acceleration Negative acceleration Terminal velocity b. Create a force diagram for the rocket at each of the time intervals below. a. t= 2 seconds. b. t= 6 seconds c. t=14 seconds d. t=22 seconds c. Your teacher wants to know how fast the rocket will be going at exactly x seconds. Using the equation a = v solve for v t f. d. In addition to knowing how fast it will be going, your teacher wants to know how far it will have fallen after t seconds. Using the equation x = v i t + 1 2 at2, solve for t. 2. What is meant by unbalanced forces, and what is the result? Draw free body diagram that represents this. 3. What is meant by balanced forces, and what are the possible results? Draw a free body diagram for each possible result.
4. Create a force diagram and context for each of the descriptions below. a. moving to the left, slowing down e. moving to the left, speeding up b. moving to the right, slowing down f. moving the to the right, speeding up c. moving upwards, slowing down g. moving upwards, speeding up d. moving downwards, slowing down h. moving downwards, speeding up 5. For each of the force diagrams below create a context, describe the net force in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and describe acceleration of the object. 6. For each of the force diagrams below compare the following criteria: a. The net force in the horizontal directions b. The net force in the vertical direction: c. The acceleration of the object. 60N 0.5N 170N 30.0 1.7N 3.5N 60N 0.5N 7. Dump truck has a maximum carrying capacity of 3. 0 10 9 kg. What is the maximum weight the truck is capable of carrying? 8. What is the force applied by a 10,000kg jet as it accelerates from rest to 90 m/s over 15 seconds?
9. What is the force applied by a 400kg car as it accelerates from rest to 20 m/s over 5 seconds? 10. During 5 th period Dylan resisted the forces applied by her classmates in a tug-of-war competition. 6 classmates took on Dylan, each applying a force of 400N. a. How much force was Dylan pulling back with? b. How many people would it take to pull Dylan if she can withstand a force of 30,000N? 11. A car can go from 0 m/s to 27 m/s in 4.5 seconds. a. If a net force of 6600 N acted on the car, what is its mass? b. If a 600N force is applied to the car, what is the resulting acceleration of the car? c. How long would it take for the car to come to a stop over a distance of 100m? 12. Comparing the concepts of mass and weight, one is basic fundamental depending only on the internal makeup of an object and the number and kind of atoms that compose it. The concept that is fundamental is (mass) (weight). 13. The concept that additionally depends on location in a gravitational field is (mass) (weight). 14. (Mass) (Weight) is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and only depends on the number and kind of atoms that compose it. 15. (Mass) (Weight) is related to the gravitational force acting on the object. 16. (Mass) (Weight) depends on an object s location, whereas (mass) (weight) does not. In other words, a stone would have the same (mass) (weight) whether it is on the surface of Earth or on the surface of the moon. However, its (mass) (weight) depends on its location. 17. On the moon s surface, where gravity is only about one sixth of Earth gravity (mass) (weight) (both the mass and the weight) of the stone would be the same as on Earth.
18. Calculate the weight of a 82 kg person on the following celestial bodies: a. Moon Celestial Body Acceleration due Mass of Celestial to gravity (m/s/s) Body (kg) b. Jupiter Earth 9.8 5.98 x 10 23 Moon 1.62 7.36 x 10 22 Jupiter 25.95 6.99 x 10 27 c. Earth 19. Calculate the mass of a 665.91N person on the following celestial bodies: a. Moon b. Jupiter c. Earth 20. Describe the relationship between mass of a celestial body and the acceleration due to gravity on that celestial body 21. Describe the relationship between the weight (force) of an object on a celestial body and the acceleration due to gravity on that celestial body. 22. Describe the relationship between mass of a celestial body and the weight (force) of an object on that celestial body. 23. Referring to the data table that displays the acceleration due to gravity and mass of each celestial body, describe one way to increase the amount of acceleration due to celestial body.
Velocity (m/s) 2 6 10 14 24. A 1.0 kg book is sliding to the right across a table. a. Create a free body diagram to represent this situation at the following times: i. 2 seconds Acceleration of Book ii. 7 seconds iii. 12 seconds b. Explain why the net force in the y-axis is zero Newtons. c. Explain why the acceleration of the object in the y-axis is zero m/s/s. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (seconds) d. What is the direction of the acceleration at the following times: i. 2 seconds ii. 7 seconds iii. 12 seconds e. What is the acceleration of the object in the x-axis at the following times: i. 2 seconds ii. 7 seconds iii. 12 seconds f. What is the net force on the object in the x-axis at the following times: i. 2 seconds ii. 7 seconds iii. 12 seconds
Physics Unit 3 1. A 65 kg person runs to catch the bus at 1.31 m/s. What is their momentum? 7. A hockey player applies an average force of 80N to a 0.25kg hockey puck for a time of 0.2s. Determine the impulse experienced by the hockey puck. 2. A 10.2 kg ball has a momentum of 4340 kg m/s. What is the object s velocity? 3. A dog named Ziggy is running with a velocity of 5.2 m/s with a momentum of 150 kg m/s. What is the dog s mass? 8. Aunt Mary needs to hang a picture in her bedroom. She uses a hammer to drive the nail into the wall. Find the force exerted by the hammer on the nail if the hammer stays in contact with the nail for 0.5s and has an impulse of 25Ns. 4. Using physics terms explain why is it that when you jump off a table, as your feet hit the floor you let your legs bend at the knees. 5. You are sitting at a baseball game when a foul ball comes in your direction. You prepare to catch it barehanded. Describe how to catch the ball as safely as possible using physics terms. 9. A 0.5kg baseball experiences a 10N force for a duration of 0.1s. What is the change in momentum of the baseball? What is the change in velocity of the baseball? 6. A football player kicks a stationary ball with a force of 500,000N, and the ball reaches a maximum velocity of 12 m/s. What is the mass of the ball? 10. A space shuttle burns 13,000kg of fuel over a period of 10 seconds. Find the force exerted by the fuel on the shuttle as it is ejected if the shuttle experiences an impulse of 325,000kgm/s.
Position (m) -40-20 20 40 11. An astronaut at rest in space with mass 94 kg throws a 0.75kg wrench at 25 m/s. What is the velocity of the astronaut after throwing the wrench? c) How does the momentum before the collision compare to the momentum after the collision? d) Find the change in momentum of the van. 12. Suppose that you have a mass of 45.7 kg and are standing on frictionless roller skates. Someone then throws you a 2.50 kg mass with a velocity of 14.5 m/s and you catch it. What will be your resulting velocity? e) If the van took 0.3s to stop, calculate the force that acted on each driver. 13. A van of mass 1200kg was moving at a velocity of 8m/s when it was involved in a head on collision with a lorry moving in the opposite direction. Assume that the van came to stop after the collision. a) Calculate the momentum of the van before the collision b) Calculate the momentum of the van after the collision Use the following information for the following questions. Toy Car s Velocity A 2 kg toy car was recorded moving over 60 seconds, and the data was graphed on a position time graph. 1. What is the average velocity of the car from 0 10 sec? 10 30 50 70 Time (s) 2. What is the momentum of the car from 20-30 seconds? 3. During the interval 35-45 seconds the momentum of the toy car changes since the velocities change. Calculate the impulse the car experiences. 4. Is the momentum of a car traveling south different from that of the same car moving north at the same speed? Explain.
Experiment #2 Students arrange the cars so that the magnets repel each other before contact is made. One again, they place car 2 at rest on the track and push car 1 towards car 2. At the collision, the cars move along the track at separate velocities. Several trials are conducted using varying masses for each car. The data is shown in the table below. Trial Mass of Car 1 (kg) Mass of car 2 (kg) Pre-Collision Velocity of Car 1 (m/s) Post-Collision Velocity of Car 1 (m/s) Post-Collision Velocity of car 2 (m/s) 1 0.2 0.2 0.45 0 0.45 2 2.1 4.2 0.32 0.16 0.48 Experiment #3 Students place car 2 at rest on a track. They push car 1 towards car 2. The two cars are equipped with magnets so that they stick together when they collide. The students conduct several trials with varying masses for each of the cars. The data is shown in the table below. Trial Mass of Car 1 (kg) Mass of car 2 (kg) Pre-Collision Velocity of Car 1 (m/s) 3 0.2 0.2 0.40 0.08 4 2.1 4.2 0.36 0.18 Post-Collision Velocity of Car 1 (m/s) 5. Which experiment represents an elastic collision? Explain your reasoning using physics terms. 6. In trial 3, what is the post-collision velocity of car 2? 7. If the mass of car 2 is decreased in experiment 2, then a. The post-collision velocity of car 1 decreases b. The post-collision velocity of car 1 increases. c. The mass of car 1 is less. d. The pre-collision velocity of car 1 increases. 8. Suppose you want to produce the smallest post-collision velocity of car 2 in either experiment. Describe the changes to the system that you would need to make. a. Car 1 travels faster before the collision, and is more massive than car 2. b. Car 1 travels slower before the collision, and is more massive than car 2. c. Car 1 travels slower before the collision, and is less massive than car 2. d. Car 1 travels faster before the collision, and is less massive than car 2.
Physics Unit 4 Assume there is no friction or thermal energy unless otherwise specified. 1. What is the definition and equation for kinetic energy? 2. What is the definition and equation for potential energy? 9. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an inclined plane to the very top. If the mass of the loaded cart is 4.1 kg and it has a potential energy of 1.2 J at the top, what height it the object pulled to? 3. What is the definition and equation for mechanical energy? 4. What is the potential energy of an object with a mass of 120 kg at a height of 1.9 m? 10. A girl runs up a 50.3 meter high flight of stairs and she has 190,000 J of potential energy at the top. What is the girl s mass? 5. What is the kinetic energy of a 4.5 kg object traveling at 1.2 m/s? 11. A crane carries a metal tube weighing 9.5 kg above ground at a speed of 1.03 m/s. If the tube has a total mechanical energy of 14,000 J, how high above the ground is it? 6. What is the total mechanical energy of a 130 kg go-cart moving at a velocity of 5.2 m/s at the top of a hill that is 12.2 m high? 12. Jack hits a golf ball weighing 0.02 kg at a speed of 15 m/s. At what height does the ball have a total mechanical energy of 10,250 J? 7. An object is moving at a speed of 2.9 m/s and has a kinetic energy of 15,000 J. What is the mass of the object? 8. Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's Circus, had a kinetic energy of 10,000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If Missy's mass is 45 kg, then what was her velocity? 13. If the total mechanical energy of a go-cart moving at the speed of 5.2 m/s is at 1,590 J at the top of a hill that is 31 m high, what is the go-cart s mass?
Use Figure 1 to answer the questions below. A 50 kg sled holding a 125 kg person is sliding down a hill. 14. What is the potential energy at the following times? a. 1 second Position (m) 25 Figure 1: Velocity of Sledder 15 b. 3 seconds 5 0-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time (s) c. 7 seconds -15-25 15. What is the kinetic energy at each of the following times? a. 1 second b. 3 seconds c. 7 seconds 16. What is the total energy at each of the following times? a. 1 second b. 3 seconds c. 7 seconds 17. How much work was done between 0 and 2 seconds for each object?
18. A person holds a bag for several hours while shopping, and is very tired afterwards. Explain why they did not do any work. 24. If 2,100J of work is exerted over a distance of 2.1m, how much force did you apply? 19. A person is riding a surfboard at a constant velocity. The surfer is moving very fast but is not doing any work. Explain why no work is being done. 25. If 3,512J of work is used up while moving an object 0.6m, how much large of a force was used in moving the object? 20. Would you do more work pushing on a mountain or pushing on an ant? Explain using physics terms. 26. If you do 6.50J of work on a crate by applying a force of 2,190N, how far did you move the crate? 21. You push down on a 3.9 N box for 100 minutes. How much work was done? Explain using physics terms. 27. You use 0.35 J of energy to move a 7.0 N object. How far did you move it? 22. How much work is done on a paperclip when a 0.01N force lifts it 0.01m? 28. Kayla pulls a cart with a net horizontal force of 1.5 N over a distance of 3.9 m. What is the change in kinetic energy of the wagon after the 3.9 m? 23. In which of the following scenarios is the greatest amount of work accomplished? a. A crane lifts a boulder weighing 500 N to a height of 4.1 meters. b. A crane lifts a boulder weighing 500 N to a height of 1.9 meters c. A crane lifts a boulder weighing 300 N to a height of 8.0 meters d. A crane lifts a boulder weighing 300 N to a height of 6.0 meters
29. Bob uses a car jack to lift his car into the air 0.2m with a force of 500,00N. How much potential energy did the car gain after he lifted it? 30. A toy train moving down a track has 68 J of kinetic energy at point A. At point B, it encounters a resistive force and has a kinetic energy of 34 J. How much work is done in slowing it down? 31. A student wearing frictionless roller skates on a horizontal surface was pushed by a friend with a force of 4.5 N. How far must the student be pushed, starting from rest so that her final kinetic energy is 35.2 J? 32. An object that is resting on a table experiences a force of 3.9N. How far must the object be pushed so that its kinetic energy is 2.0J? 33. A ball is resting on the ground is launched into the air with a force of 30N. What height will it reach if the energy exerted on the ball is 42.45J?
Physics Variable Manipulation Final Review Rearrange the following formulas for the indicated variable. 1. v = x t solve for x i. 11. W = KE solve for v 2. v = x t solve for v i. 12. W = KE solve for m 3. v = x t solve for t. 4. x = v i t + 1/2at 2 solve for t if v i = 0m/s. 13. W = KE solve for F 5. x = v i t + 1/2at 2 solve for a if v i = 0m/s. 14. W = KE solve for x 6. x = v i t + 1/2at 2 solve for v i. 15. W = PE solve for h 7. F = ma solve for a 16. W = PE solve for m 8. F = ma solve for m 17. KE = PE solve for v f if v i = 0 m/s 9. m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f solve for v 2f 18. KE = PE solve for h f 10. m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f solve for v 2f if it is an inelastic collision and the objects stick together.