Lecture: Particle Physics Heidelberg WS 09/10 Prof. A. Schöning Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg Introduction 1
Goal of this Lecture Comprehensive overview over Particle Physics: experimental methods and applications theoretical concepts and fundamental laws 2
Prerequisites: Organisation Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics (Schrödinger Eq.), special relativity Lectures: Physics I-V, Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics Addressing: Master Students or Diploma students Focus of this lecture: Accelerator Physics, Detector Physics, Quantum Electrodynamics, Weak Interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics, Standard Model, Beyond the Standard Model, Astroparticle Physics Accompanying Tutorials: Tuesday (11:00, KIP) and Wednesday (14:00, PI) Basis for other Lectures: LHC Physics, Standard Model, Beyond the SM, Supersymmetry, StringTheory More Information on the Web: http://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/~schoning/vorlesungen/pplect/ 3
Literature on Particle Physics Ch. Berger: Elementarteilchenphysik (main book for lecture), in German, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-3143-9 B.R. Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics, An Introduction, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-47074275-4 D.H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Addison Wesley (older standard book) Povh, Rith, Scholz and Zetsche, Particles and Nuclei, An Introduction, Springer Verlag P. Schmüser, Feynmann Graphen (Theory book for Experimentalists) Springer Verlag by far not complete. Many, many more books... 4
Lecture Dates Dates: Tuesday 15:00-16:45 and Thursday 11:00-12:45 Place: Neuer Hörsaal, Philosophenweg 12 5
Lecture Dates 6
Dates of Tutorials First Tutorials: October 20th/21st Two groups: Tuesday: U. Husemann Wednesday: A.S. 7
Leistungskontrolle Tutorials: 11 series of exercises one series has typically 4 exercises exercises are checked and corrected learning target is at minimum 40% of the total score number of credit points = 8 8
Introduction 9
Experimental Tools CMS (LHC) ATLAS (LHC) ZEUS (HERA) H1 (HERA) CDF (Tevatron) 10
The (Proton) Machines Center of Mass Energies: HERA (ep):_ 320 GeV Tevatron (pp) 2 TeV LHC (pp) 10-14 TeV 11
Supermikroskop HERA 920 GeV Protonen x 26.7 GeV Elektronen HERMES H1 ZEUS (1992-2007 Hamburg) 12
Study of the Proton Structure 13
Large Hadron Collider (CERN) LHC (pp) 10-14 TeV 26.7 km circumference! 14
Direct and Indirect Higgs Searches 15
SM Lagrangian 16
Tevatron (Fermilab, USA) D0 Experiment Proton-Antiproton Collider 17
Electroweak Fit of the W-Boson Mass 18
The Standard Model Pull Plot Z-pole parameters => consistent with SM 19
Masses of Quarks m*u = 1.5-3.0 MeV m*d = 3-7 MeV m*s = 95 ± 25 MeV m*c = 1.25 ± 0.09 GeV Mb = 4.7 ± 0.07 GeV Mt = 173.1 ± 1.3 GeV m* = mass in MS scheme M = pole (propagator mass) average 20
Masses of Leptons Atmospheric neutrino mixing Me = 0.5109989 MeV = 105.658 MeV = 1777.99 ± 0.29 MeV Neutrino mass direct limits (Warning: not mass eigenstates!): e < 2 ev < 0.19 MeV < 18.2 MeV origin of mass hierarchy? 5 2 m2 atm = 8.0 0.6 10 ev 0.4 21
Questions and Problems related to Neutrinos atmospheric neutrinos: In the SM neutrinos are massless and there is no lepton flavour violation Because neutrino-oscillations were observed neutrinos must have masses and lepton flavour is violated! What generates neutrino masses: Right-handed Dirac Neutrino? Majorana Neutrino? What are the masses and the mass hierarchy? CP-Violation in Lepton Sector? 22
Theoretical Problems of the SM Grand Unification??? 23
HERA Result: Electroweak Unification 24
The SM and Astro- Particle Physics Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in Universe N B 10 9 N Dark Matter Problem (only 1% of the mass is visible in the universe) Formation of galaxies and structures in the universe Dark energy (from microwave background anisotropy) Nucleosynthesis constraints Big-Bang 25
Search for Dark Matter Several Search Experiments for Dark Matter Search for WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles Revived: Search for CHAMPs (charged massive particles DAMA Collaboration reported 8.2 sigma evidance for dark matter based on an annual modulation signature 26
Particle Physics in Medicine X-ray therapy proton therapy (tumour treatment) Berlin, Darmstadt, Erlangen, Munich, PSI (Switzerland),... ionisation loss in materials 27