Search for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay with CANDLES

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 61 (215 ) 283 288 Search for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay with CANDLES S. Umehara a, T. Kishimoto a,b, M. Nomachi a, S. Ajimura a, T. Iida a, K. Nakajima a, K. Ichimura a, K. Matsuoka a, M. Saka a, T. Ishikawa a, D. Tanaka a, M. Tanaka a, T. Maeda a, S. Yoshida b, K. Suzuki b, G. Ito b, H. Kakubata b, W. Wang b, V. T. T. Trang b, W. M. Chan b, J. Takemoto b, M. Doihara b, T. Ohata b, K. Tetsuno b, Y. Tamagawa c,i.ogawa c, T. Ueno c, S. Maeda c, A. Yamamoto c, S. Tomita c, G. Fujita c, A. Kawamura c, T. Harada c, Y. Inukai c, K. Sakamoto c, M. Yoshizawa c, K. Fushimi d, R. Hazama e, N. Nakatani e, H. Ohsumi f, K. Okada g a Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-47, Japan b Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 56-43, Japan c Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 91-857, Japan d Faculty of Integrated Arts and Science, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 77-852, Japan e Faculty of Human Environment, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito, Osaka 574-853, Japan f Faculty of Culture and Education, Saga University, Saga 84-852, Japan g Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 63-8555, Japan Abstract CANDLES is the project to search for neutrino-less double beta decay (νββ) of 48 Ca. The observation of νββ will prove existence of a massive Majorana neutrino. For the νββ measurement, we need a low background condition because of a low decay rate of νββ. Now we installed the CANDLES III system at the Kamioka underground laboratory. The CANDLES III system realizes the low background condition by a characteristic structure and data analyses for background rejection. Here we report performances of the CANDLES III system. 215 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4./). c 211 Published Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer review is the responsibility of the Conference lead organizers, Frank Avignone, University of South Carolina, and Wick Haxton, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Keywords: double beta decay, neutrino, calcium PACS: 23.4.-s 29.4.Mc 14.6.Pq 21.1.Tg 1. Double beta decay of 48 Ca The neutrino-less double beta decay (νββ) is acquiring great interest after the confirmation of neutrino oscillation which demonstrated nonzero neutrino mass. Measurement of νββ provides a test for the Majorana nature of neutrinos and gives an absolute scale of the effective neutrino mass. Many experiments have been carried out so far and many projects have been proposed. Among double beta decay nuclei, 48 Ca has an advantage of the highest Q ββ -value (4.27 MeV). This large Q ββ -value gives a large phase-space factor to enhance the νββ rate and the least contribution from natural background radiations in the energy region of the Q ββ -value. Therefore good signal to background ratio is ensured in the measurement of νββ. For νββ measurement with sensitivity to the mass region indicated by neutrino oscillation measurements, we have to prepare several tons of calcium. Then we proposed 1875-3892 215 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4./). Selection and peer review is the responsibility of the Conference lead organizers, Frank Avignone, University of South Carolina, and Wick Haxton, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory doi:1.116/j.phpro.214.12.46

284 S. Umehara et al. / Physics Procedia 61 ( 215 ) 283 288 a) Schematic drawing of CANDLES III b) CaF 2 modules and PMTs Liquid scintillator Light concentration system (light pipe) c) PMTs and light-pipe system CaF 2 scintillators 2inch PMTs 13inch PMTs Fig. 1. a)schematic drawing of CANDLES III. CaF 2 (pure) scintillators are immersed in liquid scintillator. Scintillation lights from both CaF 2 (pure) and liquid scintillator are viewed by large photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). In the CANDLES III system, the photomultiplier tubes had small photo-coverage. In order to increase the photo-coverage, the light-concentration system was set between the PMTs and the liquid scintillator vessel. b) Picture of CaF 2 modules and PMTs in the CANDLES III system. c) Picture of the light-concentration system and PMTs. CANDLES(CAlcium fluoride for the study of Neutrinos and Dark matters by Low Energy Spectrometer) system[1]. 2. CANDLES III at Kamioka observatory In the CANDLES system, CaF 2 (pure) scintillators, which are main detectors, are immersed in liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator acts as a 4 π active shield to veto external backgrounds. Scintillation lights from the CaF 2 (pure) and liquid scintillators are viewed by large photomultiplier tubes. The CaF 2 (pure) scintillator has a decay time of 1 μsec although the liquid scintillator has a width of around a few tens nsec. Thus the signals from the CaF 2 (pure) can be discriminated against the background signals on the liquid scintillator by observing pulse shapes. We installed the detector system CANDLES III at the Kamioka underground laboratory (27 m.w.e.). Figure 1-a) shows a schematic view of the CANDLES III system. The CANDLES III system consists of 96 CaF 2 (pure) scintillators with total mass of 35 kg and liquid scintillator with total volume of 2 m 3. The 96 CaF 2 (pure) scintillators are installed with 6 layers in a vessel for the liquid scintillator. Each layer has the 16 CaF 2 (pure) scintillators. The CaF 2 (pure) scintillators are suspended by wires from the ceiling of the liquid scintillator vessel. Scintillation lights from the CaF 2 (pure) and liquid scintillator are viewed by 62 large photomultiplier tubes (13 48 and 2 14 ). All detector modules are installed in a water tank of 3 m diameter and 4 m height[2]. 2.1. Background reduction As mentioned above, external backgrounds can be strongly limited because of the 4π active shield by the liquid scintillator. The remaining backgrounds are following processes. (a) two neutrino double beta decay (2νββ)

S. Umehara et al. / Physics Procedia 61 ( 215 ) 283 288 285 Pulse Height a) Typical pulse shape 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 preceding (β+γ)-ray delayed α-ray -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time( x 2ns) 12 1 8 6 4 2 b) Energy spectra preceding (β+γ)-ray ( 212 Bi and 214 Bi) 214 Po 212 Po 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Fig. 2. a) Typical pulse shape of the 212 Bi 212 Po events. We can discriminate the events of the consecutive decays with the time lag of more than 2 nsec. b) Energy spectra of the preceding and delayed events. The energy spectra were obtained from a reference CaF 2 (pure), which has a large amount of the Th-chain contamination. In the energy spectra, the preceding (delayed) events correspond to Bi β (Po α) decay. For the hardware threshold, we have the low efficiency of the low energy region for the preceding events. (b) consecutive events by radioactive contaminations within the CaF 2 (pure) scintillators: (b-1) 212 Bi 212 Po 28 Pb (Th-chain) β α (b-2) 214 Bi 214 Po 21 Pb (U-chain) β α (c) 28 Tl events by radioactive contamination within the CaF 2 (pure) scintillators: 28 Tl 28 Pb(Th-chain) β The 2νββ events (process (a)) can be rejected by a good energy resolution. The process (b) and process (c) can be rejected by a pulse shape analysis and time correlation analysis, respectively. 2.1.1. Light-concentration system In order to reject the 2νββ events (process (a)), we need a good energy resolution. The good energy resolution will be realized by a light-concentration system and a wave-length shifter in the liquid scintillator. Details of the wave-length shifter are described in [3]. Recently we have installed the light-concentration system to improve the energy resolution. In the CANDLES III system, the photomultiplier tubes had small photo-coverage. In order to increase the photocoverage, the light-concentration system was set between the photomultiplier tubes and the liquid scintillator vessel. The light-concentration system is shown in figures 1-a) and -c). The light collection efficiency with the light-concentration system was 1.8 times larger than the one without the system. This corresponds to.9 p.e./kev in the number of photo-electron and satisfies a requirement for the CANDLES III system. Further details including performance checks of the light-concentration system are shown in [4]. 2.1.2. Rejection of the consecutive events The second background candidate is the process (b) of Bi Po decays. 212 Po and 214 Po nuclei in the process (b) have short half-lives.299 μsec and 164 μsec, respectively. On the other hand, the CaF 2 (pure) scintillator has long decay constant ( 1 μsec). Thus radiations emitted by two consecutive decays are measured as one event in ADC gate (4 μsec) for the CaF 2 (pure) scintillator. Energy deposited by the consecutive decays in the CaF 2 (pure) scintillator is E max = 5.3 MeV and 5.8 MeV for 212 Bi 212 Po and 214 Bi 214 Po, because quenching factors of α-rays, which factors depend on energy, are around 35%. Thus these decays are serious backgrounds in interesting energy window for the νββ measurement. In order to identify the events, we measured the pulse shape of the consecutive events by using the characteristic 5MHz flash ADC [5]. Figure 2-a) shows a typical pulse shape of the 212 Bi 212 Po event. In order to discriminate the events, we applied χ 2 fitting for the measured pulse shape with the (preceding + delayed) pulse shape. In the fitting, free parameters are energy of the preceding event, energy of the delayed event and time lag Δt between the two decays. Figure 2-b) shows energy spectra obtained from the fitting.

286 S. Umehara et al. / Physics Procedia 61 ( 215 ) 283 288 Shape Indicator a) Pulse shape discrimination 2 1.5 1.5 -.5 α-events ( 214 Po) γ-events -1 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 3 α-events ( 214 Po) 25 2 γ-events 15 1 5 Shape Indicator -1 -.5.5 1 1.5 2 b) Energy spectrum of preceding events 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 preceding events accidental events 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 3 Fig. 3. a) Scatter plots for the pulses corresponding to α- and γ-rays. The horizontal axis gives electron equivalent energy(kev). The vertical axis gives shape indicator. α( 214 Po) events are shown by red plots and γ by blue plots. Right : Distribution of shape indicator corresponding to events shown in the scatter plot. The energy ranges are 2.6 MeV for α- and γ-rays, b) The energy spectra of the preceding events of 28 Tl. The energy spectra were obtained from 91 CaF 2 (pure) scintillators, which have a small amount of the Th-chain contamination (average amount : 21 μbq/kg). Red (black) line corresponds to the preceding (accidental) events. The peak at 1.7 MeV was due to 212 Bi decay (E α = 6.1 MeV). Blue and red lines show the energy spectra of the preceding and delayed events, respectively. There are two peaks in the delayed energy spectrum. These peak positions correspond to α-events of 212 Po (E α = 8.78 MeV) and 214 Po (E α = 7.69 MeV). Thus we confirmed that it was possible to identify the consecutive events of which Δt between the preceding and delayed events are more than 2 nsec. To reject the consecutive events with short Δt, which are mostly composed of α-component, we applied the pulse shape discrimination between α- and γ-events of the CaF 2 (pure) scintillator. Details of the particle identification are shown in next subsection. As the result of the analyses, the backgrounds from the process (b) will be reduced by the 3 orders of magnitude. 2.1.3. 28 Tl rejection The other background candidate is the process (c) of 28 Tl events. 28 Tl has large Q β -value though it emits 2.6 MeV γ-ray. The probability that the high energy γ-rays are contained in a single CaF 2 (pure) scintillator is small. However, the νββ decay is extremely the rare process, thus the background has to be seriously considered. In order to reject the 28 Tl events, we applied a time correlation analysis. The 28 Tl events has a preceding α-decay with a half life of 3 minutes. Thus we can reject the 28 Tl events by identifying the preceding α-ray. For identifying the α-ray, we need the good position resolution and the pulse shape discrimination between α- and γ-rays. The position resolution was tested by the CANDLES III system with the light-concentration system. The signal positions in the CaF 2 (pure) scintillators were reconstructed by using pulse height information of the 62 photomultiplier tubes. The peaks by the reconstructed position have 6σ separation between the peaks by the next CaF 2 scintillator. The separation satisfies a requirement for rejection of the 28 Tl event by identifying the preceding α-ray. Further details of the position resolution are shown in [4]. The particle identification (PID) analysis between α- and γ-rays was demonstrated by 214 Po α-ray and 28 Tl γ-ray. The 214 Po nuclei are included within the CaF 2 (pure) scintillators as a radioactive contamination. On the other hand, the 28 Tl nuclei are in external materials of the CaF 2 (pure) scintillators. Thus the 28 Tl events include the CaF 2 (pure) and liquid scintillator signals. An effect by the (CaF 2 (pure) + liquid scintillator) signals is described in next paragraph. The results of the PID analysis is shown in figures 3-a). Scatter plots in figure 3-a)left show the distribution shape indicator for the PID analysis. Details of shape indicator are described in [6]. Histograms in figure 3-a)right are the projected ones of the events in energy ranges of 2.6 MeV for α-rays and γ-rays. In this figure, α- and γ-events are distributed around 1 and on Y-axis, respectively. A clear discrimination was obtained between α- and γ-rays. As mentioned above, however, the 28 Tl events include the CaF 2 (pure)

S. Umehara et al. / Physics Procedia 61 ( 215 ) 283 288 287 a) Energy spectra of 22 Rn 216 Po b) Energy spectra of 22 Rn 216 Po with particle identification analysis 1 8 1 8 preceding events delayed events accidental events 6 6 4 4 2 2 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 3 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 3 Fig. 4. a) Energy spectra of 22 Rn 216 Po. The particle identification analysis is not applied for the spectra. b) Energy spectra of 22 Rn 216 Po. The shape indicator + χ 2 fitting analysis is applied for the spectra. The accidental coincidence events are reduced by the PID analysis. and liquid scintillator signals. The (CaF 2 (pure) + liquid scintillator) signals are distributed in the α-event region. In order to discriminate between α- and (CaF 2 (pure) + liquid scintillator) events, we applied not only the shape indicator but also χ 2 fitting. For efficiency check of the shape indicator + χ 2 fitting analysis, we applied time correlation analysis of 22 Rn 216 Po. Both of 22 Rn and 216 Po nuclei are α-decay and 216 Po nuclei has a short half-life 145 msec. This means that we can select the 22 Rn 216 Po events with a time correlation analysis. And the selectivity is improved by the PID analysis. Figures 4 show the energy spectra of 22 Rn and 216 Po events with/without the shape indicator + χ 2 fitting analysis. We can find that the analysis has a large rejection efficiency for γ-rays (CaF 2 + liquid scintillator signals) and a large acceptance for α-rays. As the results, rejection efficiency is 95% of γ-ray events with 9% of acceptance for α-ray. Based on techniques of the position reconstruction and the pulse shape discrimination, we applied the time correlation analysis for 28 Tl. The energy spectrum of the candidate events of the preceding α-decay is shown in figure 3-b). The peak at 1.7 MeV was confirmed due to α-rays coming from the preceding α decay ( 212 Bi : E α = 6.1 MeV) by checking half-life derived from the Δt distribution(see [4]). And we found that 28 Tl can be rejected by the time correlation analysis. 3. Conclusion Now the CANDLES III system was installed at the Kamioka underground laboratory. By improvement of the detector system and the pulse shape analyses, we can reduce the background events from 2νββ,Bi Po and 28 Tl events. By estimating the results for the background reductions, the system will achieve the background free measurement. The expected sensitivity of the CANDLES III system is.5 ev for effective neutrino mass. In near future, CANDLES will be scaled up for a high sensitive measurement in mass region of interest. References [1] T. Kishimoto, et al., Candles for the study of beta beta decay of Ca-48, in: Proc. of 4th Workshop on Neutrino Oscillations and their Origin, 23, p. 338. [2] I. Ogawa, et al., Study of ca-48 double beta decay by candles, J.Phys.Conf.Ser. 375 (212) 4218. doi:1.188/1742-6596/375/1/4218. [3] S. Yoshida, et al., Ultra-violet wavelength shift for undoped CaF 2 scintillation detector by two phase of liquid scintillator system in CANDLES, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A61 (29) 282 293. doi:1.116/j.nima.28.12.19. [4] S. Umehara, et al., CANDLES -Search for neutrino-less double beta decay of 48Ca-, EPJ Web of Conferences 66 (214) 88. doi:1.151/epjconf/2146688. [5] S. Umehara, et al., Data acquisition system of candles detector for double beta decay experiment, IEEE Nucl.Sci.Symp.Conf.Rec. 211 (211) 291 294. doi:1.119/nssmic.211.6154425.

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