Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Silviculture 10 th October 2011 Natural forests dynamics in Europe (temperate and boreal bioms) Tomáš Vrška
LECTURE SCHEME A - BIOMS temperate versus boreal SMALL and LARGE developmental cycle B - Concepts of small developmental cycle C - Elementary features How to identify the stages in situ? 2
A BIOMs temperate versus boreal MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST - TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST BOREAL more tree species, deciduous in particular key competitive factor: light fine texture (horizontal structure) growth space more fulfilled (fight for light) typ: mixed forests of middle and lower elevations in Central Europe less tree species, coniferous in particular key competitive factor: heat coarse texture (horizontal structure) growth space more open (soil radiation touch the soil surface heat) typ: coniferous dominated forests of higher mountain elevations of Central Europe 3
A SMALL and LARGE developmental cycle CYCLES large small steady state final (closing) forest preparatory forest C-European mountain forests transitional forest 4 (Míchal et Petříček 1999)
A SMALL and LARGE developmental cycle ecological stability steady state small cycle ares tenth of ares; hectares natural mixed temperate forests in Europe large cycle natural semi-boreal forests in C-European mountains hectares; hundreds of hectares spatial scale of disturbances 5
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Theory development Leibundgut 1959 (only phases), 1978 (phases, stages consideration) Zukrigl 1963 (only phases) Mayer et al. 1987 (only phases) Koop 1989 aplication of Kropeľ theory for the deciduous forests (beech forests.) Korpeľ 1978, 1989, 1995 (3 stages, every stage - 1-3 phases) Tabaku 1999, Drössler 2006 (only phases) Král et al. 2010 (exact determination of stages; steady state) and others!!!
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Developmental cycle model (Korpel 1978, 1995) N m 3 timber volume 1000 750 500 250 N 0 d 1,3 0 m 50 25 0 100 200 300 400 time years 0 d 1,3 0 1 st cycle Stage of Disintegration phase of expiration N 2 nd cycle 3 rd cycle Stage of Growth Stage of Optimum Stage of Disintegration phase of regeneration phase of expiration Stage of Growth (Korpel 1978,1995) 0 7 d 1,3
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Zukrigl 1963 8
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Leibundgut 1978 9
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Mayer 1987 10
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Korpeľ 1989, 1995 11
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Koop 1989 12
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Leibundgut 1993 13
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Emborg et al. 2000 14
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Christensen et al. 2007 15
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Tabaku et al. 1999 Drössler et al. 2006 16
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics Stages characterizes DBH distribution and volume development of trees and the living/deadwood ratio Phases presents different forms into the stages and they are characterized by stand type Studied parameters: 1) DBH distribution of living and dead trees, living- and deadwood volume, living/deadwood ratio, volume and ratio trends 2) Duration time of stages and whole developmental cycle 3) Size, shape and distribution of pathes 17
B Concepts of SMALL developmental cycle dynamics N Optimum Breakdown 0 DBH N N 0 DBH N Growth 0 DBH Steady state living trees dead trees 0 DBH 18
C Elementary features of stages of small developmental cycle Number of trees per hectare in developmental stages 400 trees per hectare (pcs) 300 200 100 0 Stage of growth Optimum stage Stage of disintegration living trees dead trees total Volume of stems per hectare in developmental stages 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 tim ber volum e per 1ha (m 3 ) Stage of growth Optimum stage Stage of disintegration living trees dead trees total 19
C Elementary features of stages of small developmental cycle m 3 1000 timber volume 750 500 250 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 years time duration time of developmental stages 25 1 st cycle 0 Stage of Disintegration phase of expiration 2 nd cycle Stage of GrowthStage of Optimum Stage of Disintegration phase of expiration 3 rd cycle phase of regeneration Stage of Growth (Korpel 1989,1995) 20
C Elementary features of stages of small developmental cycle average size of patches, variability of size distribution in the area edges segmentation, shape of patches 21
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of growth, phase of expiration 22
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration Stage of growth Stage of optimum Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration Steady state N / ha BA /ha 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 23
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of growth 24
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration Stage of growth Stage of optimum Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration Steady state N / ha BA /ha 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 25
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of growth latest phase 26
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration Stage of growth Stage of optimum N / ha 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration BA /ha 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 live d 1,3 class dead Steady state 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 27
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of optimum 28
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of optimum 29
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration N / ha 150 120 90 live dead Stage of growth 60 30 Stage of optimum 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration BA /ha 50.0 40.0 30.0 d 1,3 class live dead 20.0 Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration 10.0 0.0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 Steady state d 1,3 class 30
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of optimum, terminal phase 31
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration Stage of growth N / ha 150 120 90 60 live dead Stage of optimum Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration Steady state BA /ha 30 0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 live dead d 1,3 class 32
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of disintegration 33
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration Stage of growth N / ha 150 120 90 60 live dead Stage of optimum Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration Steady state BA /ha 30 0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class live dead 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 34
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration; stage of optimum in the background 35
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration; 36
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ stage of disintegration phase of regeneration 37
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration N / ha 150 120 90 live dead Stage of growth 60 30 Stage of optimum 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration BA /ha 50.0 40.0 30.0 d 1,3 class Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration 20.0 10.0 0.0 live dead Steady state 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 38
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ Steady state zonal sites 39
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ Steady state zonal sites 40
Determination of classes Stage of growth, phase of expiration N / ha 250 200 150 live dead Stage of growth 100 50 Stage of optimum 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 Stage of optimum, terminal phase Stage of disintegration BA /ha 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 d 1,3 class live Stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration 20.0 10.0 0.0 dead Steady state 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-16 d 1,3 class 41
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ Steady state??? water-affected sites 42
C Identification of developmental stages and phases in situ blocked succession; stage of disintegration, phase of regeneration 43
C Existuje objektivní způsob vylišení stadií? Vylišenía mapovánístadií: mapování v terénu do map např. 1:2000, 1:5000 = větší prostorová nepřesnost, široce definované mapovací jednotky = více subjektivní přístup determinace na výzkumých plochách 1 plocha = 1 stadium a fáze (Slovensko) mapování s pomocí bodové sítě (např. 50x50 m) (Slovinsko, Holandsko) mapování pomocí rastru mozaika (Německo, Albánie) mapování s mapou stromů ( česká metoda) analýza prostorových dat z opakovaných měření tzv. Králov(sk)a(á) metoda viz přednáška č. 5 Využití výsledků mapování stadií a fází viz přednáška č. 12 44