New Instruments from GRIMM Markus Pesch Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 1
Outline Motivation for new Aerosol measurement devices Objectives for measurements of particle number and sizes GRIMM EDM 665 GRIMM EDM 465-UFP GRIMM MINI-WRAS Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 2
Focus of the presentation on the devices: EDM 665 EDM 465-UFP MINI-WRAS Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 3
Motivation for new aerosol devices Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 4
Source of aerosols determine often particle sizes & particle mass Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 5
Motivation for new devices Mass fractions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) Particle number concentrations Particle size distributions Full flow analysis High concentration range (0,1 µg/m³ to 5 mg/m³) Challenges Real time measurements High time resolution (sec. to min) Compact mobile systems User friendly systems Low maintenance and TCO Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 6
Motivation for new aerosol devices (health risks) The smaller the particles, the deeper they can penetrate in the lung Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 7
Aerosol emissions of diesel engines Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 8
Soot particles Combustion soot Tyre abrasion Primary particles: 20 nm to 80 nm Particle: 1 µm to 5 µm Health effects are mainly not depending on particle mass but on particle numbers, sizes and surface Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 9
Aerosol emissions of a pellet oven With E-filter Without E-filter GRIMM ESS Oven and E-Filter Measured with GRIMM ESS Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 10
Particle distributions: number and mass Particle number Particle mass Aerosol mass and aerosol numbers are often not correlated Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 11
GRIMM EDM 665 x( t) x( t0 ) u( x, ) d t t 0 Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 12
History of EDM665 PM2,5 Project for Berlin Senate (2006-2007) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 13
Particle measurements with GRIMM WRAS Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 14
EDM 565 (2008-2010) Cooperation with DWD & Max Planck Institute Mainz Hohenpeißenberg, Bavaria, Germany Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 15
EDM565 b) OPC a) c) SMPS+C 2D Graph 3 e) 10 5 10 4 dn/dlnd [1/cm 3 ] 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1 10-2 Opt. Spectrometer SMPS+C d) 10-3 1 10 100 1000 10000 Particle Size [nm] Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 16
EDM665 wide range system The EDM665 is a combination of two GRIMM particle measurement devices: a) Aerosol spectrometer (OPC) (size range 250 nm 32 µm) b) SMPS + CPC (size ranges: 5 nm - 350 nm (M-DMA) 10 nm - 1000 nm (L-DMA) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 17
EDM665: Example for a Size Distribution SMPS Overlap OPC Particle diameter [nm] Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 18
The GRIMM EDM665 Technical Features Designed for long term stand alone operation Fully automatic controlled low maintenance (twice a months) High time resolution of all data (minutes) Powerful sensor for wind, humidity, rain, temperature and pressure Data logger for data storage and online data transfer to the internet Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 19
Measurement Results Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 20
Particle Number Concentration Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 21
Aerosol number distribution a) Combustion aerosols, mainly soot particles c) b) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 22
Diurnal Variations Particle Mass a) b) c) d) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 23
Diurnal Variations - Particle Numbers a) b) c) d) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 24
Conclusions The wide range system is a combination of two well proven GRIMM systems (OPC and SMPS+CPC). With that combination a wide range of particles can be observed (from approx. 5 nm to 32 µm in 71 channels). The system is made for stand alone operation outdoor and is installed in a compact weather housing with air conditioning The system allows continuous long term measurements for years. The time resolution of data is 1 to 5 minutes and allows the combination with high time resolved meteorological data and gaseous pollutants. A data logger stores data up to several months and transfers the data fast and online to the internet. All data can be downloaded by the customer directly from a web-site. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 25
GRIMM EDM 465-UFP A new device for ultrafine particles Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 26
465 UFP-Motivation Although ultrafine particles (UFP) account only for a little share in the total mass concentration, they are very harmful. First step of continuous measurements of ultra fine particles has been realized in the Grimm 665 Wide Range. Due to the temporal resolution of the integrated mobility spectrometer (SMPS) as well as its comparatively high costs it is unsuitable for an area-wide monitoring of the total particle concentration An alternative device for measuring the particle exposure in the nanometer range and simultaneously having a high temporal resolution of 1 second is the new 465-UFP. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 27
465-UFP Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 28
Required features for the 465-UFP Stand alone system Easy to operate Low maintenance (1/month) Continuous real time measurements High time resolution (1 s) High concentration dynamics (0 to 200,000 P/cm³) Well defined counting efficiency (d50 = 7 nm, d90 < 15 nm) Established working fluid: butanol Online data transfer to the web (integrated data logger) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 29
CEN/TC 264/WG32 Standard working group CEN/TC 264/WG 32 for an environmental CPC and UFP measurements: counting efficiency (d50 = 7 nm) required liquid (butanol, no water) dryer performance (r.h. < 40 %) low particle losses in the inlet pipe GRIMM EDM465-UFP fulfills this standard Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 30
Measurement results Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 31
Traffic emissions measured with EDM 465-UFP Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 32
German Research Center for Environmental Health Measuring with 3 GRIMM 465-UFP instruments in the frame of EU-research projects Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 33
Intercomparison of the 465-UFP devices Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 34
Measurement sites of UFP-devices in Augsburg and surroundings Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 35
Measurement results at different sites Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 36
Conclusions The new GRIMM 465-UFP systems is a very powerful device for the continuous measurements of UFP in ambient air. The highlights of the device are: High time resolution (1 s) well defined counting efficiency, d50 = 7 nm working fluid: butanol easy to use and maintain (service approx. 1/month) online data transfer to web (integrated data logger) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 37
GRIMM MINI-WRAS Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 38
Motivation => MINI WRAS EDM665 MINI-WRAS Weight: 135 kg Weight: 8.2 kg Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 39
Motivation: Wide range of aerosol sizes Nanoparticles Microparticles NanoSizer Diffusion unipolar charger + Faraday Electrometer OPC scattering light spectrometer 0.1 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 [nm] Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 40
Measurement principles Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 41
NanoSizer The NanoSizer consists of 3 main elements: an unipolar (positive) electrical diffusion charger a time multiplexed electrode (deposition of particles), 2 250 V a faraday cup electrometer (FCE) Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 42
NanoSizer The NanoSizer measures 10 different currents (each 6 s) that results in a scan time of 1 minute. The voltage of the electrode can be changed from 2 V to 320 V. With 10 voltage steps it is possible to determine the particle number concentrations for 10 size channels. At the beginning of a measurement a zero scan is done to measure the offset current. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 43
Optical particle counter The optical particle counter measures the size distribution form 250 nm to 35 µm in 31 size channels. The intensity of the scattered light is used for the determination of the particle size (single particle counting). For each size channel the particle number is measured. The volume flow is controlled to 1,2 l/min. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 44
Main Features of the MINI-WRAS Size range: 10 nm to 35 µm Size resolution: 41 size channels Time resolution: 60 seconds for a complete scan One button system Full remote control via Bluetooth Operation with Windows based Tablet or Netbook USB flash for data storage Battery operation > 12 h Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 45
Overview of online measurement data Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 46
Particle number & mass distributions lin. y-scale log. y-scale Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 47
Mass fractions: PM + IAQ values PM values IAQ values Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 48
Measurement example In-Car Filter efficiency of HVAC Systems with real ambient aerosols Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 49
Objectives of the study This study presents filter efficiencies of cabin air filters in HVAC-systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) in cars under real ambient aerosol conditions. Dust mass fractions as PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and particle number distribution as well as particle mass distribution were analyzed simultaneously under different drive conditions in the city of Beijing. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 50
Objectives of the study During two weeks more than 100 test cycles have been performed. Test cycles were done in six vehicle segments (A, B, C, D, XA, XB) with vehicle models from three manufactures. Following parameters were analyzed: Driving situation: dynamic / static Ventilation rate: low / high Ratio fresh air recirculation air: low / high Particle number/mass concentrations: low / high AC: on / off Filter status: new / used Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 51
Set up of devices Before filter for outside concentration Measurements of inside concentration Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 52
B-Segment Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 53
Filter efficiency for particle mass Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 54
Filter efficiency for particle mass Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 55
Filter efficiency for particle counts Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Total particle number (Audi A4) Outside: 45.000 P/cm³ Inside: 9.800 P/cm³ PM10 (Audi A4) Outside: 195 µg/m³ Inside: 45 µg/m³ Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 56
Filter efficiency for particle counts Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Total particle number (Audi A4) Outside: 45.000 P/cm³ Inside: 140 P/cm³ PM10 (Audi A4) Outside: 195 µg/m³ Inside: 0,5 µg/m³ Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 57
Comparison of particle distributions Number distribution March 5th, 2015 outside car Mass distribution Inside car, recirculating air after 2 minutes Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 58
Conclusions The GRIMM MINI-WRAS is a portable and easy to use device for the measurements of wide range of particle sizes. It is compact, robust and does not need any consumables or radioactive sources. The device has been used to perform cabin air quality measurements in vehicles in Beijing. This is an important issue for public health and driving quality. More than 100 measurement cycles have been carried out and data have been evaluated simultaneously. The results show that few manufactures designed HVAC systems with an excellent performance. Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 59
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% background contribution suburban contribution urban contribution local traffic contribution TM Fe, Al K, Ca Na, Cl, Mg NH4 SO4 NO3 EC OMII OMI Thank you very much for your attention Symposium at Stockholm, 01.11.2016 60