Advanced Subsurface Characterization for CO 2 Geologic Sequestration and Induced Seismicity Evaluations Tiraz Birdie, Lynn Watney, Aimee Scheffer, Jason Rush, Eugene Holubnyak, Mina Fazelalavi, John Doveton, Jennifer Raney, Saugata Datta, Dennis Hedke, and Jennifer Roberts Carbon Management Technology Conference November 19 th 2015 Sugarland, TX
Sedimentary Basins in the US
Suitability of Sedimentary Basins for Geologic Sequestration
Evolution of Sedimentary Basins Carbonates Evaporites Shales (Caprock)
Present Day Evolution of Evaporative Cap - Arabian Gulf Analog to portions of the Arbuckle CO2 injection zone at Wellington Field, KS
~ 50 million years Tidal Effects Reflected in Geologic Logs Time GR/CGR/ SP/Cal Microresistivity Neutron-Den-Pe Sonic Impedance Reflection Coefficient Synthetic 100 Hz Top Cherokee Gp. Secondary caprock Top Mississippian Pay CO2-EOR pilot Depth Equiv. Caprock Pierson Fm. Chattanooga Sh. Simpson Group Primary caprock Interval Carbonate Top Arbuckle Evaporite Ø N Jefferson City- Cotter Roubidoux Fm. Gasconade Dol. Gunter Ss. Baffle/barrier -Tight, dense - High impedance CO2 Injection zone
Importance of Characterization on CO2 Plume and Pressure Projections Coarse Vertical Characterization Meter-scale Vertical Characterization Co 2 Plume Co 2 Plume Induced Pressure Induced Pressure
Wellington CO 2 Sequestration and EOR Site 26,000 tons Mississippian 26,000 tons (Saline Aquifer)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Image Logging Effect of Pore Space on Time to Return to Equilibrium
NMR Variables and Their Influence on Petropohphsical Properties T1 Time: Time to align the protons with the magnetic field T2 Time: Time for protons to recover, through bulk, diffusion, and surface relaxivity
Mississippian MRI
Caprock MRI Permeability #1-28, lower Miss to top Arbuckle Magnetic resonance imaging analysis low high small large T2 (pore size) Lower Mississippian argillaceous dolosiltone, small pores 50 ft high low Porosity Chattanooga Shale Smallest pores Simpson shales, Smallest pores Top Arbuckle Caprock evidence of lower Miss. : Micro-nano darcy perm Quiet fracture wise Organic matter ~2% TOC
50 ft Flow Units in the Lower Arbuckle Injection Zone KGS #1-32 Porosity% KGS #1-28 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4900 4910 4920 4930 4940 4950 4960 4970 4980 4990 5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 5050 5060 5070 5080 5090 5100 5110 5120 5130 5140 5150 5160 Ø Connected vugs Solution & fracture Wellington #1-32 Nonconnected vugs Interparticle/matrix 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4900 4910 4920 4930 4940 4950 4960 4970 4980 4990 5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 5050 5060 5070 5080 5090 5100 5110 5120 5130 5140 Doveton and Fazelalavi, 2012 Porosity% Ø Wells 3500 ft apart Flow unit boundaries Wellington #1-28 Utilize whole core analysis, NMR, spectral sonic, and resistivity logs
Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity Comparsion with Core Data Good match with core data
MRI and PHND Estimates of Porosity MRI effective porosity and neutron-density crossplot porosity in the Arbuckle of Wellington #1-32 Conclusion: there is a good match between MRI porosity and lithologycorrected neutron-density porosity which is a useful cross-validation of these logs
Permeability Profile of Arbuckle (NMR) Redox reactive ions reflect changes in biogeochemistry (microbial) occurring between upper and lower Arbuckle, in turn attributed to lack of hydraulic communication Mid Arbuckle (Low Permeability) Upper Arbuckle (High Permeability) Lower Arbuckle (High Permeability) Scheffer, KGS
Ion Based Verification of Baffle Zone and Caprock Scheffer, KGS Brine of Lower Arbuckle vary substantially from Upper Arbuckle Lower Arbuckle brines cluster together Upper Arbuckle values more spaced out, suggests smaller baffles
Isotopic Verification of Baffle Zone and Caprock Oxygen & Hydrogen isotopes of brines from DST and perf & swabbing Upper Arbuckle -- distinct Mississippian Brines (distinct from Arbuckle) Lower Arbuckle injection interval -Waters distinct from upper Arbuckle and Miss - Lower intervals are also geochemically homogeneous infer fracture connectivity Scheffer, 2012
Microbial Ecology and Validation of Baffle Zone Baffle top Lowest biomass coincides with low perm zone (Lower JCC) and low DOC Highest biomass coincides with high perm and high concentrations of sulfate Same 9 genera were found in brine from Upper Arbuckle depths Brine from tight zone had 7 genera; 3 less and 1 unique Supports mixing of Upper Arbuckle and some degree of separation below
Seismic Profile Confirms Permeability Stratification in Arbuckle South Impedance = ρ x Ø East KGS #1-32 KGS #1-28 Top Oread Thick Lansing Group Shales Top Kansas City Ls. Top Mississippian Lower Pierson Top Arbuckle Baffle or potential barrier to vertical flow (high impedance) Low impedance injection interval Bot Arbuckle Hedke, 2012
Seismic Structure Mapping Confirms Regional Presence of Caprock
Entry Pressure Analysis
Depth-Constrained Clustering using Potassium, Uranium, Thorium Rhomaa-Umma Analysis K- U- Th Rhomaa- Umma Lith Ø Rt condensed condensed condensed condensed Oil show condensed Significant flooding surface from core description
Simulated Plume and Pressure Projections Injection zone Holubnyack, Rush, Fazelalavi (KGS) Baffle Zones keep CO2 plume and pressures confined deep in the Arbuckle injection zone
Earthquake Trends in Southern Kansas Disposal Volumes (MMBL) Number of Quakes (>M2.0) Annual Earthquake Count Disposed Volume 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Induced Seismicity - Physical Mechanisms Subsurface stress field Faults slips when principal stresses exceed threshold
Drilling Induced Fractures and Leak-off Test Used to Estimate Principal Stresses XRMI Log Drilling Induced Fractures S Hmax ~ 3S Hmin - 2P p + 0.1(S hmin - P p )
Extensive data acquisition required to identify faults and assess seismic risk regionally Fault Identification
3D Stress Analysis Used to Estimate Fault Slip Tendency Slip Tendency Plot ST = τ/ σ n σ n τ ST= 0.3 (lower than of 0.5 for fault slippage)