Six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing on loose sand: Experimental data

Six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing on loose sand: Experimental data by B. Bienen 1, B.W. Byrne 2 and G.T. Houlsby 2 Report No. OUEL 2289/05 University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K. Tel. 01865 273162/283300 Fax. 01865 283301 Email: civil@eng.ox.ac.uk http://www-civil.eng.ox.ac.uk/ 1 Centre for Offshore Foundations Systems, University of Western Australia 2 Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University 1

Six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing on loose sand: Experimental data B. Bienen 1, B.W. Byrne 2 and G.T. Houlsby 2 Summary This report documents a series of model tests of a rough circular flat footing on loose sand. Using a new experimental rig, the footing was subjected to general loading in three dimensions (six degrees-of-freedom). The data collected will be used to validate a footing macro model catering for all six degrees-of-freedom within the plasticity framework. Introduction Combined loading on shallow foundations has been successfully modelled through the framework of plasticity theory (Martin 1994, Cassidy 1999, Byrne 2000). By adjusting only a few parameters, these models can capture the main features of footing response on various soils. Based on experimental data on Kaolin clay, Martin (1994) developed Model B whereas Cassidy s (1999) Model C was calibrated with data from similar tests on dense silica sand. Since then, the model has also been successfully used to predict footing behaviour on loose carbonate sand (Byrne and Houlsby 2001). So far, the models have been applied to predict the response of flat circular footings, spudcans and suction caisson subjected to (V, M, H) planar loading. Model B and Model C have been theoretically extended to allow for general loading (Martin 1994, Cassidy and Bienen 2002) situations in six degrees-of-freedom and combined into one plasticity footing macro model known as ISIS (Houlsby 2003, Cassidy et al. 2004). However, only few data exist on shallow circular footings under loading in all three dimensions (Cassidy and Cheong 2005, Ap Gwilym 2004, Williams 2005) and full experimental validation of the model, particularly with regards to torsion and combined loading directions remains desirable. Experimental rig At the University of Oxford, a novel experimental rig has been developed for testing of shallow foundations under six degree-of-freedom loading (Byrne and Houlsby 2005, Figure 1). The footing to be tested is supported by a loading platform, which is moved by six actuators. These are pin-joined to the loading platform on the one end and the loading rig, which is bolted onto a steel ring, on the other. Using a control program, the six actuators act in concert to move the loading platform and thus the footing to the desired position. The actuators are arranged such 1 Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, The University of Western Australia 2 Department of Engineering Science, The University of Oxford 2

that their combined movement in three dimensions is well-conditioned (Figure 1). To date, the rig is displacement-controlled only. The footing used in the tests reported here is circular (150 mm in diameter), flat and rough. The footing loads are monitored with a six degree-of-freedom load cell mounted between the footing and the loading platform (Figure 1). The footing displacements are measured with a set of six LVDTs, arranged in a similar fashion to the actuators but supported on a separate frame, which is also bolted onto the steel ring. The LVDT arrangement is illustrated in Figure 2. The separate frame ensures independence of the displacement measurements from the loading frame and thus minimises the influence of rig flexibility. Both the loading and the LVDT frames are mounted on a steel ring which in turn is bolted onto the testing tank. This ensures that the two frames do not move relative to each other, even when taken off the testing tank to prepare a new soil sample. The coordinates of both ends of all actuators and LVDTs as well as several distinct points on the frames and steel ring have been surveyed using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The measurements are reported in Table 1 and the coordinates in the rig coordinate system (Figure 3) are given in Table 2. The x-axis of the rig coordinate system runs parallel to actuators 1 and 2, whereas the y-axis is in line with actuator 3. z is positive downwards with the datum being the top of the steel ring. Note that the coordinate system and sign convention (Figure 3b) differs from the ISIS sign convention (Figure 4). All results reported here are defined using the ISIS sign convention. Soil characteristics The experiments were performed on dry yellow Leighton Buzzard sand. It has a specific gravity G s of 2.65 and minimum and maximum dry densities of 14.65 kn/m 3 and 18 kn/m 3, respectively. Further soil characteristics are provided in Schnaid (1990). The sand was placed into the testing tank from a low drop height to achieve a very loose state; the average dry density of all tests performed being 14.80 kn/m 3. The density for each test is included in Table 3, which also provides the testing programme. Results In this series of experiments, vertical load-penetration tests have been carried out as well as radial displacement tests. The majority of the testing programme, however, consisted of swipe tests either in one loading direction or a combination of two loading directions. In some swipe tests, the combined loading was simultaneous, for instance applying a moment and horizontal load at the same time. Several swipe tests of simultaneous in-plane moment and horizontal load (H 1 and M 1 or H 2 and M 2 according to Figure 3b) carried out at various ratios of H / M provide information on the eccentricity of the yield surface cross-section in the (H, M/2R) plane. In other tests, the footing was displaced in one direction before the displacement in that direction was halted as the footing was swiped in another direction. These tests, for instance applying H 1 first followed by H 2, may be used to show that the footing load path still traces the same yield surface, thus proving that the respective degrees-of-freedom are independent of 3

each other. In the yield surface equation this is reflected by the loading directions being uncoupled. A few elasticity tests have been attempted, too, but without feedback load control keeping the other degrees-of-freedom at their respective target value during the test, the results are ambiguous. The testing programme, documented in Table 3, has the following format: Test number Event Description V 0 w u 2 u 3 ω θ 2 θ 3 Density Time V load hold before swipe [N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [ ] [ ] [ ] [kn/m 3 ] [s] The files provided for each test include a test description (e.g. BBXX_description.xls) and the results file (e.g. BBXX_ResultsFile.dat). The format of the results file is time [s] in the first column, then loads in the order {V, H 2, H 3,, M 2, M 3 } in [N] and [Nm], respectively. This is followed by the displacements calculated from the LVDT readings {w, u 2, u 3, ω, θ 2, θ 3 } in [mm] and [rad], respectively. The loads and displacements refer to the ISIS sign convention shown in Figure 4. Time history plots are provided for all tests on a particular sample (e.g. BBXX.pdf, showing all events on sample XX). For each individual event, the horizontal, moment and torsional loads have also been plotted against the vertical load. The data files are denoted BBXX_EventY.pdf which contains the Y event on sample XX only. The corresponding data file is named BBXX_EventY.dat. The data in these files has the same order as in the results files. Conclusions Reported here is a comprehensive series of laboratory experiments on a rough circular flat footing on very loose sand subjected to loading in all six degrees-of-freedom. The tests were carried out to provide a database for validation of the theoretical extension of the ISIS plasticity footing macro model to cater for general loading in six-degrees-of-freedom. Acknowledgements This research was supported by an Australian Research Council's Linkage International Award (LX0560459), which is gratefully acknowledged. The first author also gratefully acknowledges the support of an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship of Australia and the University of Western Australia Postgraduate Students Association Research Travel Award. The funding for the development of the loading rig was obtained from the Lubbock Trustees, the Royal Society, EPSRC and the Department of Engineering Science at Oxford. The load cell was built by Clive Baker and the loading frame by Chris Waddup. The experiments described here could not have been carried out without the assistance of Bob Sawala and Chris Waddup. References Ap Gwilym, T.L. 2004. Control of a six degree of freedom loading rig. Fourth Year Project, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford. Byrne, B.W. 2000. Investigations of suction caissons in dense sand. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. 4

Byrne, B.W. and Houlsby, G.T. 2001. Observations of Footing Behaviour on Loose Carbonate Sands. Géotechnique 51 5:463-466. Byrne, B.W. and Houlsby, G.T. 2005. Investigating 6 degree-of-freedom loading on shallow foundations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG), Perth. Butterfield, R., Houlsby, G.T. and Gottardi, G. (1997). Standardised sign conventions and notation for generally loaded foundations. Géotechnique 47 5:1051-1054; corrigendum Géotechnique 48 1:157. Cassidy, M.J. 1999. Non-Linear Analysis of Jack-Up Structures Subjected to Random Waves. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Cassidy, M.J. and Bienen, B. 2002. Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Jack-Up Structures on Sand. Proc. 12th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushu, Japan. Cassidy, M.J. and Cheong, J. 2005. The behaviour of circular footings on sand subjected to combined vertical-torsion loading. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, accepted. Cassidy, M.J., Martin, C.M. and Houlsby, G.T. 2004. Development and application of force resultant models describing jack-up foundation behaviour. Marine Structures 17:165-193. Houlsby, G.T., 2003. Modelling of shallow foundations for offshore structures. International Conference on Foundations, Dundee, Scotland. Martin, C.M., 1994. Physical and Numerical Modelling of Offshore Foundations Under Combined Loads. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Schnaid, F. 1990. A study of the cone-pressuremeter test in sand. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Williams, R. 2005. Six degree of freedom loading tests on clay and sand. Fourth Year Project, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Oxford. 5

Set 1 COORDINATES (CMM) Number Type Size Description X Y Z 1 plane top surface of steel ring -386.472 313.005 0.000 2 circle 1280.136 steel ring 0.000-82.771-4.273 3 circle 149.334 footing 62.588 0.000 2.936 4 surface point Point 1 on steel ring -478.940-474.126 1.481 5 surface point Point 2 on steel ring 390.009-559.859 5.823 6 surface point Point 3 on steel ring -390.591 396.231-0.168 7 sphere 13.132 Pinned end actuator 1 89.911-149.481 145.144 8 sphere 13.144 Pinned end actuator 1 89.911-149.475 145.113 9 sphere 12.695 Fixed end actuator 1 88.010-622.287 186.890 10 sphere 12.687 Fixed end actuator 2-93.129-619.246 186.019 11 sphere 13.152 Pinned end actuator 2-90.624-146.450 144.165 12 sphere 13.091 Pinned end actuator 3-76.921-103.194 143.884 13 sphere 12.719 Fixed end actuator 3-522.233-96.516 182.716 14 sphere 12.696 Fixed end actuator 4 70.802-146.695 610.398 15 sphere 12.671 Fixed end actuator 6-79.472-144.126 610.313 16 sphere 13.172 Pinned end actuator 6-76.236-146.752 144.234 17 sphere 13.112 Pinned end actuator 4 75.447-149.322 145.008 18 sphere 12.727 Fixed end actuator 5-1.023-15.113 610.693 Set 2 COORDINATES (CMM) Number Type Size Description X Y Z 1 plane top surface of steel ring -411.532 421.827 0.000 2 circle 1281.493 steel ring 1.385 21.604-5.515 3 circle 149.047 footing 0.000 0.000 2.602 4 surface point Point 3 on steel ring -389.719 502.401-0.116 5 surface point Point 1 on steel ring -479.496-367.979 2.221 6 surface point Point 2 on steel ring 388.904-455.756 8.137 7 sphere 13.091 Pinned end actuator 4 75.149-44.426 146.395 8 sphere 12.765 Fixed end actuator 4 69.622-41.180 611.781 9 sphere 12.748 Fixed end actuator 5-1.694 90.679 611.808 11 sphere 13.143 Pinned end actuator 5 1.284 86.995 145.284 12 surface point outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 1 103.297-561.491 200.318 13 surface point outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 2-113.484-557.361 199.062 14 surface point middle of sticker on blue frame near end of actuator 3-604.166 5.374 242.880 15 surface point outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 6 588.102-21.730 296.081 16 surface point outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 1 1.324 614.895 287.916 17 circle 17.067 bolt (exchange for eye bolt) on top of blue frame -79.634-33.633 713.907 18 sphere 10.229 Fixed end of LVDT 2-76.128 141.039 273.172 19 sphere 11.129 Pinned end of LVDT 2-70.531 136.971 95.644 20 sphere 11.234 Pinned end of LVDT 1-82.920 137.201 95.592 21 sphere 10.954 Fixed end of LVDT 1-82.472 338.368 95.853 23 sphere 11.148 Fixed end of LVDT 2-74.277 141.195 273.812 24 sphere 11.160 Fixed end of LVDT 4 75.336 1332 273.351 25 sphere 11.118 Pinned end of LVDT 4 79.246 133.506 96.211 26 sphere 10.988 Pinned end of LVDT 3 91.589 133.224 96.166 27 sphere 11.060 Fixed end of LVDT 3 92.712 334.552 93.333 28 sphere 10.928 Fixed end of LVDT 6 312.844-15.344 97.169 29 sphere 11.121 Pinned end of LVDT 6 133.195-12.628 98.059 30 sphere 11.074 Fixed end of LVDT 5 124.929 8.556 276.311 31 sphere 11.205 Pinned end of LVDT 5 133.518 3.388 97.783 32 surface point cross x = y = 0 on platform 0.167 0.512 125.479 Table 1: Coordinates obtained from Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) (Two sets of data in the CMM coordinate system because the testing rig moved during the measuring procedure.) 6

FINAL COORDINATES (6DOF) Description X Y Z top surface of steel ring 0.000 steel ring 387.240-473.409 footing 105.603-61.755 0.155 Point 1 on steel ring -370.856 477.721 1.587 Point 2 on steel ring -452.839-391.601 0.965 Point 3 on steel ring 499.875 393.139-0.210 Pinned end actuator 1-44.373-90.274-141.295 Fixed end actuator 1-517.359-90.576-180.991 Fixed end actuator 2-515.100 90.576-180.831 Pinned end actuator 2-42.120 90.274-141.025 Pinned end actuator 3 1.195 76.760-140.879 Fixed end actuator 3 5.774 521.943-181.454 Fixed end actuator 4-43.687-72.953-606.627 Fixed end actuator 6-41.769 77.329-607.132 Pinned end actuator 6-42.361 75.886-141.037 Pinned end actuator 4-44.276-75.809-141.216 Fixed end actuator 5 880-0.563-607.771 Pinned end actuator 5 86.383-0.967-141.206 outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 1-561.525-108.585-192.225 outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 2-559.167 108.228-192.195 middle of sticker on blue frame near end of actuator 3-0.714 603.238-241.729 outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 6-18.319-589.490-288.160 outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 1 613.507 2.507-286.640 bolt (exchange for eye bolt) on top of blue frame -37.900 75.776-709.621 Fixed end of LVDT 2 139.116 76.166-269.808 Pinned end of LVDT 2 136.030 71.530-92.232 Pinned end of LVDT 1 136.158 83.921-92.251 Fixed end of LVDT 1 337.318 85.115-93.578 Fixed end of LVDT 2 139.284 74.312-270.438 Fixed end of LVDT 4 136.851-75.321-269.127 Pinned end of LVDT 4 133.790-78.271-91.949 Pinned end of LVDT 3 133.610-90.615-91.834 Fixed end of LVDT 3 334.952-90.077-90.065 Fixed end of LVDT 6-13.141-313.080-90.817 Pinned end of LVDT 6-11.904-133.422-92.721 Fixed end of LVDT 5 8.273-125.982-271.125 Pinned end of LVDT 5 4.116-133.613-92.527 cross x = y = 0 on platform 0.000-0.448-120.948 Table 2: Testing rig coordinates 7

Test number Event Description V0 w u2 u3 omega theta2 theta3 density time V load hold [N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [degrees] [degrees] [degrees] [kn/m3] [s] before swipe BB01 Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s 15 14.80 750 N/A BB02 Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, 17 14.79 300 N/A unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/s BB03 swipe H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 42 14 2 14.66 500 n BB04 swipe M3 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 407.97 14-1.5 14.86 500 n BB05 swipe simultaneous H3M3 swipe (out of plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 403.08 14 2-1.5 14.81 500 n BB06 swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (in plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 408.04 14 2 1.5 14.81 500 n BB07 swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (in plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 399.87 14 2-1.5 14.84 500 n BB08 swipe1 H2 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 426.40 14 2 14.85 500 n swipe2 H2 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 508.30 17 2 14.85 500 n BB09 swipe1 H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 415.89 14 2 14.83 500 n swipe2 H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 504.60 17-2 14.83 500 n BB10 swipe1 M2 swipes @ 0.003 degs/s 405.40 14 1.5 14.87 500 n swipe2 M2 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 497.38 17-1.5 14.87 500 n BB11 swipe1 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 481.68 14 1.5 14.78 500 n swipe2 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 537.44 17-1.5 14.78 500 n BB12 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.0015 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004625 mm/s) 506.16 14 (then) 1.85 (first) 0.15 14.74 100 + 400 y BB13 swipe2 H2 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.00389 mm/s) 517.69 19.382 (first) -0.25 (then) -1.75 14.69 100 + 450 y BB14 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.0016 degs/s), then M2 (@ 0.00268 degs/s) 357.84 12.036 (then) 1.34 (first) -0.16 14.84 100+ 500 y swipe2 M2 (@ 0.0016 degs/s), then M3 (@ 0.00268 degs/s) 521.74 14.876 (first) -0.16 (then) 1.34 14.84 100+ 500 y swipe3 M3 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 515.77 17.893-1.5 14.84 500 y swipe4 M3 (@ 0.0012 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00276 degs/s) 609.78 20.846 (then) -1.38 (first) -0.12 14.84 100+ 500 y BB15 swipe1 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 345.46 31 2 14.80 500 y swipe2 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 437.77 13.401-2 14.80 500 y swipe3 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 522.22 16.614-2 14.80 500 y swipe4 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 607.47 19.1 2 14.80 500 y BB16 swipe1 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 202.27 5.993-2 14.80 500 y swipe2 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 326.99 10.152 2 14.80 500 y swipe3 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 435.85 14.10 2 14.80 500 y swipe4 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 565.68 18.941-2 14.80 500 y swipe5 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 686.16 23.114 2 14.80 500 y swipe6 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 752.72 26.175-2 14.80 500 y swipe7 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 854.26 30.057 2 14.80 500 y BB17 swipe1 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 195.99 6.043 1.5 14.82 500 y swipe2 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 315.69 10.44-1.5 14.82 500 y swipe3 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 368.72 13.244 1.5 14.82 500 y swipe4 simultaneous H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 509.17 17.329-2 -1.5 14.82 500 y swipe5 simultaneous H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 646.10 22.2 2-1.5 14.82 500 y swipe6 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 736.32 26.0-1.5 14.82 500 y swipe7 simultaneous H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 855.02 29.785 2 1.5 14.82 500 y swipe8 simultaneous H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 962.59 33.9-2 1.5 14.82 500 y Table 1: Test programme 8

Test number Event Description V0 w u2 u3 omega theta2 theta3 density time V load hold [N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [degrees] [degrees] [degrees] [kn/m3] [s] before swipe BB18 swipe1 simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 214.98 5.674-2 -1.5 14.87 500 y swipe2 simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 313.73 75 2-1.5 14.87 500 y swipe3 simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 394.21 13.04-2 1.5 14.87 500 y swipe4 simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 513.28 17.221 2 1.5 14.87 500 y BB19 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004375 mm/s) 209.53 5.996 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.25 14.87 100 + 400 y swipe2 H2 (@ 0.0035 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004125 mm/s) 558.45 19. (first) 0.35 (then) 1.65 14.87 100 + 400 y swipe3 H3 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 672.00 23.130 (then) -1.5 (first) 0.5 14.87 125 + 375 y swipe4 H2 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004375 mm/s) 757.36 26.082 (first) -0.25 (then) -1.75 14.87 100 + 400 y swipe5 H3 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 862.24 29.778 (then) 1.7 (first) 0.3 14.87 75 + 425 y swipe6 H2 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 989.28 34.009 (first) 0.3 (then) -1.7 14.87 75 + 425 y BB20 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.00333 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.002955 degs/s) 501.87 15.947 (then) 1.3 (first) -0.2 14.86 60 + 440 y swipe2 M2 (@ 0.002955 degs/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.00333 degs/s) 600.08 19.058 (first) 0.2 (then) -1.3 14.86 60 + 440 y swipe3 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 746.43 22.851 (then) 1.35 (first) -0.15 14.86 50 + 450 y 4raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.15 24-34 0-1.5 14.86 500 N/A BB21 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (out of plane) 612.90 18.905 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 N/A 60 + 440 y swipe2 H3 (@0.004167 mm/s), then swipe (@0.00409 degs/s) 711.33 22.897 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 N/A 60 + 440 y 3raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 24-34 0-5 N/A 500 N/A BB22 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (in plane) 542.39 19.031 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.73 60 + 440 y swipe2 H2 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (out of plane) 643.67 22.848 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 14.73 60 + 440 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.3 25-29 1.5 14.73 500 N/A BB23 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.00333 mm/s) (out of plane) 519.26 18.922 (then) 1.5 (first) -0.15 14.77 50 + 450 y swipe2 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 604.52 22.927 (then) 1.38 (first) -0.12 14.77 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test dtheta3 / dz = 0.15 24-34 -1.5 14.77 500 N/A BB24 swipe1 M2 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.002935 mm/s) (out of plane) 546.37 19.018 (then) 1.35 (first) 0.12 14.88 40 + 460 y swipe2 M2 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 617 23.039 (then) 1.38 (first) 0.12 14.88 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test du3 / dz = 1.0 24-34 0-10 14.88 500 N/A BB25 swipe1 H2 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) 500.25 18.959 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.83 60 + 440 y swipe2 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.0032609 mm/s) 593.76 22.906 (then) 1.5 (first) 0.12 14.83 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test dtheta3 / dz = 0.1 24-34 0 - (-1.0) 14.83 500 N/A BB26 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) (out of plane) 512.79 18.87 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 14.89 60 + 440 y swipe2 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) 605.26 ~ 23 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.89 60 + 440 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 25-30 0-1.0 14.89 500 N/A BB27 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then swipe (@ 0.0056818 degs/s) 523.44 18.857 (first) 0.25 (then) 2.5 14.88 60 + 440 y swipe2 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then swipe (@ 0.0054348 degs/s) 639.08 22.8 (then) 2.5 (first) -0.12 14.88 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 2.0 25-30 0-10 14.88 500 N/A BB28 swipe1 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) 532.01 18.846 (first) 0.12 (then) -1.5 14.89 40 + 460 y swipe2 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.0033409 degs/s) 635.85 22.763 (first) 0.12 (then) 1.5 14.89 60 + 440 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.5 25-30 0-2.5 14.89 500 N/A BB29 swipe1 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.003409 mm/s) 542.16 18.859 (then) 1.5 (first) 0.12 14.90 60 + 440 y swipe2 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then swipe (@ 0.0054348 degs/s) 623.58 22.842 (first) 0.25 (then) 2.5 14.90 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.25 24-34 2.5 14.90 500 N/A Table 3: Test programme (continued) 9

Test number Event Description V0 w u2 u3 omega theta2 theta3 density time V load hold [N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [degrees] [degrees] [degrees] [kn/m3] [s] before swipe BB30 swipe1 M2 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.0039773 mm/s) (in plane) 515.52 18.89 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.12 14.80 60 + 440 y swipe2 M3 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.0039773 mm/s) (out of plane) 624.60 22.932 (then) 1.75 (first) -0.12 14.80 60 + 440 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 24-34 2.0 14.80 500 N/A BB31 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) (in plane) 528.86 18.771 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.92 40 + 460 y swipe2 H2 (@ 0.00265 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) (in plane) 654.20 22.868 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.92 40 + 460 y 3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 21-31 2.0 14.92 500 N/A BB32 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.004348 degs/s) (out of plane) 512.79 17.036 (first) 0.25 (then) -2.0 14.93 40 + 460 y swipe2 swipe (@ 0.004 degs/s) 605.26 20.692 2.0 14.93 500 y 3raddispl radial displacement test dy / dz = 1.0 25-35 0-20 14.93 500 N/A BB33 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.25 0-10 2.5 14.91 500 N/A 2swipe swipe (@ 0.004 degs/s) 522.54 18.27 2.0 14.91 500 y 3swipe H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.00409 mm/s) 68 21.436 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.25 14.91 40 + 460 y 4raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 25-35 0-5 14.91 500 N/A BB34 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.5 0-10 0-5 14.91 500 N/A 2elasticity elasticity omega (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 350 N 17.405 ~ 0.077 14.91 60 N/A 3elasticity elasticity theta2 (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 350 N 17.423-0.2 14.91 60 N/A 4swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 603.99 21.53 2-3 14.91 500 y 5elasticity elasticity omega (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 907 N 33.8 0.2 14.91 60 N/A 6elasticity elasticity theta2 (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 907 N 33.8 0.2 14.91 60 N/A BB35 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.15 0-10 0-1 14.90 500 N/A 2swipe swipe from low V/V0 (@ 0.004 degs/s) 512.26 17.967 2 14.90 500 y 3swipe swipe from low V/V0 (@ 0.004 degs/s) 626.21 22.149 2 14.90 500 y 4Vunloadreload Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, various 14.90 N/A unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/s BB36 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 1.0 and dbeta / dz = 0.3 0-10 0-10 0-3 14.92 500 N/A 2swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 466.53 18.994 2 3 14.92 500 y 3swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.002 degs/s) (in plane) 608.61 24.054-2 -1 14.92 500 y 4Vunloadreload Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, various 14.92 N/A unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/s BB37 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 1.0 0-10 0-10 14.89 500 N/A 2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 504.67 19.411-2 -3 14.89 500 y BB38 1raddispl radial displacement test dtheta2 / dz = 0.2 0-10 0-2 14.94 500 N/A 2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.01 degs/s) (in plane) 513.72 18 2-5 14.94 500 y BB39 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 and domega / dz = 0.4 0-10 0-5 0-4 14.94 500 N/A 2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.01 degs/s) (in plane) 496.39 ~ 19-2 -5 14.94 500 y Table 3: Test programme (continued) 10

Actuator 4 Actuator 6 Actuator 1 Actuator 5 Actuator 2 Actuator 3 Footing Load cell Figure 1: Photo of six degree-of-freedom loading rig, actuator arrangement LVDT 5 LVDT 3 LVDT 6 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 LVDT 4 Figure 2: Close-up of loading platform, LVDT arrangement 11

y Actuator 6 Actuator 3 M 1, β H 2, y Actuator 2 M 2, α Actuator 1 Actuator 5 Actuator 4 x, γ H 1, x V, z a) b) Figure 3: 6 dof testing rig coordinate system and sign convention H 2 2 2R M 2 H 3 1 V M 3 3 Figure 4: ISIS sign convention (after Butterfield et al., 1997) 12

Record of test: BB01_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 13

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB01_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 14

Record of test: BB02_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 15

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB02_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 16

Record of test: BB03_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 17

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB03_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 18

Record of test: BB04_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 19

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB04_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 20

Record of test: BB05_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 21

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB05_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 22

Record of test: BB06_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 23

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB06_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 24

Record of test: BB07_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 25

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB07_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 26

Record of test: BB08_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 27

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB08_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 28

Record of test: BB09_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 29

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB09_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 30

Record of test: BB10_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 31

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB10_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 32

Record of test: BB11_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 33

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB11_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 34

Record of test: BB12_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 35

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB12_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 36

Record of test: BB13_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 37

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB13_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 38

Record of test: BB14_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 39

Record of test: BB14_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 40

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB14_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 41

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB14_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 42

Record of test: BB15_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 43

Record of test: BB15_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 44

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB15_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 45

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB15_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 46

Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 47

Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 48

Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 10000.0 t (s) 15000.0 49

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 50

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 51

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB16_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 10000.0 t (s) 15000.0 52

Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 53

Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 54

Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 10000.0 t (s) 15000.0 55

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 56

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 57

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB17_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 10000.0 t (s) 15000.0 58

Record of test: BB18_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 59

Record of test: BB18_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 60

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB18_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 61

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB18_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 62

Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_I V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 63

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_I 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 64

Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 65

Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 66

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 67

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 68

Record of test: BB20_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 69

Record of test: BB20_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 70

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB20_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 71

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB20_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 72

Record of test: BB21_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 73

Record of test: BB21_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 74

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB21_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 75

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB21_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 76

Record of test: BB22_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 77

Record of test: BB22_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 78

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB22_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 79

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB22_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 80

Record of test: BB23_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 81

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB23_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 82

Record of test: BB24_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 83

Record of test: BB24_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 84

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB24_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 85

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB24_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 86

Record of test: BB25_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 87

Record of test: BB25_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 88

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB25_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 89

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB25_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 90

Record of test: BB26_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 91

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB26_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 92

Record of test: BB27_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 93

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB27_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 94

Record of test: BB28_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 95

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB28_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 96

Record of test: BB29_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 97

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB29_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 98

Record of test: BB30_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 99

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB30_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 100

Record of test: BB31_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 101

Record of test: BB31_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 102

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB31_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 103

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB31_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 104

Record of test: BB32_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 105

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB32_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 106

Record of test: BB33_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 107

Record of test: BB33_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 108

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB33_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 109

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB33_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 5000.0 t (s) 10000.0 110

Record of test: BB34_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 111

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB34_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 112

Record of test: BB35_ResultsFile_I V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 113

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB35_ResultsFile_I 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 114

Record of test: BB35_ResultsFile_II V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 115

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB35_ResultsFile_II 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 116

Record of test: BB36_ResultsFile_I V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 117

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB36_ResultsFile_I 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 118

Record of test: BB36_ResultsFile_II V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 119

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB36_ResultsFile_II 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 120

Record of test: BB37_ResultsFile_I V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 121

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB37_ResultsFile_I 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 122

Record of test: BB37_ResultsFile_II V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 123

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB37_ResultsFile_II 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 124

Record of test: BB38_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 125

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB38_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 126

Record of test: BB39_ResultsFile V H 2 0.0 H 3 M 2 M 3 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 127

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sand Record of test: BB39_ResultsFile 40.0 w u 2 5.0 u 3-3.0 5.0-3.0 0.05 ω θ 2 0.04 θ 3 0.04 0.0 t (s) 5000.0 128

Record of test: BB03_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 129

Record of test: BB04_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 130

Record of test: BB05_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 131

Record of test: BB06_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 132

Record of test: BB07_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 133

Record of test: BB08_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 134

Record of test: BB08_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 135

Record of test: BB09_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 136

Record of test: BB09_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 137

Record of test: BB10_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 138

Record of test: BB10_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 139

Record of test: BB11_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 140

Record of test: BB11_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 141

Record of test: BB12_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 142

Record of test: BB13_swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 143

Record of test: BB14_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 144

Record of test: BB14_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 145

Record of test: BB14_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 146

Record of test: BB14_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 147

Record of test: BB15_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 148

Record of test: BB15_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 149

Record of test: BB15_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 150

Record of test: BB15_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 151

Record of test: BB16_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 152

Record of test: BB16_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 153

Record of test: BB16_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 154

Record of test: BB16_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 155

Record of test: BB16_swipe5 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 156

Record of test: BB16_swipe6 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 157

Record of test: BB16_swipe7 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 158

Record of test: BB17_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 159

Record of test: BB17_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 160

Record of test: BB17_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 161

Record of test: BB17_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 162

Record of test: BB17_swipe5 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 163

Record of test: BB17_swipe6 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 164

Record of test: BB17_swipe7 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 165

Record of test: BB17_swipe8 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 166

Record of test: BB18_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 167

Record of test: BB18_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 168

Record of test: BB18_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 169

Record of test: BB18_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 170

Record of test: BB19_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 171

Record of test: BB19_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 172

Record of test: BB19_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 173

Record of test: BB19_swipe4 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 174

Record of test: BB19_swipe5 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 175

Record of test: BB19_swipe6 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 176

Record of test: BB20_4raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 177

Record of test: BB20_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 178

Record of test: BB20_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 179

Record of test: BB20_swipe3 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 180

Record of test: BB21_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 181

Record of test: BB21_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 182

Record of test: BB21_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 183

Record of test: BB22_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 184

Record of test: BB22_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 185

Record of test: BB22_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 186

Record of test: BB23_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 187

Record of test: BB23_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 188

Record of test: BB23_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 189

Record of test: BB24_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 190

Record of test: BB24_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 191

Record of test: BB24_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 192

Record of test: BB25_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 193

Record of test: BB25_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 194

Record of test: BB25_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 195

Record of test: BB26_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 196

Record of test: BB26_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 197

Record of test: BB26_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 198

Record of test: BB27_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 199

Record of test: BB27_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 200

Record of test: BB27_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 201

Record of test: BB28_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 202

Record of test: BB28_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 203

Record of test: BB28_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 204

Record of test: BB29_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 205

Record of test: BB29_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 206

Record of test: BB29_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 207

Record of test: BB30_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 208

Record of test: BB30_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 209

Record of test: BB30_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 210

Record of test: BB31_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 211

Record of test: BB31_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 212

Record of test: BB31_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 213

Record of test: BB32_3raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 214

Record of test: BB32_swipe1 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 215

Record of test: BB32_swipe2 H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 216

Record of test: BB33_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 217

Record of test: BB33_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 218

Record of test: BB33_3swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 219

Record of test: BB34_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 220

Record of test: BB34_2elasticity H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 221

Record of test: BB34_3elasticity H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 222

Record of test: BB34_4swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 223

Record of test: BB34_5elasticity H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 224

Record of test: BB34_6elasticity H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 225

Record of test: BB35_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 226

Record of test: BB35_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 227

Record of test: BB35_3swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 228

Record of test: BB36_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 229

Record of test: BB36_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 230

Record of test: BB36_3swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 231

Record of test: BB37_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 232

Record of test: BB37_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 233

Record of test: BB38_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 234

Record of test: BB38_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 235

Record of test: BB39_1raddispl H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 236

Record of test: BB39_2swipe H 2, H 3 M 2, M 3 0.0 V 237