Watershed Management for Asifabad and Wankadi Taluks, Adilabad District A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach Yassir Arafat M.N., VIT University, Karnataka Arafath.yassir@gmail.com Abstract. The aim of this project was the development of action plans for watershed management. Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary. (wikipedia). The recent technologies like Remote Sensing and GIS helps us by giving a quicker and cost effective analysis for various applications with accuracy for Planning. It also gives a better perspective for understanding the problems and therefore helps Planners evolve a better solution for sustainable development. The study area is Asifabad and Wankadi Taluks, parts of Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh, India lying between longitudes 78 o 55 to 80 o 0 and latitudes 18 o 45 to 19 o 35, covered by toposheets no 56M with a scale of 1:2,50,000. From sources like Multi Spectral Imageries (ETM+), RADAR (SRTM) data, GSI Maps and SOI Toposheets; the thematic layers for GIS analysis were prepared by image processing of the raw data. A special emphasis is laid on the development of action plan for land and water resources management mainly based on the land use/ land, cover, geomorphology and slope of the area. From the final output of these themes generated; recharge wells, percolation tank and check dams are recommended for the study area, mainly to control sedimentation from the catchments. To increase the groundwater recharge and vegetative cover to control soil erosion, various action plans like construction of recharge structures, afforestation etc have been proposed. This project describes in brief the work carried out for the study area using remote sensing and GIS. Key words: Watershed, ETM+, SRTM RADAR data, Sustainable Development 1. Introduction Land and water are the two most valuable and essential resources which forms the basis of all the life and forms key resource in all economic activities ranging from agriculture to industry. India is basically an agrarian country with a gross cropped area of 177m.ha. out of the total geographical area 328.7m.ha (R.C.Tiwari et al). Rain fed agriculture is undertaken in more than 60% of the country (National Commission on Agriculture). The concept of development of land and water resources on watershed basis gained importance in India since 1974. The watershed approach is increasingly being deployed in various development programs to manage the water and land resources like soil and water conservation, dry land or rain fed farming, ravine reclamation, control of shifting cultivation etc. Keeping it in mind, this project for developing the water resource and land resource was carried out. 42
2. Objectives The objectives of the current study are as follows: 1. To study the available water resources and evaluate the natural resources using Remote sensing data for the extraction of feasibility condition for its development. 2. To study the Topography by interpreting RADAR data and extracting layers which can be used for the present study i.e. Slope, DEM for 3D analysis etc. 3. To map all the thematic information by interpreting the satellite imageries and also from SOI Toposheets, GSI Maps for the production of thematic maps through Arc/Info software. The thematic information includes Land use/land cover, Hydro Geomorphology, Drainage network, Lineaments, Soil, Geology, Roads etc., 4. To prepare the action plan maps i.e. land resources development and water resource development by integrating the information obtained from the analysis 3. Softwares Used ERDAS 9.1 ArcInfo 9.2 MS Office Package 4. Data Used LISS III Multi Spectral Data SRTM RADAR Data SOI Toposheets GSI Maps 5. Methodology 5.1 Satellite data processing using ERDAS 9.1 Image Processing Software Layers like slope, DEM, were extracted from SRTM RADAR Data which was used in the analysis for creating the action plans. Layers like Lineaments through visual interpretation and Land Use/ Land Cover through Hybrid Classification were extracted which was highly useful for the hydrology based analysis. 5.2 Digitization of Maps From the SOI Toposheet and GSI maps the layers such as drainage, geology, lineaments, soil, geomorphology etc., digitized were used for weighted overlay analysis as well as suitability analysis From the line features like Lineaments and Drainage, their densities per unit area were mapped for overlay analysis and water resource action plan. 5.3 Analysis Then based on the criteria these layers were integrated and used according to requirements of the analysis. Three types of analysis were carried out namely, weighted overlay analysis for groundwater potential, suitability analysis for land resource development 43
Basic Data Table1: Thematic Layers Extracted And its Sources Thematic Input Data Derived Layers Multi Spectral Data FCC Lineaments Image Classification Lineament Density Geomorphology Land Use/ Land Cover RADAR (SRTM) Data Image DEM Slope SOI Toposheet Toposheet Drainage Drainage Density Roads Fire Hazard Zone GSI Maps Soil Soil Geomorphology Geomorphology Geology Geology Lineaments Permeability Yield Prospects Groundwater Restriction Work Flow 44
SATTELITE DATA MAP DATA MULTISPECTRAL DATA SRTM DATA SOI MAP GSI MAP DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING FEATURE EXTRACTION DRAINAGE GEOLOGY LINEAMENT DELINEATION LU/LC CLASSIFICATION DEM SOIL SLOPE MAP GEOMOPHOLOGY LINEAMENT DELINEATION INPUT DATABASE CREATION RASTER ANALYSIS VECTOR ANALYSIS WEIGHTED OVERLAY ANALYSIS SUITABILTY ANALYSIS SPATIAL QUERY GROUND WATER POTENTIAL MAP LAND RESOURCE MAP WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5.3.1Criteria used in the Analysis 1. Weighted Overlay Analysis using modified Drastic Model (EPA). GROUND WATER POTENTIAL = 0.2*GM + 0.1 * GO + 0.2 * LD + 0.1 * ST + 0.15 * DD + 0.15 * SL + 0.1 * LU/LC Where GM = Geomorphology, GO = Geology, LD = Lineament Density, ST = Soil Type, DD = Drainage Density, SL = Slope, LU/LC = Land Use / Land Cover 2. Suitability Analysis for Land Resource Development based on criteria adopted for National Afforestation Program. Silvipasture in areas with >60% slope and structural hills. Afforestation in areas with open vegetation cover. Contour Bunding in areas with open forest and slope 30 60%. Intense Agriculture in areas with high drainage and favourable soil. 3. Queries for Water resource action Recharge Wells to be suggested in areas within 100m buffer of lineaments and proximity to drainage. Basin Recharge to be suggested in areas with open area, slope <5%, stream order >=3, high permeability zones. Check dams to be suggested in areas with stream order >=3, valleys and plains with high permeability zones. Percolation ponds to be suggested areas with stream order>3. 6. Results and Recommendations 6.1 Groundwater Potential Map The Multi Spectral and RADAR data along with SOI and GSI maps were analyzed to generate spatial layers of drainage, land use / land cover, hydrogeomorphology, slope, soil, geology, drainage density and lineament density. All the above thematic layers are integrated for the generation of groundwater potential map which was inturn used for the generation of an action plan, which is optimally suitable to the terrain and to the development of local resources so that the level of production is sustained without decline over time. Various water resources development and management techniques, soil and water conservation measures 45
and optimal land use patterns are suggested for the overall sustainable economic development of the watershed. Groundwater Potential Of the Region 1% 7% 21% poor low 30% moderate good excellent 41% 6.2 Water Resource Development: An action plan for water resources development is generated, by integrating all the thematic layers in which 5 recharge wells, 5 check dams and 2 percolation tanks and 3 basin recharge sites were recommended and is shown below in water resource development map. The check dams are recommended to regulate the surface water flow thereby increasing its influence over the command area and the ground water levels. Percolation tanks are recommended across the streams to distribute the groundwater recharge over large area and to have assured augmented water. 6.3 Land Resource Development: Action plan for land resources development prepared by overlaying the thematic maps such as groundwater potential map, soil, drainage density, slope and existing land use / land cover pattern; in order to suggests various developmental activities like silvipasture, afforestation, intense agriculture, fodder production and contour bunding. The action plan for land resources is shown below in land resource development map. By adopting suitable soil and water conservation measures like contour bunding, lands with poor productivity and serious soil erosion can be brought under fodder, silvipasture and social forestry development. These developmental activities help in reduced soil erosion, increased moisture conservation and improved productivity of the soil. 46
Land Resource Development Proposals 1% 30% 18% 4% silvipasture 47% no action afforestation+contour bunding intense cultivation+fodder production intense cultivation Recommendations The current work done was a macro analysis, and due time constraints as it was an academic project, ground truthing or micro analysis for watershed could not be carried out. So it is advised to carry out an micro analysis supported by ground truthing before implementation of these development plans. 7. Conclusions All the above results aim for optimum development of land and water resources and to meet the basic minimum needs of people thereby improving their socio economic conditions. The information generated from such studies can be applied by decision makers and planners for sustainable development of any given watershed area. 47
8. References G.K. Ekanayake & N.D.K. Dayawansa, Land suitability identification for a production forest through GIS techniques. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya Sri Lanka. Map India Conference 2003. Padmaja Vuppala, Siva Sankar Asadi, Pavani.S and Anji Reddy.M Remote Sensing Applications For The Management of Water And Land Resources in Rainfed Area of PRAKASAM District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Informatics Archives, Volume 2 (2004), 885 892 Piara singh, Vijaya D., Chinh, N.T., Aroon Pongkanjana, Prasad, K.S., Srinivas, K. and Wani, S.P. 2001. Potential productivity and yield gap of selected crops in the rain fed regions of India. Thailand, and Vietnam. Natural Resource Management Programme Report no.5 Patancheru 502 324,Andhra Pradesh, India :International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics. 52 pp. Wani, S.P., Pathak, P., Tam, H.M., Ramakrishna, A., Singh, P. and Sreedevi, T.K. 2001. Integrated Watershed Management for Minimizing Land Degradation and Sustaining productivity in Asia, paper presented in UNU Workshop on integrated 48
land management in the dry areas at Beijing, China, during 8 13 September 2001.pp 207 230. Wani, S.P., Sreedevi, T.K, Singh, H.P., Pathak, P. and Rego T. J. 2002 Innovative Farmer Participatory Integrated Management model: Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, India A success story! Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India, International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics. 24 pp. D K Todd..Groundwater Hydrology.. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980, p 235. Ven Te Chow, Applied Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986 ch 8 Groundwater Recharge. A.K. Sharma, J.G. Patel, N.M. Suthar and Shailesh Nayak, Resources Information System For Kharkai River Sub Catchment, Subarnarekha River catchment, Covering Parts Of The Singhbhum And Mayurbhanj Districts Of Jharkhand And Orissa States. Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad. K. Sharma, R. R. Navalgund, A. K. Pandey and K. K. Rao Micro watershed development plans using Remote Sensing and GIS for a part of Shetrunji river basin, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat GISdevelopment.net > Application > Natural Resource Management. Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad and U. T. D. Barkatullah Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal A.Sarangi, N.H. Rao, Sheena M. Brownee, A.K. Singh Use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tool in watershed hydrology and irrigation water management GISdevelopment.net > Application > Natural Resource Management. IARI New Delhi and NAARM, Hyderabad Biswajit Sarma, A. K. Saraf Study of Landuse Groundwater relationship using an Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS approach GISdevelopment.net > Application > Natural Resource Management. Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. Susan K. McIlroy, Cliff Montagne, Clain A. Jones, Brian L. McGlynn., Identifying Linkages Between Land Use, Geomorphology, and Aquatic Habitat in a Mixed Use Watershed Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008 Environmental Management (2008) 42:867 876 49