Predation of Aphids in Organic Prunes: How Many Predators are Enough? Nick Mills University of California, Berkeley

Predation of Aphids in Organic Prunes: How Many Predators are Enough? Nick Mills University of California, Berkeley

Mealy Plum Aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (MPA) in Organic Prune Production in California Reduces tree growth Produces copious honeydew May interact with irrigation to increase fruit splitting

Aphid Life Cycle Mealy Plum Aphid (MPA) Prune Prunus domestica Holocyclic and heteroecious Common Reed Phragmites australis

Predation in Organic Prunes In organic prunes MPA are preyed upon by a wide range of aphid predators How may predators are needed to achieve adequate control of MPA?

Predator Assemblage of MPA in California Relative Abundance Chrysoperla plorabunda Leucopis spp. Aphidoletes aphidimyza Chrysopa nigricornis Harmonia axyridis Hippodamia convergens

Understanding Predation: Theoretical Basis For aphids, population size (N ) results from a balance between reproduction and mortality and can be represented by a simple model of exponential growth (r) and predation (gp ): dn/dt = rn - gp The integrated form of this model is: N t+1 = N t e rt + gp/r (1-e rt ) Xia et al. (2003) Van der Heide et al. (2006) So for zero growth (N t+1 = N t ): gp = rn t the daily predation capacity (gp) must balance the potential for aphid reproduction (rn t )

How Many Predators are Enough? This is determined by two factors: r - the seasonal change in aphid population growth g - the per capita daily predation capacity

Estimating r : Seasonal Changes in MPA Population Growth Estimated from small individual colonies of MPA enclosed in gauze bags (to exclude predators) over a 1 wk period Monitored on new shoots in 3 fullyirrigated orchards for each of 2 yrs Estimated as r = (1/t)ln(N t+1 /N t )

Estimating r : Seasonal Changes in MPA Population Growth 0.3 Population growth rate r (95% CI) 0.1-0.1-0.3-0.5 70 100 130 160 190 220 250 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Latham & Mills (2010) Julian date y = 0.127 - (0.00005*exp[0.0354*x]) F 2,46 = 22.67, R 2 = 0.47, P < 0.001

Estimating g: Per Capita Predation Capacity (Mills 2005) Laboratory estimation - # prey consumed over 24h in artificial arenas by individual predators Field cage estimation difference in prey abundance after 24h between cages with and w/out predators Field gut detection quantify immunological or molecular markers in the gut content of individual predators Direct field observation point observations from many predator individuals or continuous monitoring of single individuals for feeding events

Estimating g: Per Capita Predation Capacity Per capita daily predation rate g ij was estimated by direct observation from 30 trees in each of 2 orchards in June (peak predator abundance): g ij = (ta * f ij )/tc ij ta active period each day, assumed equal to daylight hours (11-16h) f ij - proportion of t a spent feeding by predator of stage j and species i tc ij consumption time for single aphid by stage j of species i, h

Estimating g: Per Capita Predation Capacity Per capita daily consumption of aphids (16 h) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Latham & Mills (2010)

How Many Predators are Needed for MPA? Max MPA per Predator Larva 10000 Max MPA per predator for no population growth 1000 100 10 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Julian day H. convergens C. nigricornis H. axyridis Leucopis spp. A. aphidimyza

MPA and Predator Densities in Prunes Sutter Orchard 1997 Mean aphids per 100cm 2 800 600 400 200 0 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Mean predators per 100cm 2 0.5 Chrysopid larvae Coccinellid larvae 0.4 0.3 Harmonia adults Hippodamia adults Leucopis larvae Aphidoletes larvae 0.2 0.1 0 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Julian date

How Many C. nigricornis Larvae are Needed? Sutter Orchard 1997 Aphids killed per 100 cm 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 100 130 160 190 220 250 Mar Required Observed Apr May Jun Jul Aug C. nigricornis larvae per 100 cm 2 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Needed Observed 0.0 70 100 130 160 190 220 250 Mar Enhancement only feasible early season 1 larva /100 leaves Apr May Jun Jul Aug Julian day

Conclusions Simple models can help to evaluate the feasibility of predator enhancement Natural predator densities don t prevent outbreaks of MPA in organic prunes If feasible, predator enhancement for MPA must occur early-season before natural populations are active Increase of gp through importation of parasitoid, or reduction of r through deficit irrigation may be more feasible than increasing the number of predators to a sufficient level in organic prunes