Exam 3 Concepts! CH110 FA10 SAS 33
Properties of Gases What sorts of elements and compounds tend to be found as gasses at room temperature? What are the physical properties of gases? What is pressure? How do we measure it? What units do we use? What is STP? Gas Laws How are V and P related at constant number of moles and T? How are V and T related for constant number of moles and pressure? Hhow are the V and number of moles of a gas related at constant T, P? What is the Ideal Gas Law? How are density and molar mass related? CH110 FA10 SAS 34
Gas Mixtures What is partial pressure hand how does Dalton s Law help us to use it? What is the mole fraction of a gas? Kinetic Molecular Theory How does KMT help us to describe ideal gases? What are the postulates of KMT? At a given temperature, what do we know about the kinetic energy of any given gas based on KMT? What is the root mean square speed of a gas at a given temperature and how is it related to the mass of the gas particles? What are diffusion and effusion and how does the speed at which a gas will do either relate to its molar mass? What is the mean free path and how is it related to pressure? CH110 FA10 SAS 35
Kinetic Molecular Theory How does KMT explain the pressure and temperature of a gas, the gas laws, and the rates of effusion and diffusion? Real Gases What effect does the V of a gas particle have when we assume an ideal gas? What effects do intermolecular forces have on the observed properties of gases when we assume an ideal gas? How does the van der Waals Equation explain the properties of real gases? In what way do you expect a real gas to deviate from ideal behavior as pressure is increased from low to high? In what way do you expect a real gas to deviate from ideal behavior as temperature increases? CH110 FA10 SAS 36
Gases in the Atmosphere What is the relationship between mole fraction and ppm? What are the trends in temperature and pressure moving up in the atmosphere? Gases in the Upper Atmosphere What are the major types of photochemical reactions? What types of oxygen compounds are found in the upper atmosphere and what are their benefits? What types of pollutants are found in the upper atmosphere and what are their risks? Gases in the Troposphere What are primary and secondary pollutants? How does sulfur chemistry in the atmosphere impact our environment? What are greenhouse gases and how do they impact our environment? CH110 FA10 SAS 37
Properties of Liquids What are viscosity and surface tension? What are the differences between cohesive and adhesive forces? What is vapor pressure and what does it tell you about a liquid and its associated gas? Phase Changes What is a phase diagram and how do you read it? What is unusual about the phase diagram of water? What are the two types of enthalpies that must be measured in order to determine the total enthalpy change associated with a heating curve? What is the normal boiling point and how do you use it in connection with the vapor pressure and kinetic molecular theory to explain the liquid/gas phase transition? CH110 FA10 SAS 38
Solutions and Dilutions What is a homogeneous solution? What is the difference between a solvent and a solute? What are the commonly used units of solute concentration and how do you convert them? How do you calculate the final concentration of a solute after a dilution? Electrolytes What is a strong electrolyte and how do you What is a weak electrolyte and how do you What is a nonelectrolyte and how do you How do you describe the dissolution process for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes? CH110 FA10 SAS 39
Solutions and Dilutions What is a homogeneous solution? What is the difference between a solvent and a solute? What are the commonly used units of solute concentration and how do you convert them? How do you calculate the final concentration of a solute after a dilution? Electrolytes What is a strong electrolyte and how do you What is a weak electrolyte and how do you What is a nonelectrolyte and how do you How do you describe the dissolution process for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes? CH110 FA10 SAS 40
Intermolecular Forces and Solubility What does like dissolves like mean? Can you describe the dissolution process of an ionic solid? Can you predict the relative solubility of two solutes in a given solvent? Thermodynamics of Solvation What is the relationship between enthalpy of dissolution and solubility? When solute dissolution is endothermic, what other factor can make dissolution occur spontaneously? Pressure and Temperature Effects What effect does the temperature have on the dissolution of solids? What effect does the pressure have on the dissolution of gases? What is Henry s Law and how do you apply it? CH110 FA10 SAS 41
Colligative Properties and Vapor Pressure What are colligative properties and what do they depend on? What is the relationship between solute concentration and the vapor pressure of a solvent? Freezing point and Boiling Point Why does addition of a solute to a solvent decrease its freezing point? Why does addition of a solute to a solvent increase its boiling point? How can we use these properties to determine solute molecular weights? Osmotic Pressure What is osmotic pressure? What are hypertonic and hypotonic solutions? CH110 FA10 SAS 42
Colligative Properties What are colligative properties and what do they depend on? Do colligative properties matter in the environment? Colloids What is the difference between a colloid and a homogeneous solution? What are some common natural and anthropogenic colloids? What is the tyndall effect? Solutions in the Environment Do we have enough fresh water? What is reverse osmosis? CH110 FA10 SAS 43