How can management effectively restore / recreate / How can management effectively restore / recreate / How can we determine the effectiveness of these biodiversity conservation efforts? Biological Scale Interactions among genes, individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems are what give rise to diversity e.g., predation is a community interaction that affects biodiversity What is the appropriate landscape scale? How can management effectively restore / recreate / maintain important features required to conserve How can management effectively restore / recreate / What is our target?
How can management effectively restore / recreate / Structural components Biological components Managing for biodiversity by maintaining structure But what is the relationship between structure and Guild Root (967 introduced the word guild to describe a group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in the same way. If interspecific competition is to occur at all, or if it has occurred in the past, then it will be most likely to occur, or have occurred, within guilds (Begon, Harper, Townsend 99 Groups of species exploiting a common resource base in a similar fashion (Krebs 994 Lifeforms The relationship of the species to their habitats is the basis for grouping them into lifeforms Concept adapted from Haapanen s division of birds of the Finnish forests into groups based on specific combinations of habitat requirements for breeding and feeding 378 species were reduced to 6 lifeforms Thomas et al. (979 Thomas et al. (979 Lifeform 3 Reproduces In own hole excavated in tree Feeds In trees, in bushes, on the ground, or in the air # of Species 3 Examples Common flicker, Pileated woodpecker, Red-breasted nuthatch Lifeform 4 Reproduces In hole made by another species or in a natural hole Feeds On the ground, in water, or in the air # of Species 37 Examples Wood duck, American kestrel, Northern flying squirrel 2
Lifeform recommendation Management: Leave old and dead trees standing to benefit primary and secondary cavity nesters But will they be there? The premise tested by this work was whether structural components by themselves can be used to monitor biodiversity across the landscape Lifeform Classification Developing the Lifeform Classification Lifeforms are being constructed based on individual species habitat and structural needs to meet breeding and feeding requirements Lifeform Classification 5. Coarse woody debris. Requires CWD for reproduction, cover, or foraging. 6. Shrubs or young seral. Reproduces in shrubs, feeds over water, on the ground, in shrubs, or open area. Does not require extensive forest canopy. 7. Shrubs and forest. Reproduces on ground, in shrubs, or trees, feeds in shrubs or forest. Methods used Species Detections Taxa Point Counts Traps Plot Surveys Transects Totals Taxa Amphibians Number of Species Detected 4 Birds 5843 777 6 668 Mammals 427 722 725 874 Reptiles Amphibians 9 42 5 Birds 5 Reptiles All Taxa 5843 427 58 829 867 Mammals 26 3
Structural Data Sampling was designed to allow an examination of spatial variation and structural complexity within each of the plots 2-m radius subplots: percent cover in layers from ground to canopy. 2-m extensions for CWD 3cm diameter 5.64-m radius circle: trees and snags 7.5cm; count trees <7.5 cm but >.3m tall; estimate canopy coverage m Plot Centre: 4 densiometer readings; general plot attributes 24-m transects used for CWD (>7.5cm, shrub intercept and canopy gap distribution.28-m radius plot: live trees 3 cm DBH; snags 7.5 cm DBH Can the presence or absence of species by explained by primarily structural (versus non-structural components of the landscape? Logistic regression approach exp(β Prob(Presence X = ------------------------------------ +exp(β exp(β Prob(Presence X = ------------------------------------ +exp(β β, β, Structural? exp(β Prob(Presence X = ------------------------------------ +exp(β β, β, Structural? β, β, Biological? 4
Mountain Pine Beetle Three-toed woodpeckers 23 2 22 Year Competing Models N K LL AICc wi E-ratio ROC 2 b_p_a 26 2-9.7 42.367.369.847 p_a_stem, p_dd_ba, 26 4-7.5685 43.258.967.566.9265 b_p_a p_con_stm, p_a_stem, p_lrg_ba, s_d_mngr, b_p_a 26 6-5.793 43.873.44 2.3.9469 22 p_cwd_m, 239 4-38.73 84.4453.2373.736 p_a3_stm, v_pl b_p_a 239 2-4.6665 85.35.5.572.65 23 p_avg_gap, p_nat_stp, p_dd_ba, s_pct_fd 239 5-43.232 96.633.9395.8225 Three-toed woodpeckers Monitoring Three-toed woodpeckers were more than 9-times more likely to select plots with pine beetle present in 2, 2.4 times in 22, but showed no response at the height of the outbreak (23 Assumptions Swamping? But these models have temporal dynamics? Structure Test them # of Species to Monitor http://web.unbc.ca/~michael/students.htm 5