Index A Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics, 44, 179 Active material, 76 Additive lubricant, 85, 287 odorant, 85 pigment, 85 plasticizer, 85 Anionic co, 236, 237, 259, 296, 297 Anionic carbonyl monomer, 213, 215 chain transfer, 45, 197, 276, 280, 283 initiator, 143, 170, 193, 198, 200, 201, 204, 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 273 kinetics, 196, 267 rate constant, 192 reaction mechanisms, 191, 211, 231, 299 termination, 162, 188, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 271, 285 Anionic of epoxides chain transfer to monomer, 276 degree of, 2, 171, 197, 198, 274, 284, 285 exchange reaction, 274 kinetics, 196, 204 reaction mechanisms, 191, 201, 211, 231, 299 Arrhenius equation, 47, 169 B Bond strength, 70 C Cardo polymer, 83, 87 Cationic co, 236, 237, 256 259, 296 Cationic alkene monomer, 286 carbonyl monomer, 213, 215 chain transfer reaction, 151, 197 co-initiator, 193 commercial applications, 290 friedel-crafts catalyst, 187 initiators, 185 kinetic chain length, 198 kinetics, 283 rate constant, 155, 205 reaction mechanisms, 191 termination reaction, 162 Cationic of epoxides initiation, 277, 278, 280 propagation, 278, 279, 280 termination and transfer processes, 280 Chain co, 233, 236, 297 Chain free radical, 3, 9, 138, 150 ionic, 3, 187, 276 Chemical property chemical permeation, 61 chemical resistance, 61 moisture permeation, 62, 63 moisture resistance, 62 Chemical structure analysis by chemical reaction method, 90 electron spin resonance, 98 infrared spectroscopy (IR), 90 92 mass spectroscopy of MALDI-TOF MS, 18, 19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), 95, 96, 98 Raman spectroscopy, 92, 93 UV-visible spectroscopy, 93 Chromophores, 82, 93 Cohesive energy density, 12 Commercial copolymers, 263 W.-F. Su, Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis, Lecture Notes in Chemistry 82, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38730-2, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 301
302 Index Coordination, 1, 32, 159, 185, 219, 222, 232 Copolymer alternating, 3 azeotropic, 239, 264 block, 34, 35, 37, 101, 128, 297 graft, 3, 5, 234 ideal, 237 239, 242, 249 random, 3, 33, 34, 127 statistical, 54, 297 Co (composition) equation, 235 238 Co involving dienes, 260 Cost of common polymers, 182 Cyanate ester, 85, 86 Cycloaddition, 84 D Degree of, 7, 111, 121, 125, 158, 162, 168, 169, 171, 182, 183, 197, 237, 260, 261, 274, 275, 285, 289, 290, 294, 298 Dendrimer molecular weight, 133 synthesis, 130, 131, 133 Dipole moment, 77, 192 E Elastomer, 44, 54, 56, 66, 67, 87, 263 Electrical property of polymer arc resistance, 72 bipolaron, 76 conductivity, 75 dielectric constant, 73 dielectric permittivity, 73 dielectric strength, 72, 73 dissipation factor, 72, 73 insulation, 73 polaron, 75 resistivity, 72 solitons, 74 surface resistivity, 72 volume resistivity, 73 Electronic application battery, 73 light emitting diode, 73 solar cell, 73 transistor, 73 Electro-optic coefficient, 80 Electro-optic effects, 78 Emulsion critical micelle concentration, 151 micelle, 152 surfactant, 152 End-capping, 216 Epoxy resin, 4, 7, 43, 85, 106, 116, 119, 267, 288, 299 Ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM,EPR), 220 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer(epdm), 220 F Fiber, 35, 66, 109, 166, 181 Flammability test limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, 108 Flory-Fox equation, 15 Free radical co co behavior, 237 effect of reaction conditions, 241 kinetics, 234 rate constants, 234, 235, 237, 242 rate of, 253 reactivity and composition, 243 Free radical initiator azo compound, 142 electrochemical, 149 half life, 144 peroxide, 142, 148 photo, 142 promoter, 147 redox, 142, 147 thermal, 142, 144 G Group molar attraction constants, 13 Group transfer (GTP), 209, 211, 212 H Hammett sigma-rho (qr) relationship, 256 Heterogeneous ziegler-natta catalysts, 219 222 molecular weight distribution, 224 reaction mechanisms, 222, 224 Homogeneous ziegler-natta metallocene, 225 methylalumoxanes(mao), 225 zirconocene, 227 Hydrodynamic volume, 14, 15, 50 Hyperbranched copolymer, 133, 134 Hyperpolarizability, 77
Index 303 I Inhibitor, 182 Interaction parameter, 12, 34 Inter-molecular interaction, 27 Intra-molecular interaction, 15 Ionic chain, 3, 138, 187, 276 Ionomers, 28 K Kevlar, 38 Kinetics of free radical chain 1,3-interaction, 175 activation energy, 169 arrhenius equation, 169 average of kinetic chain length, 157 chain transfer reactions, 158 degree of, 158 frequency factor, 169 monomer reactivity, 173 of dienes, 165 rate constant, 155 157 rate of, 155 157 rate of equation, 156 Kivelson mechanism, 74 L Latex, 139, 263 Living atom transfer radical (ATRP), 9, 163 165 living radical, 162, 165 nitroxide-mediated (NMP), 9, 164 reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), 164, 165 M Maleimide, 85 Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation, 16, 20 Mass spectroscopy (MS), 16, 18, 19 Mayo Equation, 197 Mean-square average distance, 15 Measurement of molecular weight acid number, 17 end group analysis, 16, 17 gel permeation chromatography, 22, 23 light scattering, 19 21 membrane osmometry, 17 viscosity, 20 Mechanical properties elongation, 69, 85 tensile modulus, 68, 69 tensile strength, 67, 69 Melamine-formaldehyde, 112 Metathesis, 35, 230, 231 Molecular weight definition, 7 dispersity, 9 distribution, 2, 7, 19, 21, 122, 176, 275, 280, 289, 291, 294 number average, 2, 10, 17, 43, 179, 216, 284 weight average, 2, 19, 20, 50 Monomer, definition of, 3, 7 Monomer reactivity ratio, 241 243, 251 Morphology, 1, 9, 27, 35, 38, 77, 87, 89, 100, 102 Morphology analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM), 89, 100, 103 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 89 small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 35 transmission of electron microscopy (TEM), 35, 36, 89, 100 N Nadimide, 85 Neoprene, 1, 52 Norbornene polymer, 220 Nylon 66, 51, 69, 113, 119 O Oligomer, definition, 2, 7, 283 Optical device Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 81, 82 switch, 81, 82 waveguide, 81 Optical harmonic generation second, 80, 82 third, 82 Optical Kerr effect, 82 Optical property of polymer absorption, 77, 78 band gap, 77, 79 highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), 79 linear, 77, 78 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), 79 maximum absorption wavelength, 77 nonlinear, 77 reflection, 76, 77
304 Index Optical property of polymer (cont.) refractive index, 76 78 scattering, 77, 80 transmission, 76, 77, 82 transparency, 80 P Passive material, 76 Phase diagram of block copolymer, 34 Phenol-formaldehyde, 1, 6, 112 Phenylethynyl oligomer, 84 Plastic, 7, 8, 67, 139, 179, 220, 229 Polarizability, 19, 77, 79 Polarization, 29, 77, 80, 81 Polarizer, 81 Polyacetylene, 1, 73, 75, 221 Polyacrylonitrile, 52, 109, 181 Poly(alpha) olefin, 29 Polyamide, 4, 14, 38, 115, 128, 112 Polyaniline, 74 Polybenzimidazole, 70, 83 Polybutadiene 1,2-, 29, 57 cis-1,4-, 53, 188, 220 trans-1,4-, 53, 220 Poly(1-butene), 32, 220 Polycarbonate, 5 7, 68, 98, 108 Polycyanoacrylate, 188 Poly(1,3-cyclo-pentenylenevinylene), 220 Poly(dimethyl siloxane), 52, 297 Polyether, 43, 112, 116, 128, 131, 287 Polyethylene, 7, 24, 27, 31, 50 53, 61, 63, 66, 68, 73, 76, 158, 178, 179, 230, 232, 263 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene), 74 Poly(ethylene oxide), 51, 53, 108 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET, 6 Poly(glycolic acid), 65 Poly(3-hexyl thiophene), 19, 35, 93, 231, 232 Polyimide, 82, 91 Polyisoindigo, 76 Polyisoprene cis-1,4, 53, 167, 188 trans-1,4, 53, 167 Poly(lactic acid), 65 Poly(L-propylene oxide), 29, 30 Polymer amorphous, 31, 32, 43, 63, 67, 76 biodegradable, 64, 65 blend, 44, 45, 54, 103, 233 chemical structure, 1, 2, 6, 47, 48, 76, 78, 89, 90, 138 configuration, 27 30, 75 conformation, 12, 27, 33, 51, 75, 76, 93 conjugated, 73, 74, 77, 95, 133, 166 crosslinked, 4, 27, 43, 63, 67, 124, 288 crystallinity, 27, 31, 37, 68, 263, 297 definition, 1, 2, 7 entanglement, 21, 42, 50, 130 flow, 1, 27, 43, 46, 48, 52 ladder, 3, 4, 70 liquid crystalline, 27, 38, 42, 51, 58 molecular structure, 27, 76 molecular weight, 3, 9, 16, 23, 43, 111, 113, 118, 119, 181, 275, 285 morphology, 27, 75, 89, 100 nomenclature, 4, 5 recycling, 7 self assembly, 34, 37 size, 2, 9, 16, 116, 178, 286, 294 solution, 9, 12, 22, 46, 279 stereoregular, 1, 29, 227 type of, 3, 63, 111, 280 Polymerization chain, 3, 4, 137, 142, 150, 153, 155, 185, 187, 274 step, 111, 117, 119, 124, 129 Polymerization of cyclic acetals commercial applications, 287 kinetic characteristics, 283 thermodynamic characteristics, 285 Polymerization of cyclosiloxanes, 294 Polymerization of lactams anionic, 291 cationic, 288 hydrolytic, 290 molecular weight distribution, 294 reactivity of lactam, 294 Poly(methyl methacrylate), 5, 26, 29, 32, 66, 76, 96, 98, 104, 151, 154 Poly(N-vinyl-carbazole), 76 Polyoctenamer, 220 Polyoxazole, 70 Poly(oxy methylene), 108 Polypeptide, 65 Polyphenyl esters, 114 Poly(phenylene sulfide), 70 Poly(phenylene vinylene), 11 Polyphosphazene, 62, 268 Poly(p-phenylene), 70, 74, 117 Polypropylene, 24, 32, 51 53, 98, 159, 221, 225, 228, 230 Polypyrrol, 74 Polyquinoxaline, 70, 84 Poly(SA-HAD anhydride), 65 Polysiloxane, 4, 53, 108, 268, 294, 296 Polystyrene, 5, 11, 13, 22, 23, 25, 29, 32, 43, 44, 52, 54, 63, 66, 72, 76, 92, 93, 104,
Index 305 109, 141, 151, 159, 179, 217, 229, 263, 297 Poly(styrene)-b-poly (2-vinylpyridine), 23 Polysulfide, 112 Polysulfonamides, 114 Polysulfone, 112 Poly(sulfur nitride), 73, 74 Poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) PTFE, 53, 181, 182 Polythiadiazole, 70 Polyurea, 112, 114 Polyurethane, 43, 44, 72, 116, 127, 128, 287 Poly(vinyl acetate), 6, 109, 139, 183 Poly(vinyl alcohol), 61, 63, 108, 140, 183 Poly(vinyl chloride), 4, 31, 52, 57, 61, 63, 72, 139, 151, 180 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), 62, 181 Poly(e-caprolactone), 65 Processability of polymer, 1, 83 Q Q-e scheme, 251, 252 R Radical chain alkene monomer, 297 autoacceleration, 150, 158 carbonyl monomer, 215, 216 chain transfer reaction, 151, 158 chemical structure effect of monomer, 138 inhibitors, 161 initiators, 142, 147 molecular weight distribution, 158, 176, 177 monomer reactivity, 173 reaction mechanism, 190 structural arrangement of polymer, 138 telomerization, 161 temperature effect, 168, 169, 171 Radius of gyration, 14, 15 Reaction mechanism of free radical coupling, 153, 154, 158, 161 disproportionation, 153, 154, 158 initiation, 153, 155, 163 propagation, 153 157, 162, 163 termination, 154 158, 161 Reaction mechanisms of step aromatic electrophilic-substitution, 117 carbonyl addition - elimination, 113 carbonyl addition - substitution, 115 double bond addition, 116 free radical coupling, 117 nucleophilic substitution, 116 Ring-opening aziridene, 268 co, 287, 296, 297 cyclic acetals, 282, 283 cyclic esters, 267 cyclic ethers, 267, 271, 272 cyclosiloxanes, 294 lactam, 268, 288, 290 294 mechanisms and kinetics, 267, 270 reactivity of cyclic monomers, 267 S Shear force, 38, 46, 49 thickening, 48, 49 thinning, 48 50 Solubility parameter, 12, 14 Step co, 127 degree of, 111, 121, 125 molecular weight control, 119 molecular weight distribution, 122 network formation, 124 phase transfer reaction, 129 reaction kinetics, 117 reaction mechanisms, 111 reactions, 111, 114, 117, 129 techniques, 129 Stereo isomers atactic, 28 isotactic, 28 syndiotactic, 28 Stereo-specificity, 219, 222 Structural arrangement of polymer aregic, 140 head-to-head, 140, 141 head-to-tail, 140, 141 isoregic, 140 syndioregic, 140 tail-to-tail, 140 Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), 188, 263 Susceptibility, 78, 79, 82, 216 Suzuki coupling reaction, 133 Swelling, 43, 61 T Techniques of free radical chain bulk, 150 emulsion, 150, 151 solution, 150, 151
306 Index suspension, 150, 151 Telechelic polymer, definition, 2, 128, 281 Temperature effect of the free radical activation energy and frequency factor, 169 degree of, 171 rate of, 170 Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 104, 106 differential thermal analysis (DTA), 104, 106 dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 104, 106 thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 104, 107 thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 104, 106 Thermal properties combustion, 71, 72 decomposition temperature, 70, 71 enthalpy, 53 entropy, 53 flammability, 104, 108 gibbs free energy, 53 glass transition temperature, 104, 106 melting temperature, 67, 68, 70 oxidative reaction, 71 pyrolysis, 71, 72 stability, 68, 104 thermo-oxidative, 71 weight loss, 71, 107 Thermodynamics of free radical ceiling temperature, 175, 176 enthalpy, 172, 173 entropy, 172, 173, 176 free energy, 172 monomer reactivity, 173 Thermoplastic, 43, 44, 52, 54, 67, 263, 287 Thermoset, 43, 106, 116 Theta (h) temperature (or Flory temperature), 15 Thixotropic, 49 U Urea-formaldehyde, 112 V van t Hoff equation, 18 Viscoelastic properties of polymer, 46 Viscometer cone-plate rotational, 22 ubbelohde, 22 W Weather resistance, 61 Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation, 47 Z Ziegler-natta co, 229, 230 Ziegler-natta heterogeneous, 219 homogeneous, 225 Zimm plots, 20