Timing Applications and User Equipment R. Michael Garvey Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 5-6 December 2005
Outline Atomic Clock Technologies Atomic Clock Vendors Rubidium Gas Cell Cesium Beam Hydrogen Maser Emerging Commercial Clock Technologies Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 2
Atomic Clock Allan Deviation Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 3
Precision Clock Manufacturers Accubeat Frequency Electronics Inc. Kvarz Observatory of Neuchatel PerkinElmer Stanford Research Systems Symmetricom Temex Time Vremya-CH -Israel -USA -Russia -Switzerland -USA -USA -USA -Switzerland -Russia Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 4
Rubidium Gas Cell
Rubidium Gas Cell Innovations Phase lock to 1 pps input Temperature compensation Digital control and telemetry Pumping light intensity stabilization Lower cost Smaller size Higher operating ambient temperature Robust monitoring and fault detection Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 6
Accubeat Rubidium AR-40A AR-60A AR-100B AR-61A AR-62A AR-80A Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 7
PerkinElmer Rubidium RFS 10 RAFS Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 8
Symmetricom Rubidium X72 LPRO 8130 8040C RubiSource T&M Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 9
Temex Rubidium LCR-900 MCFRS LPFRS HPFRS LPRO RMO Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 10
Toyocom Rubidium Rb-3100 Rb-5000 Rb-2010FB Rb-1008B Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 11
Stanford Research Systems Rubidium PRS10 FS725 Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 12
Frequency Electronics Rubidium FE 5658A FE 5660A FE 5652A FE 5650A Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 13
Clocks for Extreme Environments FEI 5600M Symmetricom 8122 Symmetricom 4410 Temex RAFS PerkinElmer RAFS Symmetricom 8130 Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 14
Rubidium Allan Deviation Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 15
Rubidium Allan Deviation Drift Removed Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 16
Disciplining Rubidium to GPS Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 17
Disciplining Rubidium to 1 pps Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 18
Temperature Compensation Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 19
Cesium Beam
Cesium Beam Innovations Microprocessors and direct digital synthesizers Improved microwave spectrum for atomic interrogation Servos to monitor and control magnetic field and microwave power Sophisticated interrogation to remove baseline effects Products customized for telecommunications Optical techniques in the future Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 21
Cesium Beam 4310 Test & Measurement 5071A - Metrology TimeCesium - Telecom Cs4000 - Timekeeping Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 22
Zeeman Levels in Magnetic Field Energy F=4 F=3 9192631770 Hz Clock Transition "Zeeman" Transition m F 4 3 2 1 0-2 -1-3 -4-3 -2-1 0 2 1 3 Magnetic Bias Field Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 23
Cesium Spectrum Signal [ARB] -200-100 0 100 200 Detuning [khz] Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 24
Clock Transition Signal [Arb] -10 0 10 Detuning [khz] Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 25
4-Point Interrogation Interrogation Points CBT Signal -5-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 RF Tuning [khz] Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 26
Passive and Active Hydrogen Maser
Vremya-CH VCH-1006 Passive Maser Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 28
Kvarz CH1-76A Passive Maser Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 29
Kvarz CH1-75 Active Maser Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 30
Observatory Neuchatel EFOS Maser Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 31
Symmetricom Sigma Tau MHM 2010 Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 32
Vremya-CH VCH-1003 VCH-1005 Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 33
Active Maser Allan Deviation Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 34
Maser Lifetime 20 18 16 14 Age, in years 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sigma Tau Maser LIf et ime ( as of December 2005 ) Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 35
Maser Frequency Drift D. Matsakis, P. Koppang and R. M. Garvey, 2004, The Long-Term Stability of the U.S. Naval Observatory s Masers, Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, December 7-9, 2004 Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 36
BIPM Clocks Average Weights of the BIPM Clocks Data as of 09/26/05 - by clock type 1.000 0.900 0.800 0.700 Average Weight 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000 Primary Clocks 5071A Hi Perf Hydrogen 5071A Std HP5061A/B Other Cesium Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 37
BIPM Clock Weight by Type BIPM International Atomic Time Component Clocks by Clock Weight Hydrogen 11.69% Primary Clocks 2.80% Other Cesium 0.02% HP5061A/B 0.01% Data as of 09/26/05 5071A 85.49% Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 38
5071A BIPM Frequency Distribution High Performance 5071A 70 60 50 40 Number of Clocks 30 20 10 0 <-5-5 -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 >5 S1 Data as of 10/31/05 177 Clocks Mean = 0.563E-13 Std Dev = 1.339E-13 Frequency Offset (x 1e13) Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 39
Chip Scale Atomic Clock Ultra small, ultra low power, modest performance Power: <30 mw Stability: <1e-11 Allan deviation at 1 hour averaging time Size: < 1 cm 3 CSAC Physics Package CSAC Prototype Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 40
Optically Pumped Cesium 9192 MHz F=3 + F=4 F=3 F=3 + F=4 Photo Detector Optical Pumping Laser Source Optically Pumped CBT Fluorescence Detection Laser Source Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 41
Contact information rmgarvey@symmetricom.com Time and Frequency Services with Galileo Workshop 42