What is a chemical property of matter? A. Chemical properties of matter involve a chemical change. 1. Observations of matter that involve a chemical change cause new matter to be formed. a. Chemical changes occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken. b. CHEMICAL REACTION: a process where new substances with new properties are formed
What is a chemical property of matter? B. Certain substances are a part of a chemical reaction. 1. REACTANTS: the substance that is changed in a chemical reaction a. These are the substances that start a reaction 2. PRODUCTS: substances that are formed in a chemical reaction a. These are the substances at the end of a reaction
What is a chemical property of matter? C. Matter does not magically appear or disappear in a chemical reaction. 1. Matter is never lost in a chemical reaction, it is only changed. 2. LAW OF THE CONSERVATION OF MATTER: matter can neither be created nor destroyed by a chemical change.
What is a chemical property of matter? D. Chemical equations are used to show reactants and products in a chemical reaction. 1. CHEMICAL EQUATION: a statement in which chemical formulas are used to describe a chemical reaction. 2. Most equations must be balanced with the same number of atoms in the products as found in the reactants. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 à C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Na 2 + Cl 2 à 2NaCl
What is polymerization? A. New matter can be formed through a chemical reaction that bonds smaller molecules together. 1. POLYMERIZATION: a chemical reaction that joins monomers together into long chains. a. Plastics are examples of polymers where long chains of organic monomers are linked together b. Plastics are useful polymers because they can be easy molded into nearly any shape. B. In organisms, chemical reactions occur that string amino acids together to form long polymers called proteins. 1. PEPTIDE BOND: a covalent bond formed between amino acids to build protein polymers. 2. The reaction between two amino acids produces a long protein molecule and water.
What is the difference between endothermic & exothermic? A. New matter is formed when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken between atoms. 1. In order for some chemical reactions to occur heat energy is required. a. ENDOTHERMIC REACTION: a chemical reaction that requires heat energy for the reactants to form new matter b. The surrounding temperature decreases during an endothermic reaction because heat is being absorbed 2. During some chemical reactions, heat energy is released. a. EXOTHERMIC REACTION: a chemical reactions that releases heat energy as the reactants form new matter b. The surrounding temperature increases during an exothermic reaction because heat is given off
What is combustion? A. COMBUSTION: exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and oxidant that produces heat energy and other chemical products. 1. The reactants that allow for combustion are as follows: a. FUEL: chemicals that store energy that can later be released b. OXIDANT: chemicals that pull electrons away from fuel releasing their energy 2. Some combustion is powerful enough to release light energy. B. Fuels that are burnt off with the help of an oxidant produce other molecules. 2C 4 H 10 + 13O 2 à 8CO 2 + 10H 2 O Butane Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water
What is combustion? C. BURNING POINT: the temperate at which a chemical (solid, liquid or gas) will ignite and burn 1. In order for the chemical reaction of combustion to take place, an intense source of heat must be introduced 2. The burning point of paper is 451 degrees F.
What is ph? A. ph SCALE: a standard measurement of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is as compared to water B. The ph scale follows a number line from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral
What is ph? 1. ACID: a substance or solution with a low ph below 7 a. An acidic substance has a high number of hydrogen ions (H + ) b. Hydrogen ions are formed when hydrogen loses an electron making it positive 2. BASE: (alkaline) a substance or solution with a high ph above 7 a. A basic or alkaline substance has a high number of hydroxide ions (OH - ) b. Hydroxide ions are formed when an ion of oxygen (O -2 ) bonds with an ion of hydrogen (H + ) C. Acids and bases can be caustic and eat away at organic substances. 1. Caustic or corrosive acids and bases cause a chemical reaction that pulls molecules apart.
What is ph? D. ph INDICATORS: substances or devices capable of detecting high or low levels of hydrogen ions. 1. There are chemicals that change in the presence or absence of hydrogen ions 2. Instruments have been designed to measure ph.
What is ph? E. Acids can be found in a number of common materials 1. C 2 H 4 O 2 acetic acid vinegar 2. H 3 BO 3 boric acid antiseptic mouthwash 3. H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid soda 4. C 6 H 8 O 7 ascorbic acid citrus fruit 5. HCl hydrochloric acid digestive juices F. Bases can be found in a number of common materials 1. Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide cement 2. Mg(OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide antacids 3. KOH potassium hydroxide drain cleaners 4. NaOH sodium hydroxide soap