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wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv gwbiv emg FZz ªveRwbZ AwfÁZv bvix `i Rb ^vfvwek Ges GwU cök wzmz Kvi YB n q _v K eqtmwükvj _ K cö Z KwU g qib G ai bi AwfÁZvi fzi w` q h Z nq Ges Zv GKwU wbw` ó mgq ch ší Pj Z _v K Avgv `i ` k ^vfvwekfv eb g q `i Aíeq m FZz ªve ïiæ n q hvq we kl K i zj mgq A_ vr bq _ K GMv iv eqi eqm _ KB GUv ïiæ n q hvq Avgv `i ` ki A bk g q KB FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v wel q e envwik I cöv_wgk Ávb `Iqv nq bv Av M _ K G wel q bv Rvbvi Kvi Y g q `i bvbv mgm vq co Z nq Avevi mvs wzk Kvi Y g qivi G mgm vq cwievi ev mgv Ri Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv Ki Z mvnm cvq bv kn ii zj ev K jr ch v q Ges MÖv g g q I bvix `i wb q wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ m PZbZvg~jK Av jvpbv I e envwikfv e ^v m PZbZvg~jK Kg m~wpi Av qvrb Kiv n q _v K GgbwK wek we` vj qi nj ch v q wewfbœ mgq K v úbb Kiv n ji g q `i g a Lye ewk m PZbZv KvR K i bv KviY welqwu wb q g qiv wb R `i g a mivmwi Kv bv Av jvpbv K i bv ev Ki ji muv LyeB mxwgz ch v q wek we` vj qi AwaKvsk g qwkÿv_ xb MÖvg _ K Avmv FZz ªve wel q Zv `i A bk wkqz bzzbfv e Rvbv `ikvi nq; wkš mvgvwrk I cvwievwikfv e R b Avmv welq jv ZB Zv `i Rvbv mxgve _v K bvbv mgm vq Ab `i mv _ hvmv hv M Zv `ii wbw Œq `Lv hvq MÖv gi g Zv kn ii g q `i g a I GKB cöeyzv jÿyxq ZvivI cwiev ii e ov `i KvQ _ K hv wk L Av m, Zv-B ey S _v K Ges AwaKvsk ÿ Î G Rvbv evsv KB Zviv h _ó g b K i d j wek we` vjq ch v q G mi Zviv cybivq G wel q K_v ej Z Pvq bv GB cwiw wz` ó wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i FZzKvjxb m PZbZv Kgb Zv wb q M elyv Kiv AZ ší cö qvrbxq g b n q Q M elyvi cöÿvcu evsjv ` k GL bv eqtmwükvj I cörbbmsμvší wel q Lvjv gjvfv e Lye ewk Av jvpbv Kiv nq bv ez gv b lô _ K `kg köwy ch ší ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ bvgk cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Av jvpbv i q Q, Z e Zv LyeB mswÿß AvKv i ^v welqk Av jvpbvq ïay eqtmwükv j Q j I g qi gvbwmk Pvc, e w³mz wbivcëvmn cvwievwik I mvgvwrk AvPiY wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Z e FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I mev wb q Kv bvikg we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv bb Mvn A_ bxwz Z G wel q Av jvpbv _vk ji Zv mswÿß wek we` vjq ch v q G wel qi Ici wbw` ó bvix I cömwz 50

Kv bv cvv cȳ ÍK bb Kv RB zj _ K cövß G msμvší mxwgz Ávb cök Zc ÿ g q `i m PZb K i Zzj Z cv i bv n j wewfbœ mgq m vwbuvwi b vcwkb wb q wewfbœ ai bi K v úbb cwipvwjz n ji Zv Zgb Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i bv KviY A b KB G ai bi cövmöv g Avm Z Pvq bv bv Avm Z PvIqvi KviY nqz GB h, hviv K v úbb Av qvrb K i, Zv `i g~j D Ïk _v K m PZb Kiv bq, eis Zv `i cy weávwcz I wewμ Kiv FZz ªve I eqtmwükvj ÔFZz ªveÕ bvixi kix ii mv _ mswkøó GKwU ^vfvwek-cövk wzk NUbv, hv Zvi cörbb-mÿgzvi cwipq enb K i cöwzgv m nq e j GwU gvwmk bv g ewk cwiwpwz A b K G K wcwiqwi e j _v K eqtmwükv j cöwzwu g qi gvwmk ïiæ nq, hv ga eqm ch ší Pjgvb _v K mvaviyz 10 _ K 19 eqi ch ší eqm K eqtmwükvj ejv nq G mgq Q j I g q Df qib kvixwik I gvbwmk wekvk NU Z _v K we kl K i G mgq g q `i gvwmk ïiæ nq zj ch v q lô _ K `kg köwy ch ší mgq Ges eqtmwükvjxb wewfbœ mgm vi K qkwu wb P ms ÿ c Zz j aiv n jv : FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph v g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v mev welqwu ez gv b A bk iæ Z i mv _B Av jvwpz n Q wewfbœfv e GKwU wbw` ó eq m GKRb g qi FZz ªve n q _v K FZz ªveKv j g q `i hme mgm vi m ylxb n Z nq, Zvi mgvavbk í G mgq ^v msμvší hme cwiph vi e e v biqv nq Zv-B n jv FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v bvixi ^v mgm vi GKwU n jv FZz ªve ev gvwmkkvjxb mgm v; hgb, AwZwi³ gvwmk ªve, AwbqwgZ gvwmk cöf wz g bv iwrqv K_vwUi A_ n jv AwZwi³ gvwmk ªve gvwmk mvaviyz GK mßv ni g a fv jv n q hvq wkš Zv bv n q gvwmk ªve 8 w`b ev Zvi P q ewk mgq a i Pj j Zv g bv iwrqv e j MY nq cö_g gvwm Ki mgq ev eqm evovi c ii GwU n Z cv i AwbqwgZ gvwmk ev wcwiqw gvwmk mvaviyz 21 _ K 35 w` bi g a nq KL bv KL bv `y qkw`b Av M-wc Q n Z cv i hw` 21 w` bi Av M ev 35 w` bi c i nq, Z e Zv K AwbqwgZ gvwmk ejv nq G mgq cö qvrbxq wpwkrmv I civgk wb jb mgm vi mgvavb n q hvq ( Lv `Kvi, 2005) bvix I cömwz 51

G ai bi ^v mevq g q `i mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb wewfbœ ^v K `ª I wk wbk M o D V Q A b KB FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q ^v K `ª hvq bv ev Lvjv gjvfv e Kv iv mv _ AvjvcI K i bv d j g q `i wewfbœ mgm v gvkv ejv Ki Z nq G mgq FZzKvjxb mgm v I ^v mev : cöÿvcu evsjv `k FZzKvjxb ^v wel q m PZbZv e w i Rb cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Av jvpbv câg _ K `kg köwy ch ší mswÿßfv e Kiv n q Q câg köwyi eb q eqtmwükvjxb ^v mev wb q mvgvb Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q lô köwyi ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ eb q ÔAvgv `i Rxe b eqtmwükvjõ UvB U j Q j g q `i wk kvi eqmuv KB ewk Zz j aiv n q Q g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q Zgb e ov AvKv i Av jvpbv bb mßg köwyi eb q eqtmwükv j Q j g q `i Ici gvbwmk Pvc I e w³mz wbivcëv wb q Av jvpbv i q Q Ges Aóg köwy Z cörbb ^v wb q mswÿßfv e ey bv Kiv n q Q `kg, GKv`k I Øv`k köwy Z G wel q Lye ewk Av jvpbv bb Kv RB `Lv hv Q, cö_gz, Avgv `i cvv cȳ Í K FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q h Av jvpbv i q Q, G msμvší Z_ I Áv bi Rb g q `i Zvi IciB wbf ikxj _vk Z nq wøzxqz, Avgv `i cvwievwik I mvgvwrk Rxe b g q `i G msμvší wel q A bk mgq Lye fv jvfv e Ávb `Iqv nq bv Avevi A bk mgq fzj e vl vi `Iqv nq d j g qiv cö_g _ KB A bk Am PZb _v K, hv wek we` vjq ch v q G mi Ae vnz _v K cvwievwik I mvgvwrk ms vi g q `i G wel q Av jvpbvq Lvjv gjv nevi e vcv i mskzwpz K i iv L FZz ªveKvj Ges ^v m PZbZv I cövmw½k M elyv eqtmwükvjxb ^v mev Ges wewfbœ mgm v, mgm vi KviY I mgvavb wb q M elyv K ib M elk gvngy`yj nk d qr bvqvlvjx Rjvfz³ kni, knizjx I MÖvg ch v qi wzbwu Í ii wk kviwk kvix `i wewfbœ mgm v I mgvav bi c_ AbymÜvb Ges AwffveK `i g bvfve ch v jvpbv Kiv wqj Zuvi g~j jÿ cwiev ii mv _ m úk Kgb, kvixwik mmm vq Ab Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv K i wk bv, e w³mz Av jvpbv, FZzKvjxb mgm vmn wewfbœ welq Zuvi M elyvi AvIZvq Av m M elyvi djvd j cviqv hvq, FZzKv j g q `i Rb z j dv GB Wi e e v bb g qiv FZzKvjxb mgm v Kv iv Kv Q ej Z Pvq bv, AwffveKivI G e vcv i D`vmxb _v K (d qr, 2008) wwgm KÕi Z_ Abyhvqx, gvwmk GKwU ^vfvwek cöwμqv niqv m Ë I mgv R welqwu wb q bvbv Kzms vi Av Q d j wk kvixiv ^v SzuwK Z fzm Q I Awbivc` gvz Z i g Zv NUbv NU Q mvgvwrk m PZbZvi Afve, FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph vi mwvk cwi ek bv _vkvq cöwzw`b M o 18 Rb bvix Rivqy K vbmv i gviv hv Q bvix I cömwz 52

evsjv ` k g q `i gvwmk ^v e e vcbv cwiw wz AZ ší D ØMRbK vbxq mikvi wefv Mi cwjwm mv cvu BDwbU KZ K RvZxqfv e cwipvwjz GK mgxÿvq `Lv M Q, ` ki cövq 80 kzvsk g q gvwm Ki mgq cy iv bv Kvco e envi K i _v K GgbwK Giv G jv ^v m Zfv e ay q ïkv bvi my hvm cvq bv M elyvq `Lv M Q, gvî 40 kzvsk cwiev i Uq ju e env ii ci mvevb I cvwb w` q nvz avqv nq hlv b cöwz 50 Rb wkÿv_ xi wecix Z 1wU K i Uq ju _vkvi K_v, mlv b Av Q 187 R bi Rb 1wU RvZxqfv e cwipvwjz G M elyvq z ji QvÎQvÎx `i g a ^v AvPiYwewai RvZxq ch v qi wewfbœ kzkiv nvi cwigvc Kiv n q Q G QvovI, G Z nvmcvzv ji m ½ ^v mev`vbkvix Wv³vi I bvm, i Íviuvi Lvevi we μzv I avîx `i ^v AvPiYwewa Ges m e vcwi gvwmk ^v wel q AvPiYwewai RvZxq ch v qi wewfbœ kzkiv nvi cwigvc Kiv n q Q M elyvq `Lv hvq, GK- Z Zxqvsk i Íviuvq Kg Pvix `i mvevb w` q nvz avqvi e e v Av Q 90 kzvsk nvmcvzv j ^v mev`vbkvix `i Rb nvz avqvi e e v _vk ji 5 NÈve vcx nvmcvzvj ch eÿykv j gvî 2 _ K 29 kzvsk ÿ Î mvevb w` q nvz avqvi cök Z cögvy cviqv M Q fvi Z MÖv gi K jrco qv g q `i gvwmkkvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q M elyv K ib K ò Bbw wudu Ae gww Kj mv qý BDwbfvwm wui mnkvix Aa vck ivrwmb&n wf gwnz Ges fvbkvjx Avi gwnz Zuviv e jb, G ai bi mgm v ^vfvwek Rxe b wewfbœ cöwzk~jzv ˆZwi Ki Z cv i M elyvq g~jz `Lv nq, g q `i g a h mgm v jv n q _v K m jvi mv _ Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi mswkøózv gvu 107 Rb K jr QvÎxi Ici M elyv Kiv nq Zv `i mvÿvrkvi _ K cviqv hvq, 79 Rb (73.8%) g qi wbqwgz wcwiqw nq Ges 28 Rb (26.2%) g qi wcwiqw AwbqwgZ Av_ -mvgvwrk w`k w` qi `Lv M Q, hviv Avw_ Kfv e `ye j mme g q `i g a 32 Rb (76.1%) g qi wbqwgz wcwiqw nq Ges 10 Rb (26.2%) g qi AwbqwgZ wcwiqw nq (wf gwnz I Avi gwnz, 2013) QvÎQvÎx `i eqtmwükvjxb m PZbZv Ges wewfbœ mgm v wb q KvR K ib M elk kvi` fvmy `e cwðz wzwb Zuvi AvwU K j e jb, FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v wb q A bk g qb ^v K `ª hvq bv G e vcv i A bkuvb bxie _v K, hv ciez x mg q Zv `i cörbbkv R bvbv mgm v ˆZwi K i (cwðz, 2014) bvb Rwiqvi GKwU M elyvq `Lv hvq, FZzKvjxb ^v msμvší wel q Kxfv e Q j g q `i Ici cwievi n Í ÿc K i ev cöfve we Ívi K i M elyvwu K ib, bvb Rwiqvi M elk Ig Uwi Uvc M elyvq ejv nq, g q `i FZzKv j mvs wzkfv e M o IVv ` wófw½, cvwievwik wek vm, Av_ -mvgvwrk e e v, Ljvayjv I R bwuk e vcvi jv cöfve d j cwievim`m iv A bk mgqb FZzKvjxb wel q ch vß Ávb iv L bv A bk mgq g q `i G mg q wewfbœ bvix I cömwz 53

mgm v wb q Rvbv bv nq bv ev Rvbv ji fzj e vl v `Iqv n q _v K, hv ciez x mg q g ` cöfve d j ( Uvc, 2013) RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010-Gi mycvwi ki cªwÿ Z 2014 mvj _ K cö_gev ii g Zv ÔkvixwiK wkÿv I ^v Õ eb q hšb I cörbb ^v m ú K cö qvrbxq Z_ hy³ Kiv nq cörbb I ^v wkÿv Avgv `i ` ki cªÿvc U GL bv A bkuv bzzb Ges A b KB G wel q AvMÖn `Lvq bv A b KB G wel q Rvb Z Pvq bv ev Zv `i Rvbvi my hvmi N U bv Avgv `i ` k GL bv zj Í i wkÿkiv eqtmwükvj, cörbb ^v mev GgbwK g q `i FZzKvjxb ^v welqk Av jvpbv wvkfv e K ib bv Gw` K DËi-Av gwikvi yj jv Z mvk vj nvbwrb-msμvší wel q aviyv `evi Kvh μg biqv n j `Lv hvq, G wel q A b KB AÁ d j ^v msμvší Gme aviyv Qwo q `Iqvi KvR ïiæ n q hvq Dwbk kz Ki k li w` K GB Kvh μ g hy³ nq ^v msμvší welq jv, we kl K i hšb I cörbb ^v wkÿv (gvbœvb 2015) RvwZms Ni D ` v M 1994 mv j Kvq iv Z 178 ` ki cöwzwbwa mgš^ q ÔRbmsL v I DbœqbÕ welqk AvšÍR vwzk m jb AbywôZ nq GB m j b RbmsL v wbqš Y, cwievi cwikíbv, bvixi cörbb AwaKv ii cvkvcvwk cö_gev ii g Zv ˆK kv i cörbb ^v myiÿvi welqwu D V Av m (Bmjvg, 2014) M elyvi D Ïk zj ch v q FZzKvjxb ^v wel q cvv cȳ Í K ms ÿ c aviyv `Iqvi cii A b K FZzKvj I FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v m ú K m PZb nq bv Gi cq bi KviY jv n Z cv i wkÿkiv G wel q K v m Lye fv jv K i covq bv ev cwievi _ KI Lye fv jvfv e evsv bv nq bv d j GK ai bi fvmvfvmv Ávb _v K g q `i Zv Z wek we` vjq ch v q G mi FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm vq Zviv Lye ewk m PZb nq bv ZvB G M elyvi g~j jÿ ev D Ïk n jv wek we` vjq Í i g q `i g a FZzKvjxb ^v msμvší Ávb I m PZbZv KZUzKz Zv Lyu R ei Kiv G QvovI, Av iv h D Ï k M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q, Zv n jv : wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i g a FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv KZUzKz KvR K i; g q `i nj jv Z FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q g q `i g a Av jvpbv KZUzKz Kvh Ki n q _v K; cvv cȳ Í K G msμvší Ávb wek we` vj qi g q `i Rb ch vß wk bv; G msμvší Av jvpbvq Kv bv ai bi cöwzeükzv KvR K i wk bv; Ges g q `i Rb FZzKvjxb ^v I mev wkÿv KZUzKz cö qvrbxq Zv we køly Kiv M elyvi cªkœgvjv GB M elyvq wb œv³ cökœ jv K cöavb cökœ a i m PZbZvi gvîv Lyu R ei Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q, cökœ jv n jv : - FZzKvjxb ^v wel q n ji g qwkÿv_ xiv KZUzKz m PZb? bvix I cömwz 54

- G mg q Zviv Kx ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K i _v K? - G mg q wewfbœ mgm vq Kv bv wpwkrmv wb q _v K wk bv? - wewfbœ mgm v wb q g qiv mncvvx, iæg gu `i mv _ mivmwi Av jvpbv K i wk bv? - Av jvpbvq Kv bvikg cöwzeükzv KvR wk bv? ZvwË K KvVv gv hvmv hvm hvmv hvm Ggb GKwU welq hvi g a Avgiv mevb memgq Wz e _vwk hvmv hv Mi AvIZvwU GZB e vck h, gvby li gb ÍvwË K I mvgvwrk Rxe bi cövq Kv bvwkqzb Gi evb i c o bv ZvB hvmv hv Mi msáv w` qi hvmv hvm K cy ivcywifv e we køly Kiv m e nq bv hvmv hvm kãwui Bs iwr cöwzkã Communication G m Q j vwub ÒKgÿ wbqvó _ K, hvi A_ n jv mvaviy ev Awfbœ A_ev Av`vbcÖ`vb FZzKvjxb ^v welqk Av jvpbvi ÿ Î hvmv hvm welqwu memgqb cö qvrbxq KviY FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbvi ga w` q g qiv GK ai bi hvmv hvm K i _v K G ai bi Av jvpbvq A b K cövqb wbðzc _v K, A_ vr Av jvpbvq mwμq AskMÖnY K i bv A_ vr Zviv G wel q hvmv hv M cövqb wbw Œq _v K D veb cömviy ZË (Diffusion of innovation theory) bzzb Kv bv Avwe vi Kxfv e Qwo q hvq Zv wb q KvR K ib Bfv iu irvm câv ki `kk _ K Dbœq bi wewfbœ g Wj c w_ex Z Qwo q co Z _v K cvkvcvwk Dbœq bi g Wj wn m e AwZ iæz c~y RvqMvI `Lj K i d j GB g Wj wzwb 5wU Í ii K_v e j Qb, hvi gva g Z_ mgv R Qwo q c o; G jv n jv : m PZbZv, AvMÖn I welqwu m ú K Rvbv, wm vší MÖnY, cöv_wgk cixÿy Ges MÖnY ev evwzj G Z Ë i Av jv K ÔFZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv : wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici cwipvwjz GKwU M elyvõ welqwu Av jvpbv Kiv hvq KviY wek we` vj qi g q `i nj jv Z cövqb `Lv hvq, FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm vi mgvavb I e e vg~jk wewfbœ mev Kvh μg cwipvwjz nq M elyvi Rwi c Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv hvq, AwaKvsk g qb Gme mev bq bv Avevi hviv wb q _v K, Zviv bv R bb wb q _v K ev Ab GKRb e envi K i e ji m K i _v K G cöwÿ Z D veb cömviy ZË wu e vl v Kiv hvq A_ vr g q `i n j Kv bv mevi weávcb `Iqv n j cö_ g g qiv GKwU cy m ú K AewnZ nq welqwu Z AvMÖn ˆZwi n j c i Zviv m m ú K Av iv Z_ Rvbvi Póv K i me k l wm vší bq, cy ev mevwu Zviv MÖnY Ki e bv evwzj Ki e G ÿ Î cy ev mevwu cöv_wgkfv e cixÿv ev e envi K ii wm vší wb Z cv i Rwi c `Lv hvq, Kv bv bzzb cy m ú K g q `i g a irv m i G ZË cöwμqvwu KvR K i bvix I cömwz 55

Kc-M vc Kc M vc n jv GKwU aviyv, hv ez gv b Z Zxq we k i `k jvi ^v Kg m~wp Z e eüz n Q AvšÍR vwzk cwievi cwikíbv Kg m~wpi Ask wn m e GwU bvix `i Mf aviy I Mf wb iv ai ga Kvi mgq I cwiez bkxjzvi welqwui Ici g~j dvkvm K i GB aviyvwu KAP vwwr _ K G m Q G Z g~jz cwievi cwikíbv-msμvší Ávb, ` wófw½ I G jvi PP v GB wzbwu wel qi Av jvpbv Kiv nq Z Zxq we k i `k jvi w` K jÿ Ki j `Lv hv e, bvixiv ewk mšívb wb q _v K Ges Kv bvikg Rb wb ivak c wz e envi K i bv Gi c Q b i q Q Av_ -mvgvwrk I mvs wzk KviY (I q Ad, 1988) Zv Qvov, Mf wb ivak e e v mnrjf bv niqvi Kvi YI bvix `i g a G Z AbvMÖn _vk Z cv i Z e Kc-M vc welqwu A bkvs kb wkÿv, emevm vb (MÖvg bvwk kni) Ges cwiev ii Av qi Ici wbf i K i Uª vwwkbvj cwiev i ^vgxi K_vg Zv ev Zvi B Qv ZB bvixiv Mf aviy K i _v K cwievi cwikíbv m ú K Zv `i Kv bv Ávb _v K bv (AviGg, 1986) bvix `i FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph vi ÿ Î Kc-M vc welqwu RwoZ wcwiqw wbqwgzkiy I Mf aviy GKm~ Î Muv_v bvix `i mgqg Zv wcwiqw niqvi welqwu wcwiq Wi ïiæ _ K Mf aviy Ges c i wcwiqw wbqwgzki Yi cöwμqv Z hy³ _v K wek we` vjq ch v q g q `i Ici Rwic Ki Z wm q Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv M Q, Zv `i A b KB weevwnz Ges welq jv m ú K Lye ewk Rv b bv Gme welq wb q g q `i g a Av jvpbvi Lye ewk nq bv ZvB M elyvwu Z GB ZË wb q Av jvpbv Kiv cövmw½k M elyv c wz M elyvi mwvk c wz wba viy GKwU iæz c~y welq ez gvb M elyvwu Rwic c wz Z cwipvwjz n q Q M elyvi Rb XvKv wek we` vj qi 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rbmn gvu 80 Rb g qwkÿv_ x K gy³ cökœ Kivi gva g FZzKvjxb wewfbœ wel qi Zv `i m PZbZv m ú K Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q GKwU cy iv bv wek we` vjq Ges GKwU bzzb wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici Rwic K i `yb wek we` vj qi g a m PZbZvi dvivki `Lv n q Q Zv Qvov, n ji g q `i wpwkrmvi Rb `vwqz cövß Wv³v ii mv _ FZz ªveKv j g q `i Kx Kx mgm v nq Ges Kx ai bi civg k i Rb Zuvi Kv Q Av m m wel q K_v ejv n q Q bvix I cömwz 56

bgybvqb mgmök I bgybvqb M elyvwui Rb bgybvq bi Rb K v vi ev Q bgybvqb Kiv n q Q M elyvwu wek we` vjq ch v q gvu 80 Rb g qwkÿv_ xi Ici Kiv n q Q Gi g a GKwU cy iv bv (XvKv) Ges GKwU m` cöwzwôz (ewikvj) wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q, hv Z `yb wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i ga Kvi m PZbZvi nvi Ges kû i I MÖvgxY Ae v bi cwi cöwÿ Z wkÿv_ x `i g a m PZbZvi cv_ K ei Kiv mnr n q Q Avevi cö_g el Ges kl e l i g qwkÿv_ x `i evqvb K i wek we` vj qi cöv_wgk ch v q Ges cövq kl ch v q G m FZzKvjxb ^v wel q m PZbZvi M vc Kgb _v K Zv fv jvfv e `Lv n q Q XvKv wek we` vj qi cuvpwu n ji cö_g e li 5 Rb Ges kl e l i 5 Rb K i gvu 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi GKwU n ji cö_g el Ges kl el _ K 15 Rb K i gvu 30 Rb g qwkÿv_ xi mvÿvrkv ii wfwë Z M elyvwu cwipvwjz n q Q G QvovI, XvKv wek we` vj qi evsjv `k-kz qz ˆgÎx n ji `vwqz iz Wv³v ii Bb- Wc&_ mvÿvrkvii biqv n q Q M elyvq cövß Z_ I Z _ i we køly ez gvb M elyvq g qwkÿv_ x `i Ici cwipvwjz Rwic Z _ i cvkvcvwk n j `vwqz cövß Wv³v ii wbweo mvÿvrkvi _ KI DcvË msmön Kiv n q Q G ÿ Î cövß Z_ we køly Kivi gva g m PZbZvi Zzjbvg~jK Ae vi wpî Zz j aiv n q Q AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_ x Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix XvKv wek we` vj qi 5wU n ji cö_g el Ges kl e l i 5 Rb K i gvu 50 Rb Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi kl nvwmbv n ji cö_g el Ges kl e l i 15 Rb K i gvu 30 Rbmn me gvu 80 Rb wkÿv_ x K Db y³ cökœ Kivi gva g FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZvi welqwu Rvbvi Póv Kiv n q Q `Lv M Q, A b KB Lye ewk DËi w` Z Pvq wb Awb Qvi welqwui cwijwÿz n q Q FZz ªveRwbZ mgm v Rwi c AskMÖnYKvix XvKv wek we` vj qi gvu 50 R bi g a `Lv M Q, 39 R bi wbqwgz FZz ªve nq Ges evwk 11 R bi AwbqwgZ m ÿ Î ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 R bi g a wbqwgz FZz ªve nq 24 R bi Ges AwbqwgZ nq 6 R bi Avgv `i ` k cövq A bk g q `ib G ai bi mgm v n q _v K bvix I cömwz 57

XvKv wek we` vjq ewikvj wek we` vjq 11 6 wbqwgz 39 Rb 39 wbqwgz 24 Rb AwbqwgZ 6 Rb 24 AwbqwgZ 11 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v wel q Ávb evsjv ` k GL bv A bk g qb Av Q, hviv FZzKvjxb ^ v mev wel q AÁ d j A b KB G wel q cö qvrbxq Ávb iv L bv Rwi c XvKv wek we` vj qi gvu 50 Rb AskMªnYKvixi g a 30 Rb e jb, Zv `i G wel q h _ó Ávb i q Q 12 Rb Lye ewk Rv bb bv Ges 6 Rb G wel q Kv bv gšíe `b wb ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rb wkÿv_ xi g a G wel q Rv bb 25 Rb 3 Rb wkqz Rv bb Avi 2 Rb G wel q Kv bv Ávb iv Lb bv 40 2 3 25 Rv b 25 Rb wkqz Rv b 3 Rb ewikvj wek we` vjq Rv b bv 2 Rb kvixwik mgm v FZzKv j g qiv wewfbœikg mgm vq c o Z e cövqb `Lv hvq, mgm vq co ji A b KB Zv cökvk K i bv ev Kv bvikg MÖvn K i bv G Z cörbb mg q Zv `i bvbvikg fvmvwšíi gvkv ejv Ki Z nq wek we` vjq ch v qi g qiv A bk mgm vq c o Rwi c `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vj qi AwaKvsk g qib cue _v, gv_ve _v, ewg ewg fve, Kvgi I nvz cv e _v, LvIqvq AiæwP, Aemv` cöf wz mgm vq co Z nq Rwi c `Lv hvq, Xvwei 20 Rb g q wewfbœ ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K ib Avi 18 Rb Kv bvikg mgm vqb c ob bv evwk 12 30 20 10 0 Rv b wkqz Rv b Rv b bv XvKv wek we` vjq Rv b 30 Rb wkqz Rv b 12 Rb Rv b bv 6 Rb bvix I cömwz 58

Rb G wel q Kv bv gšíe K ib wb Ab w` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 28 Rb g q Zv `i G ai bi mgm vi K_v e jb Avi evwk 2 Rb e jb, Zv `i Kv bv mgm v nq bv 20 10 0 mgm v nq mgm v nq ej Z mgm v nq 20 R bi mgm v nq bv 18 R bi ej Z Awb QzK 12 Rb 2 28 bv XvKv wek we` vjq Awb QzK ewikvj wek we` vjq mgm v nq 28 R bi mgm v nq bv 2 R bi wewfbœ mgm v wb q mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbv GKRb g q cwiev i _vk j m FZzKvjxb wewfbœ mgm v wb q Av jvpbv Kivi my hvm c ji n j ev nv j m my hvm _v K bv; ev _vk ji cwiev ii Kv iv mv _ Av jvpbv K i Zviv hzuv ^v Q ` Abyfe Ki e, Ab Kv iv mv _ muv bvi n Z cv i A bk mgq cwiev ii FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q g q `i mv _ Lvjv gjv Av jvpbv Kiv nq bv cvwievwik I mvgvwrk GB wkÿv I AvPiY K jr-wek we` vj q G mi cöfve d j hviv G ai bii cwievi _ K Av mb, Zviv Ab Kv iv mv _I welqwu wb q Av jvpbv K ib bv Rwi c XvKv wek we` vj qi 50 Rb g qi g a gvî 23 Rb G wel q Zvi mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbv K i _v Kb Ges 27 RbB Av jvpbv K ib bv Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 25 Rb g q Av jvpbv K ib Avi 5 Rb K ib bv d j Am PZbZv wu K _v K Ges Gwo q hviqv welq jv bvbv mg q mgm v ˆZwi K i 30 5 Av jvpbv K i 23 Rb 20 25 Av jvpbv K i bv 27 Rb Av jvpbv K i 25 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq ewikvj wek we` vjq Av jvpbv K i bv 5 Rb Wv³vwi civgk MÖnY Rwi c `Lv hvq, XvKv ek we` vj qi g q `i FZzKvjxb mgm vq gvî 12 Rb wewfbœ mgm v wb q ^v K `ª wm q Wv³ ³vwi civgk wb q _v Kb evwk 38 Rb Kv bvikg mev bb bv ev civgk MÖnY K ib bv ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 Rb g qi g a 21 Rb Kv bv mev bb bvix I cömwz 59

bv gvî 9 Rb mev wb q _v Kb G `i g a hviv wpwkrmv bb bv, Zviv A b K mgm v Gwo q hvb KD KD G e vcv i Ab KvD K wkqzb Rvbv Z Pvb bv 40 30 20 10 0 civgk bq civgk bq bv XvKv wek we` vjq civgk bq bv 38 Rb civgk bq 12 Rb Z_ mnvqzvi ebcî cvv ev B Uvi b Ui mvnvh MÖnY ewikvj wek we` vjq wek we` vjq ch v qi g q `i g a Z_ Rvbvi Rb cö qvrbxq AvMÖ M ni NvUwZ `Lv hvq B Uvi bu ev eb covi my hvm _vk ji A b KB G my hvm bb bv, Rwi c welqwu úó n q D V Q XvKv wek we` vj qi gvî 10 Rb g q G wel q Rvbvi Rb ev wewfbœ mgm v mgvav b B Uvi bu ev eb qi mnvqzv wb q _v Kb Avi 40 RbB B Uvi bu e envi K ib bv Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi 30 R bi g a 16 Rb B Uvi b Ui mnvqzv bbb Avi 14 Rb bb bv A b KB Awb Qv ev mgq bv cviqv K Gi KviY wn m e wpwýz K i Qb 21 9 civgk bq 9 Rb civgk bq bv 21 Rb 50 40 30 20 10 0 mvnvh mvnvh bbb bb bv mvnvh bb bv 40 Rb mvnvh bb 10 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq 16 ewikvj wek we` vjq 14 mvnvh bbb bv 14 Rb mvnvh bbb 16 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q cwipvwjz K v úbb jvi Kvh KiZv FZzKvjxb ^v mev w`e m bvbv mg q zj I K j R bvbv Kg m~wp nv Z biqv nq A bk mgq w`em wn i Av qvwrz Av jvpbv Abyôvb ev mwgbv i wkqz M elyvcî Dc vcb K ib kl Kiv nq Kg m~wp KL bv LwZ q `Lv nq bv Gme Abyôv bi g~j evz v gvby li Kv Q, we kl K i g q `i Kv Q cušqz Q wk bv zj I K jr ch v q m PZbZvi D Ï k Kg m~wp nv Z wb ji wek we` vj q Lye KgB biqv nq XvKv ek we` vj qi g q `i nj jv ZI G welqk Kv bv Abyôvb nq bv ej jb P j Rwi c `Lv hvq, m úªwz Xvwei evsjv `k-kz qz ˆgÎx nj Ges iv Kqv n j m bviv KZ K m PZbZvg~jK Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv n ji evwk nj jv Z Av qvwrz Abyôv bi m vwbuvwi b vcwkbb wewμ Qvov Ab Kv bv D Ïk wqj bv XvKv wek we` vj qi AskMÖnYKvix `i 22 Rb FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZv m wó Z G jv K Kvh Ki bvix I cömwz 60

g b K ib Avi evwk 28 Rb g b K ib AKvh Ki Gw` K ewikvj wek we` vj qi g q `i n j GL bv ch ší Kv bv K v úb bi Av qvrb Kiv nq wb, hw`i cövq me g qb K v úbb K Kvh Ki e j g b K ib 30 20 10 0 Kvh Ki Kvh Ki bq Kvh Ki bq 28 Rb Kvh Ki 22 Rb XvKv wek we` vjq m PZbZvi dvivk cövq kzel cy iv bv XvKv wek we` vj qi mv _ m` cöwzwôz ewikvj wek we` vj qi g qwkÿv_ x `i FZzKvjxb ^v m PZbZvi g a h dvivk `Lv M Q Zv GLv b Zz j aiv n jv : M elyvq `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vj qi cö_g e l i wkÿv_ xiv kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i _ K A bk ewk Am PZb Zviv FZzKvjxb ^v wel q kl e l i g q `i _ K A bk Kg Rv b Zv Qvov, Kx ai bii mgm v nq m cö kœi DË ii `Lv M Q, cö_g e l i g q `i mgm v GKUz ewk nq Aek Gi g a A b KB DËi w` Z Awb Qv cökvk K i kvixwik mgm vq Wv³vwi civg k i ÿ ÎI `Lv hvq, kl e l i Zzjbvq cö_g e l i g qiv FZzKvjxb gvwmk mgm vq iæg gu ev mncvvx `i mv _ Lye Kg Av jvpbv K i `Lv M Q, Zv `i g a cvwievwik, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk wewfbœ g~j eva KvR K i, hv G wel q Lvjv gjv Av jvpbvq cöwzeükzv ˆZwi K i n ji K v úbb jv m ú K cö Z KiB g bvfve bwzevpk hw`i cö g e l i wkÿv xiv kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i Zzjbvq K v úbb K ewk Kvh Ki g b K i, hlv b kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i g a bwzevpk g bvfveb ewk KvR K i FZzKvjxb ^v m ú K Rvbvi Rb Kv bv wkÿv_ xb Zgb AvMÖn `Lvb wb Rwi c `Lv M Q, 5% g q G m ú K fv jvfv e Rvb Z eb ev B Uvi bu e envi K ib, evwk 95%-Gi g a B m KŠZ~nj bb d j mswkø kó wewfbœ wel q cö_g el I kl e l i wkÿv_ x `i g a Rvbv evsv, ` wófw½ I Abykxj bi ÿ Î A bk M vc ev dvivk `Lv hvq ewikvj wek we` vj qi cö_g el Ges kl e l i gvu 30 R bi Ici cwipvwjz M elyvq `Lv M Q, GLvbKvi g q `i g a m PZbZv XvKv wek we` vj qi g q `i _ K GKUz ewk Zviv Zv `i FZzKvjxb bvbv mgm v wb q mncvvx `i mv _ Av jvpbv bvix I cömwz 61

K ib wkš FZzKvjxb ^v mev wb q Lye ewk Z_ Zv `i Kv Q bb, hgbwu bb XvKv wek we` vj qi g q `i Kv QI wbweo mvÿvrkv ii mvgwmök djvdj wbweo ev MfxiZi Av jvpbvq `Lv hvq, XvKv wek we` vj qi n ji g q `i kzkiv 5 RbI FZzKvjxb ^v cwiph v I mgm vq AvevwmK Wv³v ii mv _ `Lv K ib bv ev civgk bb bv hviv mev wb q _v Kb ev civg k i Rb hvb ZvivI c i Avi `Lv K ib bv ˆgÎx n j `Lv M Q, Pvi gv m 70 Rb g qi g a gvî 4/5 Rb G msμvší mgm vq civgk wb Z G m Qb Zvi gv b, AwaKvsk g qb FZzKvjxb mgm v m ú K m PZb bb AvevwmK Wv³vi KZ K mev I civgk MÖnY 5 civgk MÖnY K i 5 Rb 70 civgk MÖnY K i bv 70 Rb cö kœvëiwfwëk djvdj we køly 1. FZzKvjxb ^v wel q n ji g qiv KZUzKz m PZb? cövß Rwic Ges mivmwi Av jvpbvq `Lv M Q, XvKv wek we` vjq Ges ewikvj wek we` vj qi n ji g qiv FZzKvjxb ^v mgm v I cwiph v wel q m PZb bq Zv `i A b KB FZzKvjxb mgm v mgvav bi Dcvq ev wpwkrmv wel q ewk wkqz Rv bb bv 2. G mg q Zviv Kx ai bi mgm vi gvkv ejv K i _v K? Rwi c `Lv M Q, AwaKvsk g qib cue _v, gv_ve _v, ewg ewg fve, Kvgi I nvz-cv e _v, LvIqvq AiæwP, Aemv` cöf wz mgm vq co Z nq Av iv `Lv M Q, AwaKvsk g qb wewfbœ ai bi mgm v gvkv ejv K i G `i g a A b KB K_v ej Z Awb QzK wq jb 3. G mg q wewfbœ mgm vq Kv bv wpwkrmv wb q _v K wk bv? bvix I cömwz 62

Rwi c G wel q LyeB nzvkvrbk wpî cviqv M Q h, AwaKvsk g qb wpwkrmv mev MÖnY K ib bv Zv `i KL bv g b nq bv h wpwkrmv I civgk mev biqv cö qvrb n ji Wv³v ii mv _ K_v e j ZvB Rvbv M Q Wv³vi Rvbvb, g q `i G wel q m PZbZv Kg GgbwK Zviv mgm v wb q G ji Kv bv civgk MÖnY K ib bv 4. wewfbœ mgm v wb q g qiv mncvvx, iæg gu `i mv _ mivmwi Av jvpbv K i wk bv? wek we` vjq ch v q g qiv n j FZzKvjxb ^v wel q Lye ewk Av jvpbv K i bv, Rwi ci Z _ welqwu úó n q Q zj _ K Zviv G msμvší hzuzkz R b Qb ev cwievim`m I eüz-evüexi KvQ _ K hzuzkz Z_ cviqv M Q Zv-B h _ó g b K i n ji g qiv d j h Kv bv mgm vq mncvvx ev iæg gu `i mv _ Av jvpbvq Lye ewk AvMÖn `Lvq bv 5. Av jvpbvq Kv bvikg evav Av m wk bv? A bk g qb FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q K_v ej Z Pvb bv KviY Zviv G wel q A ^w Í Abyfe K ib Zv Qvov, A bk g qb ag xq Kvi Y ez gv bi wewfbœ Rb wb ivak e e v ev Ab Kv bv mgm vq Kv bv c wz biqv K BwZevPKfv e ` Lb bv GKRb g q cwievi ev mgvr _ K hzuzkz AR b K i, wvk ZZUzKzB ciez x mg q wb Ri Rxe b cöwzdwjz K i wek we` vjq ch v qi Gi Ab _v nq wb Zv `i g a cvwievwik, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk bvbv evav K KvR Ki Z `Lv M Q Dcmsnvi GB M elyv _ K GKwU welq úó nq h, wek we` vjq ch v q G mi g qiv Zv `i FZzKvjxb mgm v wb q Am PZb cvwievwik I mvgvwrkfv e AwR Z G msμvší Ávb Ges yj ch v qi cvv cȳ ÍK _ K cövß Z_ B g qiv wek we` vjq ch v qi ch vß g b K i Zviv KL bvb Av iv ewk Rvbvi Rb eb ev B Uvi bu e envi K i bv ev Ki Z Pvq bv d j AwaKvsk g q cövqb wewfbœ mgm vq c o G wel q Aek B g q `i m PZbZv e w Ki Z n e Ges mrb wek we` vjq wkÿvqi ^v cwiph vi welq jv AšÍf y³ Kiv cö qvrb Ges G e vcv i wek we` vjq KZ c ÿii ` wó `Iqv DwPZ gwbiv emg cöfvlk, MY hvmv hvm I mvsevw`kzv wefvm, ewikvj wek we` vjq moni27mcjdu@gmail.com bvix I cömwz 63

Z_ m~î 1. nvq`vi, kvišíx; mvwgb, mvbdzj, (2015) MY hvmv hvm ZË I cö qvm, cöm Bmw wudu Ae evsjv `k, wøzxq gỳ ªY 2. Avmv`y¾gvb, G Gm Gg I Lv j` gywndïxb 2001, hvmv hv Mi aviyv, wewmww Rwm, XvKv 3. d qr, gvngỳ yj nk, (2008), ÒeqtmwÜKv j wk kvi wk kvwi `i mevhzœó, mvg nvqvibbeøm 4. câg _ K `kg köwy ch ší cvv cȳ ÍK 5. wbivc` gvz Z wbwð Z FZzKvjxb ^v mev wbwðz Riæwi, I qe, 2015, evsjvwbdr24.kg 6. gvbœvb, dvinvbv 2015, ÔwU brvi `i Rb hšbwkÿv K bv cö qvrb?õ, ˆ`wbK fv ii cvzv, I qe, 3 m Þ ^i 7. Bmjvg, Avdmvbv 2014, ÔcÖm½ cörbb ^v wkÿvõ, ˆ`wbK B ËdvK, 8 deªæqvwi, c ôv 8 8. bvmwib, AviRy 2009, RÛvi vwwr, RvZxq MÖš cökvkbv, XvKv 9. evsjv `k wkÿv Kwgkb wi cvu 1974, wkÿv gš Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi 10. Mohite, Rajsinh V. and Mohite. Vaishali R. (2013), æcorrelates of the menstrual problems among rural college students of Satara district, US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal ISSN 0974 1143 11. Westoff, Charles F, (1988). Is the KAP Gap real?, Population and Development Review, Vol 14, No 2, PP 225 232 12. RM, Cornelius, (1986), Toward an Understanding of the KAP Gap, San Francisco, California 13. Pandit, Mr. Sharad Bhausaheb (2014), æcommon Menstrual Problems among Adolescent students, Journal of Nursing, Vol. IV, Issue I, June 2014 14. Tope, Omotere, (2013), æinfluence OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON GIRLS ATTITUDE TOWARDS MENSTRUAL HYGIENE IN NIGERIA, Ego Booster Books, 124, Ejirin Road, Ijebu Ode Ogun State, Nigeria. bvix I cömwz 64