Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures

Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures

NA TO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Llf. Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Engineering and Materials Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cen Biology Plenum Publishing Corporation New York and London D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague, Boston, Dordrecht, and Lancaster Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes In this Series Volume 150-Particle Physics: Cargese 1985 edited by Maurice L~vy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, Maurice Jacob, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, and Raymond Gastmans Volume 151-Glant Resonances in Atoms, Molecules, and Solids edited by J. P. Connerade, J. M. Esteva, and R. C. Karnatak Volume 152-0ptical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures edited by C. M. Sotomayor Torres, J. C. Portal, J. C. Maan, and R. A. Stradling Volume 153-Physics of Strong Fields edited by W. Greiner Volume 154-Strongly Coupled Plasma Physics edited by Forrest J. Rogers and Hugh E. Dewitt Volume 155-Low-Dlmensional Conductors and Superconductors edited by D. Jerome and L. G. Caron Volume 156-Gravitation in Astrophysics: Cargese 1986 edited by B. Carter and J. B. Hartle Series 8: PhysiCS

Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures Edited by C. M. Sotomayor Torres University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, Scotland J. C. Portal CNRS-INSA Toulouse, France and CNRS-SNCI Grenoble, France J. C. Maan Max Planck lnstitut for FestkOrperforschung Grenoble, France and R. A. Stradling Imperial College of Science and Technology London, England Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures, held July 29-August 1, 1986, at St. Andrews, Scotland L(brary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures (1986 Saint Andrews, Fife) Optical properties of narrow-gap low-dimensional structures. (NATO ASI series. Series e, Physics; v. 152) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures, held July 29-August 1, 1986, at St. Andrews, Scotland" - T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographies and indexes. 1. Narrow gap semiconductors-optical properties-congresses. 2. Onedimensional conductors-optical properties-congresses. I. Sotomayor Torres, C.M. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Division. III. Title. IV. Series. QC611.8.N35N38 1986 537.6'22 87-12355 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9047-6 e-isbn-13: 978-1-4613-1879-8 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1879-8 1987 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE This volume contains the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures", held from July 29th to August 1st, 1986, in St. Andrews, Scotland, under the auspices of the NATO International Scientific Exchange Program. The workshop was not limited to optical properties of narrow-gap semiconductor structures (Part III). Sessions on, for example, the growth methods and characterization of III-V, II-VI, and IV-VI materials, discussed in Part II, were an integral part of the workshop. Considering the small masses of the carriers in narrow-gap lowdimensional structures (LOS), in Part I the enhanced band mixing and magnetic field effects are explored in the context of the envelope function approximation. Optical nonlinearities and energy relaxation phenomena applied to the well-known systems of HgCdTe and GaAs/GaAIAs, respectively, are reviewed with comments on their extension to narrowgap LOS. The relevance of optical observations in quantum transport studies is illustrated in Part IV. A review of devices based on epitaxial narrow-gap materials defines a frame of reference for future ones based on two-dimensional narrow-gap semiconductors; in addition, an analysis of the physics of quantum well lasers provides a guide to relevant parameters for narrow-gap laser devices for the infrared (Part V). The roles and potentials of special techniques are explored in Part VI, with emphasis on hydrostatic pressure techniques, since this has a pronounced effect in small-mass, narrow-gap, non-parabolic structures. Poster contributions were displayed throughout this NATO workshop, and their results were incorporated in the relevant sessions. An informal session on band offsets was held one evening, with many short contributions on recent results, followed by a lively discussion. The Organizing Committee would like to express its sincere thanks to Eric Thirkell, John Speed, Ian Ferguson, and Morag Watt for their assistance with the smooth running of the workshop. It would also like to thank the following companies for financial assistance for entertainment: Hughes Microelectronics (Glenrothes), Barr and Stroud (Glasgow), and Ferranti Defense Systems Ltd (Edinburgh). Their contribution in stationery is also acknowledged. The hospitality of the Department of Physics of St. Andrews University is cordially acknowledged. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation of the assistance provided by Madeleine Carter (Plenum Publishing Corporation), Karen Lumsden, and Morag Watt in the preparation of this volume. Autumn 1986 C.M. Sotomayor Torres J.C. Portal J.C. Mann R.A. Stradling v

CONTENTS PART I. THEORY Electronic Energy Levels in Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures G. Bastard, J.A. Brum and J.M. Berroir Magnetic Field Effects on the Electronic States of Narrow-Gap Low- Dimensional Structures 15 M. Altarelli PART II. GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION Growth and Properties of Hg-Based Superlattices 25 J-P. Faurie MOCVD-Growth, Characterization and Application of III-V Semiconductor Strained Heterostructures 39 M. Razeghi, P. Maurel, F. Omnes and E. Thorngren Crystal Qualities and Optical Properties of MBE Grown GaSb/AIGaSb Superlattices and Multi-Quantum-Wells 55 S. Tarucha The MBE Growth of InSb-Based Heterojunctions and LDS (Abs.) 71 C.R. Whitehouse PART III. OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ENERGY RELAXATION Optical Properties of HgTe-CdTe Superlattices 73 T.C. McGill and G.Y. Wu Optical Properties of InAs-GaSb and GaSb-AISb Superlattices 85 P. Voisin Strained Layer Superlattices of GalnAs-GaAs 99 J-Y. Marzin Properties of PbTe/Pb 1 Sn Te Superlattices 117 -x x G. Bauer and M. Kriechbaum Quantum Wells and Superlattices of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors 135 J.K. Furdyna, J. Kossut and A.K. Ramdas Optical Nonlinearities in Narrow-Gap Semiconductors 149 A. Miller and D. Craig

Optical Nonlinearities in Low-Dimensional Structures (Abs.) 165 D.A.B. Miller Energy Relaxation Phenomena in GaAs/GaAIAs Structures 167 E. Gornik The Rate of Capture of Electrons into the Wells of a Superlattice 177 B.K. Ridley PART IV. OPTICAL EFFECTS IN QUANTUM TRANSPORT Subband Physics for H90 8CdO 2Te in the Electric Quantum Limit 187 F. Koch The Far Infra-Red Magnetotransmission of Accumulation Layers on n-(hg,cd)te 195 J. Singleton, F. Nasir and R. Nicholas Cyclotron Resonance of Inversion Electrons on InSb 205 U. Merkt Optical, Magneto-Optical and Transport Investigations of the Narrow Gap System InAs Sb1 219 x -x F. Kuchar, Z. Wasilewski, R.A. Stradling and R.J. Wagner PART V. PHYSICS OF DEVICES Narrow Bandgap Semiconductor Devices H.H. Wieder The Physics of the Quantum Well Laser J. Nagle and C. Weisbuch 231 251 PART VI. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Raman Scattering at Interfaces G. Abstreiter Sources and Detectors for Picosecond/Femtosecond Spectroscopy (Abs.) W. Sibbett High Pressure Techniques for Research in Semiconductors: A Review I.L. Spain High Pressure Transport Experiments in 3 Dimensional Systems R-L. Aulombard, A. Kadri and K. Zitouni High Pressure Transport Experiments in 2D Systems J.L. Robert, A. Raymond and C. Bousquet Optical Properties of InAs-GaSb Superlattices under Hydrostatic Pressure J.C. Maan Magnetotransport Measurements under Hydrostatic Pressure in Two Dimensional Electron and Electron-Hole Systems G. Gregoris, J. Beerens, L. Dmowski, S. Ben Amor and J.C. Portal 269 279 281 299 313 325 337 vm

Participants Author Index Subject Index 349 353 355 ix