Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview. Forensics Analysis Division

Quality Assurance Overview Forensics Analysis Division

Quality Assurance Overview 1. Quality Assurance Overview 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1. This document describes an overview of the quality assurance practices of the HFSC Trace Analysis Section which is in compliance with the HFSC Quality Manual. Trace evidence analyses incorporates the physical and chemical characterization of materials transferred between objects. Usually the quantities transferred are small, hence the term trace evidence. 1.1.2. Examination of trace evidence involves the characterization, comparison, and identification of materials. 1.1.3. Side-by-side comparisons introduce the concept of class and individual characteristics. 1.1.3.1. Class characteristics are properties of evidence that can be associated only with a group and never with a single source. 1.1.3.2. Individual characteristics are properties that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. 1.2. Trace Sub-disciplines 1.2.1. Ignitable Liquid/Fire Debris 1.2.2. All sub-disciplines in the Trace Section are proficiency tested as per the Quality Manual. 1.3. Safety 1.3.1. The Safety Data Sheets (SDS) of chemicals, standards, controls, reagents, solvents and, reference materials, are available to be read and referenced. 1.3.2. Refer to individual Trace SOP(s) for sub-discipline specific safety practices. 1.4. Evidence Handling, Retention, and Supporting Documentation 1.4.1. Evidence received should be appropriately labeled, packaged, and sealed as per the HFSC Quality Manual. 1.4.1.1. If received evidence does not meet the criteria listed in 1.4.1, the discrepancy is noted in the case notes and/or case report. 1.4.1.2. Some circumstances may lead to case rejection: 1.4.1.2.1. If there are evidence discrepancies and the submitting agency fails to correct them in a timely fashion, the evidence is returned unanalyzed to the submitting agency. 1.4.1.2.2. Improperly packaged evidence such that the analysis of evidence is no longer appropriate. 1.4.2. The sampling process is varied and non-statistical for trace evidence. An item that is submitted is examined except when: 1.4.2.1. After a discussion with the submitting agency/officer it is determined that the evidence does not need to be examined. 1.4.2.2. If evidence is not examined as requested, a report is issued and the reason is documented in the case record. 1.4.3. A chain of custody is maintained per the HFSC Quality Manual for all evidence submitted to the trace section. Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 2 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview 1.4.4. Samples recovered from evidence are portioned when applicable. When a sample is portioned, the unanalyzed portion is returned to the submitting agency. These samples are properly marked, sealed, and kept with the original evidence. If portioning is not possible the appropriate personnel (submitting officer, prosecuting attorney, and/or defense attorney) are consulted and written permission obtained before the evidence is consumed. 1.4.4.1. Some trace samples recovered from evidence are examined in such a manner as to leave their physical state unchanged. These items are returned in their entirety. 1.4.4.2. Supporting documentation such as photographs is placed in the case record when applicable. 1.4.4.3. Refer to the HFSC Evidence Handling Guidelines and the HFSC Quality Manual for other evidence control practices. 2. Standards and Reference Materials 2.1. Standards are used in fire debris analysis and other trace sub-disciplines. The classification or identity of a standard must be verified before it can be used. Documentation of the confirmation of classification or identity, lot number, supply source, analyst initials, and supporting documentation is maintained. 2.2. Ignitable liquids are often identified by comparing data from evidence samples to known materials. Commercial products, including store brands, may be used as ignitable liquid reference products for fire debris analysis. Details regarding batch or lot number, supply source, and date are documented when available. 2.3. Certified ignitable liquid standards (reference materials) are available; however, due to the large number of materials encountered in fire debris cases, commercially available material obtained from retail stores or other known sources may be used as ignitable liquid standards. Typically commercial standards and reference materials need to be diluted in an appropriate solvent. Certificates of Analysis for reference materials are maintained in the standards log book. 3. Test Mixture 3.1. Test Mixture 3.1.1. The test mixture may also be referred to as a Resolution Mixture or Standard Test Mixture. 3.1.2. The American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) E1618 standard recommends the following mixture of compounds for checking the GC-MS instrument sensitivity: Even-numbered alkanes from n-octane to n-eicosane Toluene 1,4-dimethyl benzene (p-xylene) 1-methyl-2-ethyl benzene (o-ethyltoluene) 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene (m-ethyltoluene) 1,2,4-trimehtylbenzene (psuedocumene) Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 3 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview 3.1.3. Other compounds may be added to the test mixture as deemed necessary. Commercial test mixtures containing these components are available. Commercial test mixtures may contain additional compounds. 3.1.4. The laboratory may also use a mixture of equal parts of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel to evaluate instrument performance. 3.1.5. A purchased test mixture may be used with a concentration of each component purchased or diluted to 0.05 µl/ml (0.005% V/V). 4. Quality Control Documentation 4.1. A logbook of instrument quality checks is maintained. It contains air and water checks, autotunes, tune evaluations, and test mixtures. 4.2. A logbook for the E1618 test mixture preparation is maintained in the Trace Section and contains dilution records, preparation dates, and the analyst s initials. 4.3. Logbooks for reference materials and standards are maintained. Logbooks contain certificates of analysis (COAs) as applicable, or a worksheet listing the source of the reference material, the lot number if possible, and the date acquired. 4.4. Logbooks for in house quality checks of solvents, charcoals strips, and environmental conditions are maintained. Log sheet records for the oven and refrigerator in the Trace Section are also maintained. 4.5. If a test mixture, standard, or reference material has expired, the analyst may do the following: 4.5.1. Analyze the material and compare the data to the data from the initial verification. If the data are comparable, the material can be used. If the data is not comparable, the material is discarded. 5. Method/Instrument Validation 5.1. Practice 5.1.1. Prior to use, every analytical method are properly validated or verified. 5.1.1.1. A proposed validation method is submitted to the FAD supervisor and Quality Division for approval. 5.1.1.2. Data from the validation procedure are compiled, a summary report written and submitted to the FAD supervisor and Quality Division for approval. 5.1.1.2.1. The report includes a statement that the method is fit for purpose and intended use. 5.1.2. Each instrument used in the analysis of trace evidence is validated or performance verified prior to use. 5.1.2.1. Each new instrument providing a new capability or technology is validated through an appropriate method validation prior to use. 5.1.2.2. Each new or replacement instrument whose technology is already proven to the HFSC Trace Analysis Section, is performance verified prior to use. 5.1.2.3. GC-MS performance verification includes running an Air and Water Check, Autotune, Tune Evaluation, test mixture, and limit of detection study. 5.1.3. New instrument methods designed to analyze a new material or that are part of an analytical method are properly validated prior to use in case work. If a previously Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 4 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview published method is being adopted it must be performance checked prior to use in case work. 5.1.4. Minor changes to existing validated instrumental methods that do not affect the retention time or adversely affect peak shape are allowed. 5.1.4.1. Allowed minor changes to validated methods include: Manual injections Increasing or decreasing the injection volume Increasing or decreasing the split ratio Increasing or decreasing the AMU range Increasing or decreasing the run time 5.1.4.2. If a validated instrumental method is modified, the modified method is saved under a new name. These modified method changes are documented in the case record. 5.1.4.3. If the AMU range is modified for identification purposes, appropriate standards must also be run using the same modified AMU range. Modifications to the AMU range should only be made if deemed necessary after evaluating data from a validated instrumental method. 6. Maintenance and Calibration of Laboratory Instrumentation and Equipment 6.1. General Requirements for Analytical Instrumentation 6.1.1. All instruments are periodically maintained and their performance verified in accordance with the manufacturer s recommendations and specifications and HFSC laboratory policy. All instruments performance is re-verified if they are moved or if a major repair is performed. This information is kept in a logbook. 6.1.2. If an instrument fails the calibration check or a performance problem is detected during routine maintenance, it must be removed from service until it is demonstrated to be functioning properly. The Director and Quality Director should be notified and the problem recorded in the logbook. 6.1.3. Keep a record of all repairs and routine maintenance in an appropriate logbook. 6.2. General Requirements for Laboratory Equipment 6.2.1. Pipettors 6.2.1.1. Pipettors are used for transfer of volume in trace analysis. Critical volume measurements are not used. Before use, pipettors are visually inspected and cleaned as needed. 6.2.1.2. Pipettors are tested annually to ensure that they are functioning properly. If the performance check does not pass then the pipettor is not used for casework purposes until deemed acceptable or replaced. 6.3. Specific Instrumentation 6.3.1. General Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 6.3.1.1. Performance Verification 6.3.1.1.1. The Mass Spectrometer (MS) is, at a minimum, tuned each month of use or more often as needed (such as when the carrier gas is changed, instrument maintenance is performed, or mass assignment fails a quality check). Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 5 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview 6.3.1.1.2. The instrument is tuned according to the manufacturer s specifications and must meet them. If the manufacturer s specifications are not met, the instrument is removed from service until it is repaired. Instruments that are removed from service are labeled Out-of-Service. 6.3.2. Agilent GC-MS general specifications: 6.3.2.1. The calibration solvent is PFTBA (perfluorotributylamine). The instrument uses three peaks from the spectrum of PFTBA to tune and calibrate the instrument. Those peaks are 69, 219, and 502. 6.3.2.2. The mass-to-charge base peak should be 69 or 219. The positions of masses 69, 219, and 502 should be within less than half a unit. 6.3.2.3. The isotope ratio of mass 70 to 69 should be between 0.5-1.6%. The isotope ratio of mass 220 to 219 should be between 3.2-5.4%. The isotope ratio of mass 503 to 502 should be between 7.9-12.3%. 6.3.2.4. The ratio of 219 to 69 should be greater than 40%. The ratio of 502 to 69 should be greater than 2.4%. 6.3.2.5. The mass 69 precursor should be less than or equal to 3%. The mass 219 precursor should be less than or equal to 6%. The mass 502 precursor should be less than or equal to 12%. 6.3.2.6. To provide leak detection the ratio of mass 18 (water) to 69 should be less than 20% and the ratio of mass 28 (nitrogen from air) to 69 should be less than 10%. 6.3.3. Other GC-MS Maintenance 6.3.3.1. Run a solvent blank before each sample run. Copies of blank runs are maintained in the case file. 6.3.3.2. Perform regular and preventive maintenance as needed. A logbook documenting all maintenance (e.g. column replacement, filament replacement, seal replacement, vacuum oil changes, source cleaning, and major repairs) is kept with the instrument. 7. Case Documentation, Review, and Report Modification 7.1. Practice 7.1.1. Case Documentation 7.1.1.1. The case file includes the chain of custody, worksheet or case notes, reports, technical review sheets, and instrumental data from blanks, samples, and, when appropriate, standards, ignitable liquid reference products, and/or reference materials. Other information that may be present include court related documents and communication documents. This information may be in paper or electronic form. 7.1.1.2. Worksheets, case notes, and instrumental data are initialed by the examiner. 7.1.1.3. Each packet of instrumental data includes the date acquired, the instrument name, and the method. 7.1.1.4. The total number of internally generated pages is documented on the Analysis of Fire Debris Evidence Inventory Sheet. 7.1.1.5. All changes and corrections are delineated by a single strike-out and dated and initialed by the examiner. 7.1.2. Technical Review Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 6 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview 7.1.2.1. Technical reviews are performed by an individual other than the author of the report on all cases that are subjected to analytical examination. Cases are sent to an outside agency for a technical review when there is not another qualified analyst at HSFC to perform a technical review. A technical review sheet covering the scope of the review requirements are filled out by the reviewer and placed in the case file. 7.1.2.2. The technical review includes the following: 7.1.2.2.1. Verify that the information listed on the report header is correct. 7.1.2.2.2. Verify that the conclusions are supported by the instrumental data. 7.1.2.2.3. Verify that the appropriate lab/item number is listed on the data. 7.1.2.2.4. The date data was acquired and the instrument name are present on each packet of data. The analyst s initials appear on each page of data. 7.1.2.3. The reviewer(s) must have sufficient knowledge of the particular trace evidence sub-discipline and instrumentation used to verify compliance with the laboratory s technical procedures to ensure that the conclusions are supported by the examination documentation. 7.1.3. Administrative Review 7.1.3.1. Administrative reviews are performed on all cases by an individual other than the author of the report. Unless approved in advance by the Director or designee, the technical and administrative reviews are not conducted by the same individual. An administrative review sheet covering the scope of the review is filled out by the reviewer and placed in the case file. The administrative review follows the HFSC Quality Manual. 7.2. Report Modification 7.2.1. It is sometimes necessary to modify a report after it has been issued in order to correct an error, to document additional analyses, or for various other reasons. 7.2.2. The new report is clearly labeled as a modified or amended report, references the original report, and clearly states why an amended report is being issued. The original report is maintained in the case record. 8. Related Documents 8.1. Trace Analysis Section Inventory Sheet 8.2. Trace Analysis Section Worksheet 8.3. Trace Analysis Section Trace Evidence Case Notes 8.4. Trace Analysis Section Technical and Administrative Review Sheet 8.5. Trace Analysis Section Fire Debris Training Manual 9. Abbreviations 9.1. The following is a list of abbreviations commonly used in the Trace Analysis Section: Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 7 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview Table 1. Abbreviations Used by the Trace Analysis Section Abbreviation c env evid NR IS HS LPD HPD MPD Res F Inc/I W ND NEV QNS C-Strip amb gal qt pt HFSC CS2 inj BP ILR k-count mega counts TMB ETOH MeOH Cyclo Subt ACS TIC RIC GC-MS PB OTWE ON Description containing envelope evidence no reaction Internal standard Headspace Light petroleum distillates Heavy petroleum distillates Medium petroleum distillates Resolution Frozen Inconclusive Weak Not Done nothing of evidentiary value quantity not sufficient Charcoal strip Ambient gallon quart pint Houston Forensic Science Center Carbon disulfide injection base peak Ignitable liquid residue 1 thousand (1000) counts (measurement of abundance) 1 million (1,000,000) counts (measurement of abundance) Trimethylbenzene Ethanol Methanol cyclic structure substituted activated charcoal strip total ion chromatogram reconstructed ion chromatogram (Varian) gas chromatogram-mass spectrophotometry Polymer bag Over the weekend Over night Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 8 of 9

Quality Assurance Overview EXT Pent PD ALS Oxy Misc NA NP Isopar Extract Pentane Petroleum distillate automated liquid sampler Oxygenate Miscellaneous Normal alkane Naphthenic/paraffinic Isoparaffinic 10. References 10.1. Saferstein, R. Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science,11 th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2015 10.2. Pasadena Police Department Regional Crime Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures Trace Evidence TE-01-01 Version 5, effective date March 18, 2013 Trace Analysis Section Quality Assurance Overview FAD-TAS-TRV2 Uncontrolled When Printed Page 9 of 9

1. Standard Operating Procedure for the 1.1. Scope 1.1.1. This document describes the procedure for analyzing fire debris evidence submitted to HFSC in the form of liquid samples or as fire debris samples (which may include unburned material associated with the investigation). This document covers the passive headspace concentration with activated charcoal extraction method for ignitable liquid residues on fire debris evidence. 1.2. Safety 1.2.1. Use appropriate personal safety protective equipment. 1.2.2. All extractions and elutions involving the use of solvents are performed under the hood. 1.2.3. Use extreme care when working with carbon disulfide. Store under hood or in flammable cabinet, transport in secondary container, and keep away from open flames. 1.2.4. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) regarding solvents, chemicals and reagents used in the analysis of ignitable liquids are available in the Trace Section, the library on the 26 th floor, or QMS, and may be accessed online. The content of SDS should be reviewed prior to using a specific chemical. 1.3. Definitions 1.3.1. Headspace Extraction 1.3.1.1. The direct extraction of vapors above the sample using an airtight syringe. The sample container may be heated. 1.3.2. Solvent Extraction 1.3.2.1. Solvent extraction is the extraction of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris evidence using a solvent, such as pentane or carbon disulfide. After extraction the solvent is evaporated to approximately 1 ml or less and the resulting extract is analyzed. 1.3.3. Adsorption Extraction 1.3.3.1. Adsorption extraction is a type of headspace extraction that concentrates ignitable liquid residue vapors above the sample onto a material with a good affinity for compounds of interest found in ignitable liquid residues. The material is called the adsorbent. The sample containers are typically heated. 1.3.4. Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal 1.3.4.1. Passive headspace concentration with activated charcoal is an adsorption extraction technique in which the adsorbent is a strip of activated charcoal that is suspended in the space above the sample. The sample container is closed and the adsorbent is exposed to the diffusion of the vapors within the headspace. This is the most FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 2 of 11

common method of extraction used by the HFSC Trace Analysis Section for the extraction of ignitable liquid residues. 1.3.5. Organoleptic 1.3.5.1. Being, affecting, or relating to qualities (as taste, color, odor, and feel) of a substance (as a food or drug) that stimulate the sense organs. 1.3.6. Activated Charcoal 1.3.6.1. Charcoal that has been heated or otherwise treated to increase its adsorptive power. 1.3.7. Fire Debris Evidence 1.3.7.1. Liquid samples associated with a fire investigation, such as a charcoal lighter fluid container with a clear colorless liquid found at the scene. 1.3.7.2. Fire debris samples typically are burned or partially burned items found at a scene, such as an evidence container with a partially burned carpet. However, unburned items, such as suspect clothing and empty containers, may also be submitted as fire debris evidence. 1.3.8. Comparison Samples 1.3.8.1. Comparison samples are unburned or burned (pyrolyzed) material collected from the same substrate as the burned fire debris evidence suspected of containing an ignitable liquid or ignitable liquid residue. Pyrolyzed by-products and substrate materials in the fire debris could contribute compounds that are co-extracted with ignitable liquid residues and could interfere with the identification of an ignitable liquid in a sample. Combustion, evaporation, or biodegradation of ignitable liquids could result in missing compounds that may also complicate the identification of the ignitable liquid. 1.3.9. Quality Checks 1.3.9.1. Process Blank 1.3.9.1.1. A process blank is a quality test of the process used to check for contamination of the extraction of the ignitable liquid residue process from fire debris evidence. 1.3.9.1.2. A process blank involves the use of a container similar to the type of container holding the evidence. This container is then treated to the same procedures throughout the extraction and analysis process as the evidence. May also be referred to as a negative control or control blank. 1.3.9.1.2.1. The container used for the process blank is either a new container or a container previously used as a process blank that has been deemed free from ignitable liquid contaminants. These containers are only used for process blanks. If a process blank indicates signs of contamination, the container is discarded. 1.3.9.2. Performance Control 1.3.9.2.1. A performance control is a quality test of the process used to extract ignitable liquid residue from fire debris evidence. It involves the use of a new empty container similar to the type of container holding the evidence. A clean FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 3 of 11

substrate, typically a Kimwipe, is placed in the unused container, and then impregnated with approximately 1 2 µl of a known ignitable liquid. The container is treated to the same procedures throughout the extraction and analysis process as the evidence. Also referred to as a positive recovery control. 1.3.9.3. Solvent Quality Check 1.3.9.3.1. A solvent quality check is the analysis of a bottle of new solvent prior to use in case work. It may also be appropriate to perform a solvent quality check on a solvent that has been previously quality checked but has not been used in over a year. 1.3.9.4. Solvent Blank 1.3.9.4.1. A solvent blank is the analysis of a neat solvent, usually pentane or carbon disulfide. The solvent blank is analyzed on the GC-MS between each sample to ensure that there is no carry-over between samples. The solvent used for the solvent blank is usually the same solvent used to elute the sample; however, additional solvents may also be analyzed to ensure against carry-over. 1.3.9.5. Charcoal Strip Blank 1.3.9.5.1. A charcoal strip blank is the analysis of a charcoal strip from a new lot of charcoal strips prior to case work. It may also be appropriate to perform a charcoal strip blank on a lot of charcoal strips that have been previously quality checked but not used in over a year. 1.3.9.6. Oven Blank 1.3.9.6.1. An oven blank is the analysis of the inside of oven using passive head space analysis to ensure that the interior of the oven has not become contaminated with ignitable liquid vapors. 1.3.9.7. Positive Controls 1.3.9.7.1. A positive control is a standard (such as the test mixture) or known ignitable liquid (such as gasoline) placed in an appropriate amount of solvent and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass selective detector (GC-MS). Positive controls are used to demonstrate that the instrumentation used to analyze fire debris evidence is performing as expected. 1.4. QA/QC 1.4.1. Charcoal strip Quality Check 1.4.1.1. Each lot of charcoal strips is checked prior to use in case work as follows: 1.4.1.1.1. A new, unused charcoal strip is placed inside a GC-MS vial. Enough of an appropriate solvent is added to cover the strip. The vial is briefly vortexed prior to analysis by GC-MS. 1.4.1.1.2. New lots of charcoal strips should also be analyzed prior to use in case work by analyzing a process blank and a performance control. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 4 of 11

1.4.1.2. The lot of charcoal strips is acceptable if: 1.4.1.2.1. The charcoal strip blank and the process blank are free from identifiable ignitable liquid residues. Low levels of some volatile organic compounds (such as toluene or limonene) may be present in the atmosphere. The presence of low levels (typically less than 10,000 counts) of these compounds in the blank is acceptable. 1.4.1.2.2. The performance control shows a count of at least 3,300 for the ethylmethylbenzene peak; the octane peak has the 43, 57, 71 and 85 ions present, and the decane peak has the 43, 57, 71, 85 and 142 ions present. 1.4.1.3. Data files from the GC-MS are retained in the laboratory. 1.4.2. Solvent Quality Checks 1.4.2.1. Solvents are checked prior to case work as follows: 1.4.2.1.1. 20 ml of solvent is evaporated to 1 ml and analyzed by GC-MS using the appropriate method. 1.4.2.2. The solvent is acceptable if it is free from identifiable ignitable liquid residues. Low levels of some volatile organic compounds may be present in the atmosphere. The solvent is acceptable for use in casework even if these compounds are present. 1.4.2.3. Data from the GC-MS is retained in the laboratory. 1.4.3. Oven Quality Checks 1.4.3.1. Oven temperatures are recorded on days of use. 1.4.3.2. Oven blanks are analyzed monthly at a minimum. If the oven becomes contaminated or requires maintenance, it is checked as follows: 1.4.3.2.1. If necessary, clean the oven with DI water. 1.4.3.2.2. Suspend a charcoal strip inside the oven and heat for 4 24 hours at approximately 60 C. 1.4.3.2.3. Place the charcoal strip in a GC-MS vial, add approximately 0.5 ml of solvent to the vial, vortex briefly, and then analyze by GC-MS using the appropriate method. 1.4.3.3. The oven may be used in casework if the oven blank is free from identifiable ignitable liquid residues. Some volatile organic compounds may be present in the atmosphere. The oven is acceptable for use in casework even if these compounds are present. 1.4.3.4. Data from the GC-MS is retained in the laboratory. 1.5. Standards, Ignitable Liquid Reference Products, and Reference Materials 1.5.1. Standards are chemicals purchased from approved vendors. Standards are used in the classification of ignitable liquids. 1.5.2. Ignitable liquid reference products are commercial products containing ignitable liquid ingredients. These products can also be used in the classification of ignitable liquids. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 5 of 11

1.5.3. Reference materials are standards purchased from an approved vendor and accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis. 1.5.4. The test mixture is a reference material used in the analysis of ignitable liquids to ensure that the instrument (GC-MS) is operating as expected. A suggested list for the test mixture is listed in the Trace Quality Assurance Overview. 1.6. Instrumentation Requirements 1.6.1. A gas chromatograph-mass selective detector (GC-MS) is used for the analysis of fire debris evidence. 1.6.2. The carrier gas for the GC-MS shall be high purity helium, typically 99.995% or better. 1.6.3. The instrument shall be capable of detecting each component of the test mixture. The test mixture should be analyzed each day of use, at a minimum. 1.6.4. Typically fire debris evidence is analyzed using an auto-liquid sampler (ALS) using either split or splitless injections. However, it may be necessary in some instances to use manual injections. 1.6.5. Instrument specifications including instrument name, method used, and operator, are listed on the instrument data or case notes. 1.7. Materials and equipment Vials (e.g. GC-MS auto-sampler vials, crimp top or screw top with inserts). Solvent (e.g. carbon disulfide or pentane), all solvents are of sufficient purity (typically 99% or better) so as to not contribute compounds that interfere with the identification of ignitable liquid residues. Activated charcoal strips (also referred to as charcoal strips, activated carbon strips, carbon strips, or strips). Twine, string, or un-waxed dental floss. Paper clips. Standards, ignitable liquid reference products (e.g. 50% evaporated gasoline, diesel fuel, mineral spirits), and/or reference materials. 1.8. Case Notes and Worksheets 1.8.1. The Inventory Sheet, Worksheet, and Trace Evidence Case Notes worksheets are used to record case information, case notes, extraction procedures, instrumental parameters, conclusions, and other case related documentation as needed. 1.8.2. The forensic case number (unique identifier), date, and analyst s initials are listed on each worksheet. 1.8.3. A description of the evidence packaging and the physical state (i.e. contents of package) of the evidence shall be entered on the evidence description line. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 6 of 11

1.8.3.1. Example of observed contents: 1.8.3.1.1. Metal cans containing fire debris. 1.8.3.1.2. Glass jar containing yellow liquid. 1.8.4. Recording the odor of the fire debris evidence may be useful, but testing for the presence of odor (organoleptic analysis) is at the discretion of the analyst as samples may contain toxic or hazardous materials. 1.8.4.1. For organoleptic analysis, gently waft vapors from the sample container towards your nose and carefully sniff the vapors. Heat-seal or tightly shut the container. Note the odor on the worksheet under the case notes section. 1.9. Procedure 1.9.1. The sampling process and analysis depend on container integrity. Due to the volatility of sample components, care must be taken to ensure the samples do not evaporate or otherwise change composition. Fire debris evidence containers should be opened for as little time as possible. 1.9.2. Fire debris evidence usually comes to the lab in the form of a liquid housed in an appropriate container (such as a commercial container, plastic bottle or glass jar) or as fire debris housed in an appropriate container (such as a paint-style metal can or nylon bag). 1.9.3. Sampling Policy for Fire Debris Evidence 1.9.3.1. An item that is submitted for ignitable liquid analysis is considered a sample unit. 1.9.3.1.1. If a container of fire debris is submitted, it is considered one sample unit. The container is analyzed by passive headspace concentration with activated charcoal or other appropriate method. The charcoal strip is representative of the whole sample. 1.9.3.1.2. When evidence cannot be examined for ignitable liquids, the submitting agency is notified and the reasons documented in the case file. 1.9.4. Liquid samples 1.9.4.1. Analysis of liquid samples by GC-MS: 1.9.4.1.1. Obtain and label appropriate vials, one per sample, one for a solvent blank, and one for a positive control. 1.9.4.1.2. For each sample, add approximately 10 µl of liquid sample to a vial containing approximately 1 ml of solvent. If a strong odor is present, dilute as necessary. 1.9.4.1.3. For the solvent blank, fill a vial with solvent. 1.9.4.1.4. For the positive control, add approximately 1 µl of a standard or reference material (diluted as necessary) to a vial containing approximately 1 ml of solvent. 1.9.4.1.5. Cap the vials. 1.9.4.1.6. Enter appropriate information on the Worksheet. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 7 of 11

1.9.4.1.7. Using the appropriate instrumental method, analyze the following: 1.9.4.1.7.1. Solvent blank (run again between each subsequent injection). 1.9.4.1.7.2. Test mixture (once per autosampler sequence and once per day of use at minimum). 1.9.4.1.7.3. Samples. 1.9.4.1.7.4. Positive control. 1.9.4.2. If the initial data shows that a sample contains possible compounds of interest that are too weak for identification and does not have an interfering substrate contribution, the sample is concentrated and re-analyzed at least once. If the data shows that a sample is too strong (e.g. resulting in retention time shifts, corruption of mass spectral data, etc.), the sample is diluted as necessary and re-analyzed. 1.9.5. Fire Debris Samples 1.9.5.1. Passive head space concentration with activated charcoal strips: 1.9.5.1.1. Obtain an empty container to be used for the process blank if required. 1.9.5.1.2. Secure a charcoal strip onto a new paper clip and attach to the lid or an upper surface above the fire debris sample within the container then heat-seal or tightly shut the container. The charcoal strip must hang freely above the fire debris to ensure maximum air flow. Repeat these steps for the empty container if a process blank is required. 1.9.5.1.3. The container should be placed inside of a labeled polymer bag. The polymer bag is then properly sealed and placed in the oven. If polymer bags are not available, the evidence container must be properly sealed and a process blank must be prepared and analyzed. 1.9.5.1.3.1. Typically containers are heated overnight at approximately 60 C. The time needed to heat samples is sample dependent and up to the discretion of the analyst. 1.9.5.1.3.1.1. If a strong odor associated with an ignitable liquid is present in the sample, it may need to be heated for only 3 hours or less at approximately 60 C. 1.9.5.1.3.1.2. If latent print examination or DNA analysis of the evidence is required, extract the sample at room temperature for two to four days. 1.9.5.1.3.1.3. Room temperature extraction may also be appropriate for the extraction of low molecular weight compounds (e.g. methanol). 1.9.5.1.3.2. Remove the charcoal strips from the containers after they have cooled to room temperature. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 8 of 11

1.9.5.1.3.3. Cut or tear the charcoal strips in half. Place one half into a GC-MS vial for analysis following the procedure described below. The remaining half of the charcoal strip is returned unanalyzed to the submitting agency. 1.9.5.1.4. Analysis of the activated charcoal strip in the GC-MS vial: 1.9.5.1.4.1. Add enough solvent to the vial to cover the charcoal strip. 1.9.5.1.4.2. Vortex briefly. 1.9.5.1.4.3. The solvent may be transferred to a vial insert if appropriate. 1.9.5.1.4.4. Using the appropriate instrumental method, analyze the following: Solvent blank (re-analyze between each subsequent injection). Test mixture. Sample Extracts (including any process controls and performance controls). Positive control. 1.9.5.2. If the initial data shows that a sample extract contains possible compounds of interest that are too weak for identification, and does not have an interfering substrate contribution, the sample extract is concentrated (either by evaporation, injecting a larger volume, decreasing the split ratio, or using a splitless method) and re-analyzed at least once. If the data shows that a sample extract is too strong (e.g. resulting in retention time shifts, corruption of mass spectral data, etc.), the sample extract is diluted as necessary and re-analyzed. 1.9.6. Infrequently Used Tests 1.9.6.1. For less frequently encountered substances, or for less commonly used instrumental methods, standards should be analyzed within the same timeframe that the evidence sample is tested. A copy of the data from the standard should be retained in the case file. An acceptable timeframe would be within a 30 day period as long as instrumental conditions affecting retention time are not changed (such as column replacement or method modifications). 1.10. Data Interpretation and Analysis 1.10.1. Chromatograms and mass spectra are either printed or stored electronically for the samples, controls, and standards. 1.10.2. Retention times and mass spectra fragmentation are compared with standards, ignitable liquid reference products, or reference materials. The retention time shall be within a 0.1 minute window and the data fragmentation shall correspond to standards, ignitable liquid reference products, reference materials, and/or spectral library matches in order for a compound or it s isomer to be identified. Note: Variations between library reference spectra and sample spectra may be the result of differences in concentrations. Poor retention time and/or mass spectral fragmentation may also be the result of variations in concentration between standards and sample components. Dilution or FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 9 of 11

concentration of samples or standards may be necessary. Other factors that may affect the quality of data involve injection techniques or the need for instrument maintenance. Refer the Trace Quality Assurance Overview on instrument maintenance. 1.10.3. Guidelines for data interpretation and classification are listed in the ASTM classification schemes, such as ASTM E1618. 1.10.4. Identification of ignitable liquid classes and sub-classes follow ASTM guidelines. The analyst uses laboratory standards and reference materials analyzed by the same method and instrument when identifying ignitable liquids. 1.10.5. Specific chromatography patterns and the presence of certain compounds identify gasoline. ASTM guidelines and the use of gasoline analyzed by the analyst are used to identify gasoline in the samples. 1.10.6. Pyrolysis by-products and substrate material in fire debris could contribute compounds that are co-extracted with the ignitable liquid residues that could interfere with the identification of an ignitable liquid in a sample. Combustion, evaporation, or biodegradation of ignitable liquids could result in missing compounds that could also complicate the identification of the ignitable liquid. The ASTM protocol discusses substrate interferences and SWGFEX has a searchable substrate database. Comparison samples provided by the submitting agency are used to determine if interfering compounds are present. 1.10.7. Fire Debris macros based on extracted ion profile patterns for GC-MS data interpretation and identification may be used in data processing and can be useful when complex patterns are present. For a single compound such as ethanol, the characteristic extraction ions (i.e. 31, 45) can be used for identification. 1.10.8. Analytical results and conclusions for each sample are recorded on the worksheet. 1.11. Report Writing 1.11.1. The final report format follows HFSC requirements. 1.11.2. The report includes the forensic case number (unique identifier), evidence description, method of analysis, and results and conclusions. 1.11.3. The following are examples of typical wording used to report the identification of ignitable liquids: 1.11.3.1. A light petroleum distillate was identified in item 1. Examples of a light petroleum distillate include, but are not limited to: petroleum ether, some cigarette lighter fluids, and some camping fuels. 1.11.3.2. A medium petroleum distillate was identified in item 1. Examples of medium petroleum distillates include, but are not limited to: some charcoal starters, some paint thinners, and some dry cleaning solvents. 1.11.3.3. Gasoline was identified in Item 1. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 10 of 11

1.11.4. The following are examples of typical wording used to report no identifiable ignitable liquids: 1.11.4.1. No ignitable liquid residue was detected in item 1. 1.11.4.2. No ignitable liquid residue was identified in item 1. 1.11.5. The term not detected describes a response below the detection limit of the instrument. The term not identified may be used when other compounds are detected but are not associated with an ignitable liquid and most likely correspond to interfering compounds contributed by the substrate. 1.11.6. Reports listing opinions and/or interpretations of data shall have a note in the report stating that these are the opinions/interpretations of the analyst. 1.12. Sample Disposition 1.12.1. Evidence is returned to the submitting agency. 1.12.2. Sample extracts used for GC-MS analysis are properly disposed of by HFSC unless other arrangements have been made with the submitting agency. The unused portion of the charcoal strip is returned to the submitting agency along with the original evidence. 1.13. Review and Release of Reports 1.13.1. All reports undergo a technical review by a qualified examiner. 1.13.2. The final report is sent to the submitting officer or designee specified on the submission request. 1.13.3. Report distribution is directed by HFSC policy. 1.14. References 1.14.1. Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal s Office, Forensic Arson Laboratory, Evidence Collection and Submission Handbook, 2001 Revision. 1.14.2. ASTM E1412, "Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal" 1.14.3. ASTM E1618, Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. 1.14.4. Newman, Gilbert, and Lothridge, GC-MS Guide to Ignitable Liquids, CRC Press, 1998. 1.14.5. Stauffer, E., Dolan, J., and Newman, R., Fire Debris Analysis, Elsevier Inc. 2008 1.14.6. Montana Forensic Science Division Laboratory Chemical Analysis Unit C-530-E Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal. 1.14.7. Pasadena Police Department Regional Crime Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures Trace Evidence. FAD-TAS-FDV2-SOP Uncontrolled When Printed Page 11 of 11