#A INTEGERS (20) NEW SEQUENCES THAT CONVERGE TO A GENERALIZATION OF EULER S CONSTANT Alin Sîntămărin Deprtment of Mthemtics, Technicl University of Cluj-Npoc, Cluj-Npoc, Romni Alin.Sintmrin@mth.utcluj.ro Received: 7/3/0, Revised: 0/28/0, Accepted: 2/24/0, Published: /3/ Abstrct The purpose of the pper is to give some sequences tht converge quickly to generliztion of Euler s constnt, i.e., the it of the sequence where (0, ). n ln n, n N. Introduction Euler s constnt, being one of the most importnt constnts in mthemtics, ws investigted by mny mthemticins. Usully denoted by γ, this constnt is the it of the sequence (D n ) n N defined by D n = 2 n ln n, for ech n N. It is well-known tht n(d n γ) = n 2 (see [], [2], [3], [5, pp. 73 75], [7], [3, Problem 8, pp. 38, 97], [4], [2], [23], [24], [25], [26]). In order to increse the slow rte of convergence of the sequence (D n ) n N to γ, D. W. DeTemple considered in [4] the sequence (R n ) n N defined by R n = 2 n ln n 2, for ech n N, nd he proved tht 24(n) < R 2 n γ < 24n, 2 for ech n N. L. Tóth used in [22] the sequence (T n ) n N defined by T n = 2 n ln n 2 24n, for ech n N, nd T. Negoi proved in [2] tht 48(n) < 3 γ T n < 48n, for ech n N. 3 Let (0, ). We consider the sequence (y n ()) n N defined by y n () = n ln n, for ech n N. The sequence (y n ()) n N is convergent (see, for exmple, [6, p. 453]; see lso [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [20] nd some of the references therein) nd
INTEGERS: (20) 2 its it, denoted by γ(), is generliztion of Euler s constnt. Clerly, γ() = γ. Numerous results regrding the generliztion of Euler s constnt γ() we hve obtined in [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] nd [20]. We mention the following representtion of γ() ([9, Theorem 2.2.4, p. 78]): m γ() = y n 2( n ) k= B (2m)! ( n ) n P 2m (x) dx, ( x ) 2m2 for ech n N, ny m N, where B is the Bernoulli number of index nd P 2m (x) = () m k= 2 sin(πx) (π) 2m, obtined by pplying the Euler-Mclurin summtion formul ([6, p. 524], [5, p. 86]). If we tke = in the bove-mentioned representtion, then we obtin result presented, for exmple, in [6, pp. 527, 528], [5, pp. 88, 89]. Recent results regrding Euler s constnt hve been obtined by C. Mortici in [9], [0], []. Also, we remind the following lemm (C. Mortici [8, Lemm]), which is consequence of the the Stolz-Cesro Theorem, the cse 0 0. Lemm. Let (x n ) n N be convergent sequence of rel numbers nd x = n x n. We suppose tht there exists α R, α >, such tht Then there exists the it n nα (x n x n ) = l R. n nα (x n x ) = l α. In Section 2 we present clsses of sequences with the rgument of the logrithmic term modified nd tht converge quickly to γ(). 2. Sequences Tht Converge to γ() Theorem 2. Let (0, ). We specify tht γ() is the it of the sequence (y n ()) n N from Introduction. (i) We consider the sequence (α n,2 ()) n N defined by α n,2 () = n 2( n ) 2( n ) 2 n ln 20( n ) 3,
INTEGERS: (20) 3 for ech n N. Then n n6 (γ() α n,2 ()) = 252. (ii) We consider the sequence (β n,2 ()) n N defined by for ech n N. Then Proof. (i) We hve β n,2 () = α n,2 () 252( n ) 6, n n8 (β n,2 () γ()) = 2 28800. α n,2 () α n,2 () = 2( n) 2( n ) 2( n) 2 2( n ) 2 ln n ln n 20( n) 3 20( n ) 3 = 2( n) 2( n) 2( n) 2 2 2( n) 2 ln 20( n) 4 ln n 3, 20( n) 4 for ech n N. Set ε n :=, for ech n N. Since ε n (, ), 20 ε4 n (, ] nd ε n 20 ε 4 n (ε n) (, ], for ech n N \ {}, using the series expnsion 3 ([6, pp. 7 79, p. 209]) we obtin α n,2 () α n,2 () ε n = 2 ε n 2 ε n 2 ε2 n 2 ln 20 ε4 n ln ε 2 n ( ε n ) 2 ε n 20 ε 4 n ( ε n ) 3 = 42 ε7 n 2 ε8 n 679 3600 ε9 n 279 800 ε0 n O(ε n ), for ech n N \ {}. It follows tht n n7 (α n,2 () α n,2 ()) = 42.
INTEGERS: (20) 4 Now, ccording to Lemm, we get (ii) We re ble to write tht β n,2 () β n,2 () = α n,2 () α n,2 () = α n,2 () α n,2 () n n6 (γ() α n,2 ()) = 252. 252( n ) 6 252( n) 6 252( n) 6 6 = α n,2 () α n,2 () 252 ε 6 n ( ε n ) 6 252 ε6 n = 2 3600 ε9 n 2 800 ε0 n O(ε n ), for ech n N \ {}. It follows tht Now, ccording to Lemm, we get n n9 (β n,2 () β n,2 ()) = 2 3600. n n8 (β n,2 () γ()) = 2 28800. 252( n) 6 In the sme mnner s in the proof of Theorem 2, considering the sequence in ech of the following prts, we get the indicted it: δ n,2 () = β n,2 () 2 28800() 8, for ech n N, n n0 (γ() δ n,2 ()) = 32 ; η n,2 () = δ n,2 () 32(), for ech n N, 0 n n2 (η n,2 () γ()) = 9950309 47744000 ; 9950309 θ n,2 () = η n,2 () 47744000(), for ech n N, 2 n n4 (γ() θ n,2 ()) = 2 ; λ n,2 () = θ n,2 () 2(), for ech n N, 4 n n6 (λ n,2 () γ()) = 62507607 400480000 ; 62507607 µ n,2 () = λ n,2 () 400480000(), for ech n N, 6 n n8 (γ() µ n,2 ()) = 43867 4364.
INTEGERS: (20) 5 We point out the pttern in forming the sequences from Theorem 2 nd those mentioned bove. For exmple, the generl term of the sequence (µ n,2 ()) n N cn be written in the form with µ n,2 () = n 2( n ) B 2 2 n 8 ln B 4 4 ( n ) 3 k=3 B, if k = 2p, p N, c k,2 = B 2 k B4 2, if k = 2p 2, p N, k 4 ( n ) 2 c k,2 ( n ), where B is the Bernoulli number of index. Relted to this remrk, see lso [6, Remrk 3.4], [9, p. 7, Remrk 2..3; pp. 00, 0, Remrk 3..6]. For Euler s constnt γ = 0.577256649... we obtin, for exmple: α 2,2 () = 0.577654550...; α 3,2 () = 0.57720768...; β 2,2 () = 0.5772274589...; β 3,2 () = 0.577262053...; δ 2,2 () = 0.57720473...; δ 3,2 () = 0.577255649...; η 2,2 () = 0.577284455...; η 3,2 () = 0.577256932...; θ 2,2 () = 0.577232959...; θ 3,2 () = 0.577256535...; λ 2,2 () = 0.577283822...; λ 3,2 () = 0.577256709...; µ 2,2 () = 0.5772686...; µ 3,2 () = 0.577256606.... As cn be seen, µ 3,2 () is ccurte to eight deciml plces in pproximting γ. Theorem 3. Let (0, ). We specify tht γ() is the it of the sequence (y n ()) n N from Introduction. (i) We consider the sequence (α n,3 ()) n 2 defined by α n,3 () = n 2( n ) 2( n ) 2 20( n ) 4 n ln for ech n N \ {}. Then 252( n ) 5 n n8 (α n,3 () γ()) = 240.,
INTEGERS: (20) 6 (ii) We consider the sequence (β n,3 ()) n 2 defined by for ech n N \ {}. Then β n,3 () = α n,3 () 240( n ) 8, n n0 (γ() β n,3 ()) = 32. (iii) We consider the sequence (δ n,3 ()) n 2 defined by for ech n N \ {}. Then Proof. (i) We hve δ n,3 () = β n,3 () 32( n ) 0, n n2 (δ n,3 () γ()) = 7497 8255520. α n,3 () α n,3 () = 2( n ) 2( n) 2( n ) 2 2( n) 2 20( n ) 4 20( n) 4 ln n ln n = 2( n) 20( n) 4 252( n) 5 2( n) 2 2( n) 2 252( n ) 5 4 20( n) 4 ln n 252( n) 6 5 ln 2( n) 2 252( n) 6, for ech n N \ {}. Set ε n :=, for ech n N \ {}. Since ε n (, ), ε n 252 ε 6 n (ε n) (, ] nd 5 252 ε6 n (, ], for ech n N \ {}, using the
INTEGERS: (20) 7 series expnsion ([6, pp. 7 79, p. 209]) we obtin α n,3 () α n,3 () = 2 ε n ε n 2 ε n 2 ε 2 n ( ε n ) 2 2 ε2 n 20 ε 4 n ( ε n ) 4 20 ε4 n ln ε n 252 ε 6 n ( ε n ) 5 ln 252 ε6 n = 30 ε9 n 3 20 ε0 n 4 33 ε n 23 24 ε2 n 259573 37592 ε3 n 357653 05840 ε4 n O(ε 5 n ), for ech n N \ {}. It follows tht Now, ccording to Lemm, we get (ii) We re ble to write tht n n9 (α n,3 () α n,3 ()) = 30. n n8 (α n,3 () γ()) = 240. β n,3 () β n,3 () = α n,3 () α n,3 () 240( n) 8 240( n ) 8 = α n,3 () α n,3 () 240( n) 8 8 240( n) 8 = α n,3 () α n,3 () 240 ε8 n 240 ε 8 n ( ε n ) 8 = 5 66 ε n for ech n N \ {}. It follows tht 5 2 ε2 n 972403 687960 ε3 n 39903 05840 ε4 n O(ε 5 n ), Now, ccording to Lemm, we get n n (β n,3 () β n,3 ()) = 5 66. n n0 (γ() β n,3 ()) = 32.
INTEGERS: (20) 8 (iii) We hve δ n,3 () δ n,3 () = β n,3 () β n,3 () = β n,3 () β n,3 () 32( n ) 0 32( n) 0 32( n) 0 0 = β n,3 () β n,3 () 32 ε 0 n ( ε n ) 0 32 ε0 n = 7497 687960 ε3 n 7497 05840 ε4 n O(ε 5 n ), for ech n N \ {}. It follows tht Now, ccording to Lemm, we get n n3 (δ n,3 () δ n,3 ()) = 7497 687960. n n2 (δ n,3 () γ()) = 7497 8255520. 32( n) 0 In the sme mnner s in the proof of Theorem 3, considering the sequence in ech of the following prts, we get the indicted it: η n,3 () = δ n,3 () 7497 8255520() 2, for ech n N \ {}, n n4 (γ() η n,3 ()) = 2 ; θ n,3 () = η n,3 () 2(), for ech n N \ {}, 4 n n6 (θ n,3 () γ()) = 367 860 ; 367 λ n,3 () = θ n,3 () 860(), for ech n N \ {}, 6 n n8 (γ() λ n,3 ()) = 2785729949 927456 ; 2785729949 µ n,3 () = λ n,3 () 927456(), for ech n N \ {}, 8 n n20 (µ n,3 () γ()) = 746 6600. We point out the pttern in forming the sequences from Theorem 3 nd those mentioned bove. For exmple, the generl term of the sequence (µ n,3 ()) n 2 cn
INTEGERS: (20) 9 be written in the form with µ n,3 () = n 2( n ) B 2 2 ( n ) 2 B 4 4 ( n ) 4 n ln B 6 6 ( n ) 5 9 k=4 B, if k = 3p, p N, B c k,3 =, if k = 3p 2, p N, B 3 k B6 6 k 3, if k = 3p 3, p N, c k,3 ( n ), where B is the Bernoulli number of index. Relted to this remrk, see lso [6, Remrk 3.4], [9, p. 7, Remrk 2..3; pp. 00, 0, Remrk 3..6]. For Euler s constnt γ = 0.577256649... we obtin, for exmple: α 2,3 () = 0.5772273253...; α 3,3 () = 0.577262000...; β 2,3 () = 0.57720492...; β 3,3 () = 0.577255649...; δ 2,3 () = 0.577284474...; δ 3,3 () = 0.577256932...; η 2,3 () = 0.577232959...; η 3,3 () = 0.577256535...; θ 2,3 () = 0.577283822...; θ 3,3 () = 0.577256709...; λ 2,3 () = 0.5772686...; λ 3,3 () = 0.577256606...; µ 2,3 () = 0.5772232685...; µ 3,3 () = 0.577256685.... As cn be seen, λ 3,3 () nd µ 3,3 () re ccurte to eight deciml plces in pproximting γ. Concluding, the following remrk cn be mde. Let (0, ) nd q N \ {}. Let n 0 = min n N n B2q 2q () > 0. We consider the 2q sequence (α n,q ()) n n0 defined by α n,q () = n n ln B 2q 2q q 2( n ) ( n ) 2q, k= B ( n )
INTEGERS: (20) 0 for ech n N, n n 0. Clerly, α n,q() = γ(). Bsed on the sequence n (α n,q ()) n n0, clss of sequences convergent to γ() cn be considered, nmely where {(α n,q,r ()) n n0 r N, r q }, α n,q,r () = α n,q () r k=q c k,q ( n ), for ech n N, n n 0, with B, if k {qp, qp 2,..., qp q }, p N, c k,q = B q k B2q q, if k = qp q, p N. k 2q In this section we hve obtined tht the sequence (α n,2 ()) n N converges to γ() with order 6 nd tht the sequence (α n,3 ()) n 2 converges to γ() with order 8. We hve lso obtined tht the sequence (α n,2,r ()) n N converges to γ() with order 2(r ), for r {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, nd tht the sequence (α n,3,r ()) n 2 converges to γ() with order 2(r ), for r {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. References [] H. Alzer, Inequlities for the gmm nd polygmm functions, Abh. Mth. Semin. Univ. Hmb. 68, 998, 363 372. [2] R. P. Bos, Estimting reminders, Mth. Mg. 5 (2), 978, 83 89. [3] C.-P. Chen, F. Qi, The best lower nd upper bounds of hrmonic sequence, RGMIA 6 (2), 2003, 303 308. [4] D. W. DeTemple, A quicker convergence to Euler s constnt, Amer. Mth. Monthly 00 (5), 993, 468 470. [5] J. Hvil, Gmm. Exploring Euler s Constnt, Princeton University Press, Princeton nd Oxford, 2003. [6] K. Knopp, Theory nd Appliction of Infinite Series, Blckie & Son Limited, London nd Glsgow, 95. [7] S. K. Lkshmn Ro, On the sequence for Euler s constnt, Amer. Mth. Monthly 63 (8), 956, 572 573. [8] C. Mortici, New pproximtions of the gmm function in terms of the digmm function, Appl. Mth. Lett. 23 (), 200, 97 00. [9] C. Mortici, Improved convergence towrds generlized Euler-Mscheroni constnt, Appl. Mth. Comput. 25 (9), 200, 3443 3448.
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