Biology Concepts at a Glance Unit 1 Inquiry Scientific Method: - Problem - Hypothesis - Experiment - collect data - analyze data - conclusion Dependent vs. Independent Variables Controlled Variables Control Group DRY MIX graphing data Unit 2 Biochemistry and Energy Enzymes (Catalyst) - Identify Endergonic vs Exergonic - Activation Energy (graphs of endergonic vs exergonic reactions)
- Enzyme, Substrate, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products - Denaturation temperature or ph
Organic Compounds - Carbohydrates o Function: Structure: o 4 calories - Lipids o o o Function: Structure: 9 calories
- Proteins o Function: o Structure: o 4 calories Unit 3 Energy ADP/ATP - ADP/ATP Cycle
Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2O C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 o Step 1: Light dependent reaction makes ATP, NADPH o Step 2: Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction) makes glucose Cellular Respiration - Aerobic (Oxygen present) - C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energy o Step 1: Glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids o Step 2: Kreb s Cycle releases ATP from pyruvic acids - Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation (no oxygen present) - C 6H 12O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energy + lactic acid or alcohol Unit 4 Cell Structure and Transport Identify from a diagram and know the functions of Plant and Animal Cell Organelles nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, cilia, flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm Prokaryote (No Nucleus) vs Eukaryote (Have a Nucleus) Phosholipid
Structure of Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer Passive Transport - Diffusion (High to Low) - Facilitated Diffusion (High to Low across a protein) - Osmosis (Water High to Low) Homeostasis - Hypertonic - Hypotonic - Isotonic
Active Transport (Requires Energy) - Active Transport - Endocytosis - Exocytosis Unit 5 Cell Reproduction Cell Cycle - G1 - S - G2 - M
Mitosis Asexual Reproduction Diploid Cell splits into 2 identical Diploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 2 cells with 46 chromosomes - Occurs in Body Cells - Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase - Cytokinesis Plant vs. Animal Cell Cell Regulation and Cancer - Checkpoints - Uncontrolled mitosis Cancer Meiosis Sexual Reproduction Diploid Cell splits into 4 different Haploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 4 cells with 23 chromosomes (gametes) - Occurs in Sex Cells (Eggs or Sperm) - Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
- Crossing Over homologous chromosomes so close during prophase I that pieces of chromosomes switch, increasing genetic variation Cell Differentiation - Stem Cells undifferentiated all cells are identical - DNA activation differentiation certain DNA in certain cells turns on, making cells become different and specialized
Unit 6 DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) DNA structure - Double Stranded - Deoxyribose Sugar - Adenine Thymine (2 bonds) - Cytosine-Guanine (3 bonds) RNA structure - Single Stranded - Ribose Sugar - Uracil replaces Thymine
DNA vs. Chromosome vs. Gene DNA Replication - Helicase splits DNA down the middle - DNA polymerase adds new bases to both sides - Make 2 identical strands of DNA - Occurs during S of Cell Cycle during interphase, to double the DNA
Protein Synthesis - DNA to RNA to protein - Recognize phases from diagrams - Step 1 Transcription DNA to RNA make copy of recipe in the library o Helicase splits DNA down the middle o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mrna o mrna leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged - Step 2 Translation RNA to protein (pg 6) chef reads recipe to make dish o rrna (ribosome) attaches to mrna on 1 st codon (3 bases) o trna with amino acid attaches anticodon pairs with codon (opposite 3 bases) o ribosome moves to next codon o next trna moves in o amino acids attach o continues until entire mrna has been read, amino acids form chain that is the ne protein or polypeptide o Use Amino Acid Chart to determine correct amino acids from mrna codons Transcription: Translation:
Deteriming the Sequence of Amino Acids from DNA Code DNA code TTA ATT CCG GGC CAT mrna codon AAU UAA GGC CCG GUA amino acid Asp Stop Gly Pro Val (Using amino acid chart) Unit 7 Genetics - Law of Dominance the dominant allele (T) will completely mask the recessive (t) when inherited together o Genotype (RR) vs. Phenotype (red) o Homozygous (RR) vs. Heterozygous (Rr) - Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate before being passed down - Law of Independent Assortment alleles for different traits are passed down separately Incomplete Dominance RR = red Rr = pink rr = white Codominance RR = red Rr = red and white rr = white Multiple Alleles - Blood Type (IA, IB, i) Sex-Linked Traits - XHXH normal girl - XHXh carrier girl - XhXh affected girl - XHY normal boy - XhY affected boy
Pedigrees - Dominant see individuals of both sexes at all generations with trait - Recessive few individuals have trait, often skips generations - Sex-Linked Recessive affects more males than females Unit 8 Evolution - Microevolution vs Macroevolution - Natural Selection o Genetic Variation Increase by: Genetic Drift (Random) Gene Flow (Migration)
o o Non-random mating Mutations Genetic Recombination (Crossing Over) Struggle for Existence (Environmental Challenges) Survival of Fittest (Fit ability to survive and have offspring) - Patterns of Evolution o Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium o Divergent Evolution (Common Ancestor, Different Environment)
o Convergent Evolution (Different Ancestors, Common Environment) o Coevolution (Evolve together) - Evidences of Evolution o Biochemistry DNA and Protein Sequences o o Fossil Record Homologous Structures (from Divergent Evolution Common Ancestor)
o Analogous Structures (from Convergent Evolution Different Ancestors) o Vestigial Structures (Unused structures hinting at ancestor)
o Embryology - Phylogenetic Trees (Determine common ancestor and who is more closely related.)
Unit 9 - Ecology - Food chain vs. Food Web o Flow of energy arrows point in direction of energy flow o Producers (Autotrophs) vs. consumers (Heterotrophs) - Pyramids o Energy Pyramid 100%, 10%, 1%, etc., Calories - Populations: o Competitive Exclusion one more, one less successful at getting resources
o Predator/Prey populations rise and fall in response to each other o Symbiosis live together Mutualism (positive/positive) Commensialism (positive/neutral) Parasitism (positive/negative) - Limiting Factors limit population growth o Density Dependent (depends on number in population) Food, Water, Habitat o Density Independent (does not depend on number in population) Natural Disasters - Population Growth o Exponential Growth no limiting factors J- shaped curve
o Logistic limiting factors limit population to carrying capacity max number that ecosystem can support - Succession change in populations over time o Pioneer Species First one to start on bare rock creates soil for other species o Climax Community Largest community that can be supported by ecosystem Primary Succession No soil at start
o Secondary Succession Starts with Soil - Ecosystem Cycling nutrients o Carbon Cycle photosynthesis, cellular respiration, industry
o Nitrogen Cycle most Nitrogen is stored in atmosphere, lightning and bacteria fix Nitrogen for consumption by organisms o Water Cycle transpiration is evaporation of water from the leaves of plants
- Ecosystem Changes/Maintenance o Greenhouse Effect Carbon Dioxide, methane are green house gases Trap heat and naturally warm the earth o Global Warming Increased greenhouse gases = increased global temperatures Results in extreme climate patterns, loss of habitats and species