Observations of Optical Transients and ToOs at SAAO & SALT David Buckley SALT Scientist SAAO Collaborators: M. Boettcher, J.B. Breytenbach, R. Britto, S. Chandra, E. Gorbovskoy, A. Kniazev, M. M. Kotze, V. Lipunov, A. Moin, M. Motsoaledi, S. Potter, S. Razzaque, K.P. Singh, P. Woudt
SAAO Observing site - Sutherland 19 telescopes: 0.04m (KELT) 10m (SALT) Many international facilities hosted until 2005 (SALT), largest telescope was 1.9-m since 2002 have added 6 telescopes of 1.0-1.6m numerous smaller aperture robotic telescopes with specific missions (e.g. extra-solar planets) and most recently, transient detection (MASTER) University of Canterbury 2 1/25/16
SALT One of the Big Five : Segmented Mirror Telescopes Keck I (1993) & Keck II (1996): Hawaii, USA HET (1999): Texas, USA SALT (2005): South Africa GRANTECAN (2009): Canary Islands, Spain These telescopes currently have the largest light grasp
New paradigm in design has been pioneered by the HET in Texas.
SALT First-Generation Science Instruments Instruments chosen to give SALT a wide range of capabilities Ensure competitiveness with niche operational modes UV, Fabry-Perot, high-speed, polarimetry Take advantage of SALT design and modus operandii Nominally budgeted for 3 first generation instruments First two ( first light ) instruments: SALTICAM: a sensitive video camera (up to ~15 Hz) Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS):a versatile imaging spectrograph Both installed in 2005 Last one, a fibre-fed High Resolution Spectrograph Delivered and installed in Sep 2013 Science Verification through to Apr 2014 Now fully operational
First SALT Science: Example of high time resolution photometry An example: a light curve of an eclipsing magnetic CV (Polar) taken with SALTICAM Each data point a 0.1 sec exposure Ingress/Egress = 1.2 to 1.5 sec
Polars: Ideal ASTROSAT Multiwavelength Targets Most of the energy from these systems is a result of accretion 3 main components to the SEDs: cyclotron radiation from accretion column soft X-ray emission, from heated surface of primary Beuermann (1998) hard X-ray emission, also from accretion column post-shock
Observing With SALT 100% queue scheduled service observing Variety of instruments/modes Rapid instrument changes and mode configurations Scheduling allows for synoptic monitoring at difference cadences Targets of Opportunity can be done at short notice Ideal for followup of transients
Examples of Successful Transient Observations 1. Rapid Supernova Identification and Follow-up With SALT PI: Robert Fesen (Dartmouth) A Target of Opportunity (ToO) campaign to classify nearby supernova candidates soon after they are discovered. Supernovae of interest may be monitored with additional follow-up spectra. The program is straightforward with rapid turn-around between initial observations and published identifications.
Examples of Successful Transient Observations 2. Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows SALT observation of the Gamma Ray Burst GRB 060605 SALT Observations ~8 hours after alert MSSSO (Australia) obs. when V ~ 15 SALT obs. at V ~ 21 Confirmation of Lyman break galaxy host
Examples of Successful Transient Observations 3. X-ray transients & Low Mass X-ray Binaries Simultaneous ToOs of Xray transients: GX 339-4 (Marissa Kotze & Phil Charles) Looking for evidence of reprocessing in X-ray flares
Other Examples of SALT ToO Science: demonstrating queue scheduling & quick reaction ability Cir X-1: periastron passage (Schurch et al) RX J0513.9-6951: Transient SSS in LMC (Odendaal et al) (Charles, Maccarone, et al) Coordinated with radio (KAT-7) observations CAL83 (Odendaal et al)
New Transient Observation Opportunities First local optical transient detection system installed at SAAO in Dec 2014 o MASTER-SAAO node (2 x 0.4m; 4 8 sq FoV) o Russian led network (now with nodes in Argentina and Canaries) o No longer reliant on alerts from external transient detection systems (e.g. at other longitudes)
MASTER details Robotic wide-field camera WIDE field MASTER-II (D=400mm) 8 sq.deg or 4 sq. deg in 2 filters v = 20 per 60s exp Can measure Stokes Q, U with pol. filters VWF 1000 square degrees, V= 12 in 1 sec exp Coaligned with MASTER II telescopes
MASTER s Aims Discovery of new optical transients Followup of transient alerts from other multiwavelength facilities GRBs (e.g. within ~100s of SWIFT) Blazar flares (e.g. FERMI) Neutrino events (e.g. ANTARES) Gravitational wave events (e.g. LIGO) Exoplanets Supernovae Solar Systems transients Asteroids Comets Monitoring of transient events e.g. V442 Cyg polarimetry Blazar flare evolution CV outbursts
MASTER Alerts All MASTER Optical Transient detections published in Atels Website list all MASTER transients and includes images, coordinates, amplitudes and sometimes colors or polarization properties (see http://observ.pereplet.ru/master_ot.html ) Links for GCN and other relevant websites
MASTER contributions to transient alerts in Astronomer s telegrams 2013-2014 Chandra INTEGRAL Fermi Swift MASTER Ломоносовские чтения, 2015
MASTER Sky Coverage Whole sky (N & S) Including Galactic Plane (but lower priority) MASTER-SAAO coverage: +30 > Dec > -90 in survey mode To northern limit (~40 ) for followup # CCD images
The MASTER System MASTER II system compared to Catalina Real Time Survey Cadence for any given field ~7-10 days SSS stopped operations in 2013 MASTER (total) CRTS (total) Tel. Diameter (m) MASTER-SAAO SSS MLS CSS (Sutherland, South Africa (Siding Spring, Australia) (Mt Lemon, USA) (Catalina, USA) 2 x 0.4 0.5 1.5 0.7 Exposures 3 x 60 (grey/bright) 3 x 180 (dark) 4 x 30 3 x 60 (grey/bright) 3 x 180 (dark) 4 x 30 4 x 30 4 x 30 FoV (deg2) 42 13.3 4 4 1.1 8.2 Area/night (deg2) ~5000 ~2500 (?) 400-500 Limiting V mag 18-20 22 19.8 (dark) 18.8 (grey) 10 15 days 7 10 days Cadence Not operating
MASTER-SAAO - installed and commissioned in < 3 weeks by late December 2014 Over 200 new Optical Transients discovered, and 143 in the first ~9 months with following breakdown: 109 DNe with m > 2m) 1 polar 1 novalike 20 SNe 4 LPVs 3 flare stars 2 GRB optical counterparts 2 comets 1 anti-transient (VY Scl novalike) Plus followup observations of other transient alerts: 7 blazar flares many asteroids
MASTER OT J141922.56-083831.7 bright blazar flare If em line is MgII z = 0.9 significantly polarized MASTER-Kislovodsk auto-detection system discovered OT on 201502-21.98773 UT, m =14.6 (Atel 7133) Blazar flare was observed at SALT (DDT) reported in Atel 7167
MASTER OT J141922.56-083831.7 bright blazar flare Modelling underway (Sunil Chandra & Richard Britto)
GRB 141225A: First MASTER-SAAO GRB detection GCN Circular #17237 MASTER-SAAO was automatically pointed to the Swift alert (33 sec after Swift notice time) and to Fermi GRB 141225A ~ 0.76+-0.10 upto to 300s ~ 1.51 from 400s to 1500s ~1 mag depression at 329 sec. Limit to 22.3 GRB 150301B (GCN Circular 17518; 1 Mar) Second detection at m= 15.3 weather RH precluded an attempted SALT observation (also no auto-alert) ESO VLT spectroscopy (X-SHOOTER), 5 hours after the burst, at R = 21 several absorption features (FeII, MgII, MgI), redshift of 1.52.
MASTER Detection & Followup Capabilities MASTER can go as deep as V ~22 As demonstrated when searching for GRB afterglows 20 co-added 180s exp (1h total) filter-less exposures resulted in an upper limit determination of ~22.3, the faintest limit achieved of all MASTER nodes. GRB150301B: Faded from 15.5 19 in 1100s~; 8% polarized
V404 Cyg: detection of polarization variablilty MASTER (northern nodes) have detected polarization on two occasions, during dips.
Classification of MASTER OT J061451.70-272535.5 as an eclipsing polar Discovered Feb 20 at m = 18 transient Followed up photometrically Light curves show eclipses and stream obscuration, typical of Polar Orbital period = 2.1 h
Classification of MASTER OT J061451.70-272535.5 as an eclipsing polar SALT DDT confirms mcv spectrum (strong HeII) ATel #7169
New MASTER CVs MASTER has discovered 1000 optical transients (since 2011; ~4 years) 530 new CVs discovered by MASTER network Compare to 705 new CVs from CRTS (+150 known) in ~5 years (Nov 2007 Aug 2012; Drake et al. 2014) MASTER-SAAO has discovered 111 CVs Mostly DNe detected with amplitudes: 2 3 mags: 30% 3 4 mags: 20% 4 5 mags: 30% >5 mags: 20% Consistent with CRTS results CRTS CVs
MASTER CV Distribution For 530 CVs (detection threshold >2m amplitude from reference frame)
CRTS CV Distribution For 855 CVs (detection criteria m > 0.6m in 3 out of 4 images)
New Transient Observation Opportunities MASTER will be joined soon (later in 2015) by MeerLICHT (0.65 m; 2 sq FoV) o Joint Dutch-SAAO venture o Optical monitoring of MeerKAT fields o Correlate with radio transients
New Transient Observation Opportunities Plan to follow-up selected transients with SALT and new SAAO robotic facilities o MONET 1.2m (German-SA bilateral project) o new SAAO 1.0 m robotoic o instruments including CCD and high speed EM-CCD cameras and spectrograph(s)
SAAO Telescope farm on the Sutherland plateau MONET (1.2-m) MeerLICHT (0.65m) Robotic 1-m MASTER (2 x 0.4m) (Six 1 1.6m telescopes since 2002)
FINAL REMARKS SALT well suited to ToOs and followup of transients (optical, Xray, gamma ray), including SNe, GRBs (when caught early enough), CVs, blazar flares, X-ray transients New transient detections systems at Sutherland (MASTERSAAO & soon MeerLICHT) New follow-up facilities at SAAO coming on-line soon (1-m robotic, MONET), plus auto-alert/scheduling system MASTER alerts and followups can provide experience ahead of data deluges from other facilities (e.g. LSST) Multi-wavelength opportunities (e.g. now with: KAT-7, HESS, Xray missions; future with: MeerKAT, HESS, ASTROSAT SKA, CTA )