Name January 2017 Ms. Bottiglieri 1. Which action can be performed most accurately using only the human senses? A) tearing a sheet of paper into squares whose sides measure 1 centimeter B) adding 10 grams of salt to a cup of water C) measuring the air pressure of a room D) counting 28 shells from a beach 2. In order to make observations, an observer must always use A) experiments B) the senses C) proportions D) mathematical calculations 3. Which statement about an unidentified rock sample is most likely an inference? A) The rock is composed of large crystals. B) The rock has shiny, wavy mineral bands. C) The rock is a metamorphic rock. D) The rock has no visible fossils. 4. A group of students observed and measured various characteristics of a stream for one day. Which statement about the stream is most likely an inference? A) The stream water is dark brown. B) The water level of the stream will rise after the next rainfall. C) The velocity of the stream is greatest near the outside of a meander. D) The stream's depth is different at various distances from the streambank.
5. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows the structure of a student-developed chart for identifying some rock samples. The circles labeled choice 1 through choice 4 represent decision-making steps leading either to path (a) or path (b). Choice 5 has not been completed. Which characteristic should be used at choice 5 to further identify the types of clastic sedimentary rocks? A) grain size B) mineral cement C) mineral color D) horizontal layering 6. Nine rock samples were classified into three groups as shown in the table below. This classification system was most likely based on the A) age of the minerals in the rock B) size of the crystals in the rock C) way in which the rock formed D) color of the rock
7. The graph below shows the changes in height of ocean water over the course of 2 days at one Earth location. Which statement concerning these changes is best supported by the graph? A) The changes are cyclic and occur at predictable time intervals. B) The changes are cyclic and occur at the same time every day. C) The changes are noncyclic and occur at sunrise and sunset. D) The changes are noncyclic and may occur at any time.
8. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the water levels of ocean tides measured in Boston, Massachusetts, for a 2-day period. If the trends shown by the graph continue, which statement best describes the next low tide at Boston that is expected to occur on Wednesday? A) It will occur about 3 a.m. with a 0.4-meter water level. B) It will occur about 6 a.m. with a 0.6-meter water level. C) It will occur about 9 p.m. with a 2.6-meter water level. D) It will occur about 10 p.m. with a 2.8-meter water level. 9. A student recorded the times of three successive high tides at one location as: 9:12 a.m. 9:38 p.m. 10:04 a.m. What is the approximate time of the next high tide? A) 10:12 p.m. B) 10:30 p.m. C) 10:38 p.m. D) 11:04 p.m.
10. The elevation of a certain area was measured for many years, and the results are recorded in the data table below. 12. As shown below, an empty 1,000.-milliliter container has a mass of 250.0 grams. When filled with a liquid, the container and the liquid have a combined mass of 1,300. grams. If the elevation continued to increase at the same rate, what was most likely the elevation of this area in 1990? A) 103.25 m B) 103.50 m C) 103.75 m D) 104.00 m 11. Which graph best represents the relationship between mass and volume of a material that has a density of 5 grams per cubic centimeter? A) B) What is the density of the liquid? A) 1.00 g/ml B) 1.05 g/ml C) 1.30 g/ml D) 0.95 g/ml 13. The mineral shown below is of uniform composition and has a density of 4 grams per cubic centimeter. What is the mass of this mineral? C) D) A) 9 g B) 12 g C) 54 g D) 108 g
14. The data table below shows the mass and volume of three samples of the same mineral. [The density column is provided for student use.] Which graph best represents the relationship between the density and the volume of these mineral samples? A) B) C) D) 15. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a solid material of uniform composition. 16. A 25-gram sample of halite was placed in a jar with five other mineral samples and water. The jar was shaken vigorously for 5 minutes. The halite sample was then found to have a mass of 15 grams. What was the rate of weathering of the halite sample? A) 0.50 g/min B) 2.0 g/min C) 3.0 g/min D) 10. g/min If this material is heated and expands, the density of the material will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same
17. The graph below shows temperature readings for a day in April. The average rate of temperature change, in Fahrenheit degrees per hour, between 6 a.m. and noon was A) 6 /hr B) 8 /hr C) 3 /hr D) 18 /hr
18. Base your answer to the following question on the following map and passage. The map shows the extent of summer ice-melt zones on Greenland in 1992 and 2002. The summer melt zone is an area where summer heat turns snow and ice around the edges of the ice sheet into slush and ponds of meltwater. Three coastal locations are shown on the map. Arctic Meltdown Scientists are concerned because average arctic temperatures are rising. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the dominant area of continental ice in the arctic region, broke all previous records for melting in 2002. In 2004, the total amount of ice resting on top of the continental crust in the arctic region was estimated to be about 3,100,000 cubic kilometers. If all this ice were to melt, the ocean levels would rise approximately 8.5 meters. A reduction in ice-covered areas exposes more land surfaces. This increases absorption of insolation and accelerates arctic warming. Scientists continue to collect data to define the role of greenhouse gases in the warming of the arctic region. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Godthab, Greenland? A) 51.5 N 64 W B) 70.5 N 22 W C) 64 N 51.5 W D) 22 N 70.5 W
19. If an observer on Earth views Polaris on the horizon, the observer is located at the A) equator (0 ) B) North Pole (90 N) C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) 20. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately A) 43º B) 47º C) 75º D) 90º 21. At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? A) New York City B) Slide Mountain C) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh 22. The diagram below shows latitude measurements every 10 degrees and longitude measurements every 15 degrees. What is the latitude and longitude of point X? A) 40 S 45 E B) 50 N 45 W C) 60 S 30 W D) 75 N 30 E
23. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 20 N B) 20 S C) 70 N D) 70 S Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the map below, which shows the generalized surface bedrock for a portion of New York State that appears in the Earth Science Reference Tables. 24. State the longitude of Mt. Marcy, New York, to the nearest degree. The units and compass direction must be included in your answer.
25. Place an X on the map to represent a location in the Tug Hill Plateau landscape region. Base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the latitude-longitude grid on a model of Earth. Point Y is a location on Earth's surface. 26. What is Earth s rate of rotation at point Y, in degrees per hour? 27. On the diagram, place an X at 15 S 30 W.
28. Base your answer to the following question on passage and time zones map shown below. Time Zones In 1883, Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) has four time zones, which are indicated by different shadings on the map.each zone is roughly centered on lines of longitude that are 15 apart. These lines are shown as dashed lines on the map. Most locations within a time zone have the same time.this time is called standard time. As you move to the west, the time in each zone is one hour earlier than the previous time zone Explain, in terms of Earth's rotation, why the time zones are 15 of longitude apart.
Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the field map below, which shows an area of a state park where an underground gasoline tank leaked and contaminated the groundwater. Groundwatermonitoring wells were installed to determine the extent of the contamination. The concentration of contaminants in parts per million (ppm) in each of the wells is indicated on the map. 29. Park officials do not want to see another incident of groundwater contamination from gasoline tanks. State one action that park officials could take to prevent gasoline from contaminating the groundwater in the future.
30. State the relationship between the distance from the gasoline tank and the concentration of contaminants in the groundwater. 31. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a north polar view of Earth on a specific day of the year. Solar times at selected longitude lines are shown. Letter A represents a location on Earth's surface. State the altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer at the North Pole. 32. Measurements taken from space show the Earth to be A) greatest in diameter at the Equator B) greatest in diameter at the poles C) a perfect sphere D) pear shaped 33. The best evidence of the Earth's nearly spherical shape is obtained through A) telescopic observations of other planets B) photographs of the Earth from an orbiting satellite C) observations of the Sun's altitude made during the day D) observations of the Moon made during lunar eclipses 34. What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth s lower atmosphere? A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94% 35. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 36. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 37. Which temperature zone of Earth s atmosphere contains the most water vapor? A) mesosphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) troposphere
38. The graph below represents percentage of elements by volume. 42. Which statement describes the general relationship between the temperature and the luminosity of main sequence stars? A) As temperature decreases, luminosity increases. B) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains the same. C) As temperature increases, luminosity increases. D) As temperature increases, luminosity remains the same. This graph best represents the elements of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere 39. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 2900 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) 4900 40. The pie graph below shows the elements comprising Earth's crust in percent by mass. Which element is represented by the letter X? A) silicon B) lead C) nitrogen D) hydrogen 41. Which two stars are most similar in luminosity? A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's Star B) Procyon B and Proxima Centauri C) Polaris and the Sun D) Alpha Centauri and Sirius
43. Base your answer to the following question on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard's Star. Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the passage below. The Moon Is Moving Away While Earth's Rotation Slows Tides on Earth are primarily caused by the gravitational force of the Moon acting on Earth's surface. The Moon causes two tidal bulges to occur on Earth: the direct tidal bulge occurs on the side facing the Moon, and the indirect tidal bulge occurs on the opposite side of Earth. Since Earth rotates, the bulges are swept forward along Earth's surface. This advancing bulge helps pull the Moon forward in its orbit, resulting in a larger orbital radius. The Moon is actually getting farther away from Earth, at a rate of approximately 3.8 centimeters per year. The Moon's gravity is also pulling on the direct tidal bulge. This pulling on the bulge causes friction of ocean water against the ocean floor, slowing the rotation of Earth at a rate of 0.002 second per 100 years. 44. Explain why the force of gravity between the Moon and Earth will decrease over time.
45. In 100,00 years, the rotation of Earth will be slower by how many seconds? Base your answers to questions 46 and 47 on the data table below, which shows some galaxies, their distances from Earth, and the velocities at which they are moving away from Earth. 46. On the grid below, use an X to plot the distance and velocity for each galaxy from the data table to show the relationship between each galaxy's distance from Earth and the velocity at which it is moving away from Earth. Connect the Xs with a smooth line. 47. State the general relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and the velocity at which the galaxy is moving away from Earth.
48. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the early formation of main sequence stars of different masses (M). The arrows represent temperature and luminosity changes as each star becomes part of the main sequence. The time, needed for each star to develop into a main sequence star is shown on the main sequence line. Identify the force that causes the accumulation of matter that forms the stars. 49. Compared to the size and density of Earth, the Moon has a A) smaller diameter and lower density B) smaller diameter and higher density C) larger diameter and lower density D) larger diameter and higher density 50. Which two characteristics do all Jovian planets have in common? A) small diameters and low densities B) small diameters and high densities C) large diameters and low densities D) large diameters and high densities 51. Terrestrial planets move more rapidly in their orbits than the Jovian planets because terrestrial planets are A) rotating on a tilted axis B) more dense C) more massive D) closer to the Sun
52. The table below shows gravitational data for a planet traveling in an elliptical orbit around a star. The table shows the relative gravitational force between the star and this planet at eight positions in the orbit (letters A through H). Higher numbers indicate stronger gravitational attraction. C) Which diagram best represents the positions of the planet in its orbit that would produce the gravitational forces shown in the data table? A) D) B) 53. Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars? A) the Sun B) Betelgeuse C) Earth D) Jupiter
54. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a portion of the solar system. The actual orbits of the planets are A) elliptical, with Earth at one of the foci B) elliptical, with the Sun at one of the foci C) circular, with Earth at the center D) circular, with the Sun at the center 55. The diagram below represents a student's constructed laboratory drawing. 56. Which diagram shows a planet with the least eccentric orbit? ( Key: = planet * = star ) A) B) C) D) The student's drawing best represents the A) shape of Earth's Moon B) shape of an elliptical orbit C) path of an earthquake wave D) path of a projectile deflected by Earth's rotation 57. Which object orbits Earth in both the Earth-centered (geocentric) and Sun-centered (heliocentric) models of our solar system? A) the Moon B) the Sun C) Venus D) Polaris 58. In the geocentric model (the Earth at the center of the universe), which motion would occur? A) The Earth would revolve around the Sun. B) The Earth would rotate on its axis. C) The Moon would revolve around the Sun. D) The Sun would revolve around the Earth.
59. the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the orbital paths of the four Jovian planets and Halley's comet around the Sun. Halley's comet has a revolution period of 76 years. In 1986, Halley's comet was at perihelion, its closest point to the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations of Halley's comet in its orbit. Location D represents Halley's comet at aphelion, its farthest point from the Sun. The comet's tail is shown at perihelion and at locations B and C. This diagram of our solar system represents a A) geocentric model with the Sun near the center B) geocentric model with Earth near the center C) heliocentric model with the Sun near the center D) heliocentric model with Earth near the center 60. Most of the radiant energy released by the sun results from the process of A) nuclear fission B) nuclear fusion C) combustion D) electrical generation 61. The most abundant element on the sun is A) hydrogen B) helium C) carbon D) oxygen
Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the relative diameter sizes of the planets compared to the radius of the Sun. 62. On the diagram above, circle only the terrestrial planets. 63. On the diagram above, place an X on the planet with the lowest density.
64. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which shows information about five large objects in the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is located approximately 30 to 1000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the Sun, 149.6 million kilometers. Identify the Kuiper Belt object with the longest period of revolution and state the evidence that supports that conclusion. Object: Evidence:
65. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which lists some information about Barnard's Star. The diagram below shows four spectral lines produced by glowing hydrogen gas in a laboratory and four spectral lines produced by hydrogen gas as seen in the light from Barnard's Star. Explain why the positions of the spectral lines of Barnard's Star are all shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum.
66. The diagram below shows a standard spectrum compared to a spectrum produced from a distant star. Which conclusion can be made by comparing the standard spectrum to the spectrum produced from this distant star? A) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. B) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth. C) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. D) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth.
67. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the Moon at four positions, labeled A, B, C, and D, in its orbit around Earth. The position of the full-moon phase is labeled. Which phase of the Moon could be observed from New York State when the Moon is at position C? A) B) C) D)
68. The diagram below shows the relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun for a 1-month period. Which diagram best represents the appearance of the Moon at position P when viewed from the Earth? A) B) C) D) 69. The diagram below shows the Moon orbiting Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at eight different positions in its orbit. At which two positions of the Moon is an eclipse of the Sun or Moon possible? A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 6 C) 3 and 7 D) 4 and 8
70. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below, which show the apparent path and solar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at three different locations on Earth. What evidence indicates that the observer at location A is at the equator?
71. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows Earth's orbit around the Sun as viewed from space. Earth is shown at eight different positions labeled A through H. Earth's North Pole, Arctic Circle, and equator have been labeled at position C. The arrows show the direction of orbital motion. Complete the data table below by placing the letter that represents the position of Earth at the start of each season in the Northern Hemisphere.
72. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the Moon's orbit around Earth. How long does it take the Moon to complete one revolution around Earth? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a day. Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the passage below. Extrasolar Planets Astronomers have discovered more than 400 planets outside of our solar system. The first extrasolar planet was detected in 1995 orbiting a star known as 51 Pegasi, which is similar in color and luminosity to our Sun. Astronomers can detect planets by identifying stars that move in response to the gravitational pull of planets revolving around them. Other planets have been discovered by finding stars whose luminosity varies as orbiting planets block outgoing starlight. Nearly all of these discovered planets are thought to be Jovian-like planets similar to Jupiter. 73. Other than Jupiter, identify one Jovian planet in our solar system. 74. State the color and luminosity of 51 Pegasi. 75. Compared to Jupiter, state how Earth's equatorial diameter and density are different.
76. Base your answer to the following question on the table and map below. The table shows the duration of insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during 2008. The map shows the location of Barrow at 71 N 156.5 W. On what date was the noontime Sun highest in the sky at Barrow?
Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the diagram in your answer booklet. The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. Aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) and perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) are labeled to show the approximate times when they occur in Earth's orbit. 77. Explain why an observer in New York State sees some different constellations in the night sky when Earth is at location A compared to when Earth is at location C. 78. Explain why the gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth decreases as Earth travels from location D to location A. Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the passage below. Meteorite Composition Meteors that strike Earth's surface are called meteorites. Analysis of meteorite composition has provided scientists with information regarding the formation of Earth and our solar system, and possibly the development and evolution of life on Earth. Two types of meteorites are iron meteorites and chondrites. Iron meteorites consist mostly of iron and nickel, and are inferred to be from core materials of early planetary bodies in our solar system. More than 60% of meteorites studied have been identified as chondrites. Chondrites are made of millimeter-sized spheres of olivine and pyroxene crystals embedded in a mass of mineral and metal grains. The chondrites are thought to represent fragments of the earliest solid materials in our solar system. One type of chondrite, the carbonaceous chondrite, contains water, organic compounds, and minerals that represent the chemical composition necessary for life to form. 79. What is the estimated age, in years, of Earth and our solar system? 80. Identify two elements that can be found in both olivine and pyroxene.
Base your answers to questions 81 through 83 on the diagram in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram is a model of the sky (celestial sphere) for an observer at 50 N latitude. The Sun's apparent path on June 21 is shown. Point A is a position along the Sun's apparent path. Angular distances above the horizon are indicated. 81. Describe the general relationship between the length of the Sun s apparent path and the duration of daylight. 82. The Sun travels 45 in its apparent path between the noon position and point A. Identify the time when the Sun is at point A. Include a.m. or p.m. with your answer. 83. On the celestial sphere diagram place an X on the Sun's apparent path on June 21 to show the Sun's position when the observer's shadow would be the longest. 84. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Coral Reefs and Ocean Currents The location of shallow-water coral reefs is controlled largely by warm-water temperatures, which originate in tropical regions and are then widely spread by ocean currents. Major surface ocean currents flow in circular patterns called gyres. Ocean current gyres flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere, and flow in a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. This pattern of circulation generally moves warm water from equatorial regions into the shallow waters along eastern continental coasts. This extends the range of coral reef growth approximately 5 of latitude beyond both the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. Which Earth motion causes the Coriolis effect that results in the curving of the planetary winds and surface ocean currents?
85. Base your answer to the following question on the information below. A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock containing bands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and mica. List two of the chemical elements found in plagioclase feldspar. 86. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? A) garnet B) magnetite C) quartz D) olivine 87. Most rock gypsum is formed by the A) heating of previously existing foliated bedrock B) cooling and solidification of lava C) compaction and cementation of shells and skeletal remains D) chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater 88. Which two rocks have the most similar mineral composition? A) marble and rhyolite B) limestone and basalt C) quartzite and rock salt D) granite and phyllite 89. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes unusual lava from a volcano in Africa. Unusual Volcano Nyiragongo, located at 2 S 29 E, is an active African volcano. It has the most fluid lava on Earth. The lava has a composition unlike any other lava in the world. The rare isotopes found in the lava are similar to those found in ancient asteroids. This fact leads scientists to infer that the lava may be as old as our solar system and that it comes from deep inside the mantle near Earth's outer core. Nyiragongo is one volcano in a ring of many volcanoes surrounding an area that is domed upward nearly a mile above sea level, causing scientists to infer that a new mantle hot spot is forming there. Two rocks, scoria and basalt, have formed from the cooled lava that erupted from Nyiragongo. Describe the texture of each rock.
Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on the table and photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The table shows the approximate mineral percent composition of an igneous rock. 90. Identify two processes that formed this rock. 91. Identify two elements that are commonly found in all three minerals in the data table.
92. Base your answer to the following question on the magnified views shown below of the minerals found in an igneous rock and in a metamorphic rock. The millimeter scale indicates the size of the crystals shown in the magnified views. Identify the environment of formation of this igneous rock based on the size of its intergrown crystals. 93. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below. Letters A through H represent rock units in which overturning has not occurred. Identify two processes that formed rock unit D from sediment.
94. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows some physical properties of minerals and the definitions of these properties. The letters A, B, and C indicate parts of the chart that have been left blank. Letter C represents the name of a mineral. State the definition represented by letter B. 95. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below. Earth's Early Atmosphere Early in Earth's history, the molten outer layers of Earth released gases to form an early atmosphere. Cooling and solidification of that molten surface formed the early lithosphere approximately 4.4 billion years ago. Around 3.3 billion years ago, photosynthetic organisms appeared on Earth and removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which allowed Earth to cool even faster. In addition, they introduced oxygen into Earth's atmosphere, as a by-product of photosynthesis. Much of the first oxygen that was produced reacted with natural Earth elements, such as iron, in the lithosphere and produced new varieties of rocks and minerals. Eventually, photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen so that it began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere. About 450 million years ago, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to allow for the development of an ozone layer 30 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer was thick enough to protect organisms developing on land from the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Identify one mineral with a red-brown streak that formed when oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere combined with iron.
Base your answers to questions 96 through 98 on the diagram below, which represents a part of the cycle. The igneous rock, granite, and the characteristics of sedimentary rock X and metamorphic rock Y are shown. 96. Complete the table below, with descriptions of the observable characteristics used to identify granite. 97. Identify metamorphic rock Y. 98. Identify sedimentary rock X.
99. Base your answer to the following question on the rock cycle diagram below. State one condition or process that would cause the high-grade metamorphism of rock A. 100. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and information below. The diagram shows a cross section of a portion of Earth's crust that has undergone geological processes. Overturning of rock layers has not occurred. Point A represents one location of metamorphic rock. As magma cools, what process changes it into basalt?