1. The diagram below represents the horizon and the Sun's apparent paths, A, B, and C, on three different dates, as viewed from the same location in New York State. Which table correctly shows the dates on which the apparent paths of the Sun were observed? A) B) C) D) 2. During which Northern Hemisphere season is Earth closest to the Sun? A) spring B) summer C) autumn D) winter 3. Evidence that Earth revolves around the Sun is provided by the A) apparent rising and setting of the Sun during one day B) apparent rising and setting of Polaris during one day C) seasonal changes in the apparent positions of constellations D) hourly changes in the apparent direction of the swing of a Foucault pendulum 4. At which latitude is the Sun directly overhead on certain days of the year? A) 23.5 N B) 42 N C) 66.5 N D) 90 N 5. To a nighttime observer on Earth, how many degrees do the stars appear to move around Polaris in 3 hours? A) 60 B) 45 C) 3 D) 15º 6. Earth s rate of rotation is approximately A) 1 per day B) 15 per day C) 180 per day D) 360 per day
Base your answers to questions 7 through 10on diagram and data table below. The diagram represents the Sun's apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50 N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun's maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun's maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank. 7. Which diagram represents the approximate location of the Sun at 3 p.m. on March 21? A) B) C) D) 8. Which statement best compares the intensity and angle of insolation at noon on March 21 and June 21? A) The intensity and angle of insolation are greatest on March 21. B) The intensity and angle of insolation are greatest on June 21. C) The intensity of insolation is greatest on June 21 and the angle of insolation is greatest on March 21. D) The intensity of insolation is greatest on March 21 and the angle of insolation is greatest on June 21.
9. Which graph best represents the relationship between the time of day and the length of a shadow cast bythe observer on March 21? A) B) C) D) 10.Which value should be placed in the data table for the Sun's maximum altitude on December 21? A) 16.5 B) 23.5 C) 40 D) 90º 11.A tree in New York State casts a shadow as shown in the diagram below. 13. Diagram 1 shows the Moon in its orbit at four positions labeled A, B, C, and D. Diagram 2 shows a phase of the Moon as viewed from New York State. What time of day and season are represented by the diagram? A) early morning in winter B) early morning in summer C) late afternoon in winter D) late afternoon in summer 12. Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is A) smaller, hotter, and less luminous B) smaller, cooler, and more luminous C) larger, hotter, and less luminous D) larger, cooler, and more luminous At which labeled Moon position would the phase of the Moon shown in diagram 2 be observed from New York State? A) A B) B C) C D) D
Base your answers to questions 14 through 17 on the diagrams below, which show the apparent path and solar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at three different locations on Earth. 14. How many hours of daylight are seen by the observer at location C on June 21? 15. On the diagram below, draw a line representing the apparent path of the Sun at location B on August 21. 16. Explain why the observer's shadow at location B will always point northward at solar noon. 17. What evidence indicates that the observer at location A is at the equator?
Base your answers to questions 18and 19 on the diagram below, which represents Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. NP represents the North Pole. 18.If the tilt of Earth's axis were decreased from 23.5 to 15, New York State's winters would become A) warmer, and summers would become cooler B) warmer, and summers would become warmer C) cooler, and summers would become cooler D) cooler, and summers would become warmer 19. Which location in Earth's orbit represents the first day of summer in New York State? A) A B) B C) C D) D
Base your answers to questions 20 through 22 on the diagram below, which shows Earth in orbit around the Sun, and the Moon in orbit around Earth. M 1, M 2, M 3, and M 4 indicate positions of the Moon in its on Letter A indicates a location on Earth s surface. 22. An observer at location A on Earth views the Moon when it is at position M 3. Which phase of the Moon will the observer see? A) B) C) D) 23. The diagram below represents the bright-line spectrum for an element. The spectrum of the same element observed in the light from a distant star is shown below. 20. An observer at location A noticed that the apparent size of the Moon varied slightly from month to month when the Moon was at position M4 in its orbit. Which statement best explains this variation in the apparent size of the Moon? A) The Moon expands in summer and contracts in winter. B) The Moon shows complete cycles of phases throughout the year. C) The Moon s period of rotation is equal to its period of revolution. D) The Moon s distance from Earth varies in a cyclic manner. 21. At which Moon position could a solar eclipse be seen from Earth? The shift in the spectral lines indicates that the star is moving A) toward Earth B) away from Earth C) in an elliptical orbit around the Sun D) in a circular orbit around the Sun A) M 1 B) M 2 C) M 3 D) M 4
24. The diagram below shows the Moon as it revolves around Earth. The numbered locations represent different positions of the Moon in its orbit. Which Moon phase would be seen by an observer in New York State when the Moon is at position 2? A) B) C) D)
Base your answers to questions 25 through 29 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which represents eight positions of the Moon in its orbit around Earth. 25. The table below shows times of ocean tides on March 4 for a city on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Determine the time when the next low tide occurred. Include a.m. or p.m. in your answer, if needed. 26. Explain why the Moon s gravity has a greater effect on Earth s ocean tides than the Sun s gravity. 27. Using the terms rotation and revolution, explain why the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. 28. On the diagram, shade the portion of the Moon that is in darkness to show the phase of the Moon at position 3, as viewed from New York State. 29. On the diagram, circle the position of the Moon where a solar eclipse is possible.