IPM: PESTS THREE MAIN POINTS 1. Understanding the damage can help identify the pest 2. Most pests have some kind of biological controls 3. Low levels of most pests are tolerable 1
IPM: PESTS What s Inside this Section? - Course Slides - What to do when Your Garden has bugs - Warning on the Use of Chemicals - Qualified Applicator Certificate - Washing Pesticide Work Clothing - Self Assessment ---HOMEWORK!----- See the Addendum for: -Site Checklist (Addendum pages 46-47) 2
IPM: Biological Control Beneficial Insects Are Already In The Garden Attract Beneficial Insects with flowers Low pest populations are helpful High value, low work Buying and Releasing Beneficial Insects 3
Do Juveniles and Parents Eat the Same Thing? Larvae: Caterpillars, Nymphs: True bugs, beetles, flies grasshoppers, aphid 4
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Chewing Sucking Rasping 5
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts - Chewing Chewing: Holes in leaves and on leaf margins Ant Beetle 6
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts - Chewing Chewing: Holes in leaves and on leaf margins Fuller rose beetle CA oakworm 7
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts - Chewing Rose slug = fly larvae Non-insect: gastro-pod 8
Chewing Beetles Fly larvae Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts - Chewing Moth & butterfly larvae Bees, sawflies, ants Grasshoppers, crickets Slugs & snails 9
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Piercing / Sucking Piercing: Weakened, curling, distorted leaves Stylette piercing leaf tissue 10
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Piercing / Sucking Piercing: Weakened, curling, distorted leaves Aphid damage 11
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Piercing / Sucking Aphid Scale Giant whitefly Leafhopper Green stink bug Cinch bug (turf) Consperse stink bug 12
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Rasping Rasping: Silvered/ stippled, scraped leaf cells, generally underside 13
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Rasping Rasp cell surface, suck plant juice Thrips 14
Diagnose Pest by Damage: Mouthparts Rasping Rasping Thrips Mites (spiders, not insects) Six spotted thrips Strawberry spider mite 15
Biological Control Parasite: lay eggs in pest, or in/on pest eggs Aphid parasite inserting eggs into aphid Tachnid fly eggs laid on top of caterpillar Tricogramma wasp inserting eggs into caterpillar egg 16
Biological Control Predator: Consume pest Lacewing larvae convergent ladybug larvae Purchase eggs, larvae (aphid lions) feed on aphids, adults feed on pollen / nectar 17
Biological Control Predator: Consume pest Barn owl nest box Barn owl delivering gopher to nest in cliff 18
Biological Control MANY SOURCES, INCLUDING: Local retail nurseries/garden centers Rincon Vitova Insectary Rinconvitova.com Peaceful Valley Farm Supply Groworganic.com Harmony Farm Supply Harmonyfarm.com 19
Biological Control Enhanced: Attracting existing beneficials to garden Adult syrphid fly feeds on pollen, nectar Syrphid fly larvae feeds on aphids 20
Biological Control Enhanced: beneficial flies, stingless wasps, native lacewing: Adults feed on pollen and nectar first Seek pest populations to lay eggs in, on, or near Best flowers: upright presentation, multiple florettes 21
Pest & beneficial insect associations 22 Beneficial Insect Hoverflies Lady Beetles Minute Pirate Bug Lacewings Parasitic & Predatory Wasps Tachinid Flies Bigeyed Bug Major Pest Aphids, Mealybugs Aphids, Leafhoppers, Scales, Mites, Mealybugs Corn Earworm, Whitefly,Leafhoppers, Mites Leafhoppers, Mites, Aphids, Thrips, Mealybugs, Whitefly Caterpillars, Aphids, Mealybugs, Leafhoppers Caterpillars, Squash Bugs, Stink Bugs Mites, Lygus, Whitefiy, Caterpillars
Native species that attract beneficial insects Red-flowered Buckwheat Eriogonum grande rubescens 23 minute pirate bug,tachinid flies, hoverflies
Native species that attract beneficial insects Elderberry: Sambucus mexicanus hoverflies and wasps 24
Native species that attract beneficial insects Holly-leaved Cherry Prunus ilicifolia lacewings, lady beetles, hoverflies,wasps 25
Native species that attract beneficial insects Coffeeberry Rhamnus californica lady beetles, hoverflies, and wasps 26
Native species that attract beneficial insects Deer Grass Muhlenbergia rigens lady beetles, bigeyed bug 27
Native species that attract beneficial insects Coyote Brush Baccharis pilularis wasps, tacihinid flies, hoverflies, minute pirate bug 28
Native species that attract beneficial insects Toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia tachinid flies, wasps, hoverflies 29
Native species that attract beneficial insects Ceanothus Gentian Plume 30 wasps,lady beetles, lacewings, and hoverflies
Native species that attract beneficial insects Common Yarrow Achillea millefolium hoverflies, wasps, lady beetles 31
Native species that attract beneficial insects Butterfly Weed Asclepias fascicluaris hoverflies, wasps, and lady beetles 32
Vertebrate IPM: Pocket Gopher Poor eyesight Developed sense of smell Crescent-shaped mound Plugged kick-out hole 33
Vertebrate IPM: Pocket Gopher Burrows and runs = 200 2,000 square feet Solitary except females with young: Often high damage from 1 gopher 1 generation per year non-irrigated, 3 generations per year irrigated Active year round, do not hibernate, active day and night Poor eyesight, developed smell Feed below ground: roots, vegetation pulled into burrows 34
Vertebrate IPM: Pocket Gopher Activity Winter: Spring: Summer: Fall: Reduced activity, breeding Increasing activity: adults and juveniles High activity High activity, breeding, burrow building 35
Pocket Gopher: Management Modify the habitat (food, water, shelter): Gophers like clover Change management practices: Mow high if possible, improve soil fertility to discourage clover Physically remove or exclude the pest: Trapping Vertical wire (1/2 inch holes) buried at least 24, above at least 8 Encourage biological controls: Barn owl boxes 36
Record keeping (93 kills, 3 partial days) Traps, probe, shovel, paint Probe main run, dig out a clean plug, mark spot with paint 1- arm length away The Francisco Method: Ventura Unified Replace soil plug, rub soil so trapping site disappears 37 Set 2 traps, anchor with soil staple so nothing is above ground (bait with apple slice)
Vertebrate IPM: Ground Squirrel Excellent eyesight Developed sense of smell Large, multiple holes Active burrows with limited loose soil 38
Vertebrate IPM: Ground Squirrel Burrows and dens: multiple chambers & exits Colonial, familial: many in same burrows and dens 1 generation per year Often active year round (coastal), may estivate (late summer) and hibernate (winter) Excellent eyesight Winter/ spring: Feed on roots, turf, vegetation, scavenge trash Summer/ fall: Feed on roots, seeds, girdle trees, scavenge trash 39
Vertebrate IPM: Ground Squirrel Activity Winter: Spring: Summer: Fall: Reduced activity, breeding Increasing activity: adults and juveniles High activity (August / September reduced activity in hot areas) High activity, breeding 40
Ground Squirrel: Management Modify the habitat (food, water, shelter): High groundcover may discourage Visual barriers (shadecloth on fence) may discourage Sanitation / trash management / discourage feeding by public Change management practices: Trash removal, signs for public Physically remove or exclude the pest: Live trapping Encourage biological controls: Raptors active during day 41
IPM Field Example #1 A client has a large collection of roses, and one variety always gets mildew. Your client doesn t want you to use pesticides, but she really loves her roses. 42
IPM Field Example #2 On a job, you discover the top surfaces of the leaves of an orange tree are grey and black, and there are lots of ants on the trunk. 43
Homework 1. Observe a plant with persistent pest problems. 2. Identify potential causes of stress. 3. Determine if pest problem is limited to single or few plants. 4. Describe actions to reduce stress and to make plants stronger. 5. Describe non-pesticide pest management actions to solve problem. 44