Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes

Applied Mathematics 216, 6(2): 25-35 DOI: 15923/jam216622 Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes H Ibrahim *, I G Bassi, P N Habu Department of Mathematics, Federal University Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria Abstract Pollution has become a very serious threat to our surroundings Monitoring pollution is a step forward toward planning to save the surrounding The use of differential equations in monitoring pollution has become possible This work presents the Revised Adomian decomposition method (RADM) to the model of pollution for a system of three lakes interconnected by channels This method is based on Adomian polynomials Three input models were solved to show that RADM can provide analytical solutions of pollution model in convergent series form In addition, the Differential transform method (DTM), Variational iteration method (VIM) and Fehlberg fourth-fifth-order Runge-Kua method with degree four interpolant (RK45F) of the numerical solution of the lakes system problem is used as a reference to compare with the semi-analytical approximations showing the high accuracy of the results The main advantage of the proposed method is that it yields a series solution with accelerated convergence and does not generate secular terms Keywords Revised Adomian decomposition method, Water pollution, Pollution of system of lakes, Adomian polynomials 1 Introduction Numerous problems in physics, Biology and engineering are modeled by system of differential equations, which are solved by semi-analytical methods like Adomian decomposition method (ADM) [14-15], Homotopy pereturbation method (HPM) [17], New iterative method (NIM) [], Differential transform method (DTM) [16], Revised new iterative method (RNIM) [19], Taylor collocation mehod (TCM) [21], Variational iteration method (VIM) [2], among others Among the above mentioned methods, the RADM is very simple in its principles and applications to solve system of nonlinear differential equations as it does not generate secular terms or rely on trial functions or on a perturbation parameter as other does Revised ADM [2] was proposed to solve system of ordinary/fractional differential equations The revised method yields a series solution which converges faster than the series obtained by the standard ADM [14] This tecnique s approximation is based on the Adomian polynomial Therefore, in this work, we present the application of the RADM to find approximations for a pollution model of lakes system [3-11] The aim of the model is to describe the pollution of a system of lakes, considering three input * Corresponding author: equationxyz4real@gmailcom (H Ibrahim) Published online at hp://journalsapuborg/am Copyright 216 Scientific & Academic Publishing All Rights Reserved models, ie, periodic (Sinosoidal) input, exponential decaying (Impulse) input and the linear (Step) input as depicted in figure 1 The results obtained are compared with that of DTM, VIM and RK45F method The residual part of the paper is systematized as follows; In section 2, we give a description of the lakes pollution problem The description on how to apply the RADM to solve system of ordinary differential equations is illustrated in section 3 In section 4, we presented the numerical implementation of the method for the three pollution lakes problems and its numerical results In section 5, we give a concise discussion of our results Finally, a conclusion is drawn in the last section 2 Description of the Model of Pollution Problem A system of pollution of lakes is a set of lakes interconnected by channels These lakes are modeled by large compartments interconnected by pipelines [1] In figure 1, a system of three lakes;, yy and zz is shown Arrows represent the direction of flow through each channel or pipeline [22] When a pollutant enters the first lake, ie LL 1, to know the rate of pollutant at which it enters the lake per unit time, pp() is introduced in the system in the system of equations The function pp() may be a constant or it may vary with time, Let the amount of pollution in each lake be denoted by ff ii () at any time, where ii = 1,2,3 It is being assumed that the amount of pollutant is equally distributed in

26 H Ibrahim et al: Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes each lake and the volume vv ii of each lake ii remains constant Also, the type of pollutant remains constant and not transforming into other kinds of pollutant The, the concentration of the lake is given by CC ii () = ff ii() (1) vv ii Initially, each lake ff ii () is considered to be free of pollution, ie, ff ii () = for ii = 1,2,3 So the following conditions are obtained; Lake 1 (LL 1 ): FF 13 = FF 21 + FF 23 Lake 2 (LL 2 ): FF 21 = FF 32 Lake 3 (LL 3 ): FF 31 + FF 32 = FF 13 Flux of pollutant flowing from lake ii to lake jj at any time measures the rate of flow of the concentration of pollutant and is given by ffffffff jjjj = ff ii cc ii () = (ffffffffffffffff ) jjjj ff ii () (2) vv ii Where (ffffffffffffffff) jjjj is constant from lake ii to lake jj It can be easily seen that Rate of change of pollutant = input rate-output rate (3) To each lake, we obtain the following system of first order ordinary differential equations: yy () = FF 21 vv 1 () FF 32 vv 1 yy() (4) zz () = FF 31 () + FF 32 () FF 13 zz() vv 1 vv 2 vv 3 with initial conditions () =, yy() =, zz() = (5) For results comparison, we consider throughout this paper the values of the parameters (4) [7, 11] VV 1 = 29mmmm 3 VV 2 = 85mmmm 3 VV 3 = 1mmmm 3 FF 21 = mmmm 3 /yyyyyyyy FF 32 = mmmm 3 /yyyyyyyy (6) FF 31 = 2mmmm 3 /yyyyyyyy FF 13 = mmmm 3 /yyyyyyyy 3 Revised ADM for a System of ODEs Consider the following system of ordinary differential equations [2]; uu nn ii () = bb iiii ()uu jj + NN ii (, uu 1, uu 2,, uu nn ) + gg ii () jj =1 (7) uu ii () = cc ii, ii = 1,2,, nn where bb iiii (), gg ii () CC[,1] and NNNN ss are nonlinear continuous functions of its argument Integrating both side of (7) from to and then, using the initial conditions, we get () = FF 13 vv 3 zz() FF 31 vv 1 () FF 21 vv 1 () + pp() Figure 1 System of three lakes with interconnecting channels A pollutant enters the first lake at the indicated source [23] uu ii () = cc ii + gg ii ()dddd + nn jj =1 bb iiii ()uu jj dddd + NN ii (, uu 1, uu 2,, uu nn )dddd For ii = 1,2,, nn In [2], a modification of the ADM was proposed There define the following recurrence relation; where AA ll,mm is defined as 1 nn jj =1 1 ll 1 uu 1 () = cc 1 + gg ii ()dddd, uu 1,mm+1 () = bb iiii ()uu jj,mm dddd + AA 1mm dddd, ll 1 jj =1 uu 1 () = cc 1 + gg ii ()dddd + bb iiii ()uu jj, dddd, ll = 2,3,, nn nn uu 1,mm+1 () = jj =1 bb iiii ()uu jj,mm +1 dddd + jj =1 bb iiii ()uu jj,mm dddd + AA ll,mm dddd (8) (9)

Applied Mathematics 216, 6(2): 25-35 27 AA ll,mm AA ll,mm +1 iiii NN ll iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii oooo uu ll, uu ll+1,, uu nn = 1 AAll,mm +1 + 2 AAll,mm iiii 1 NNll (uu 1,,uu nn ) + 2 NNll (uu 1,,uu nn ) AA ll,mm ooooheeeeeeeeeeee ll = 2,3, Here, 1 AAll,mm +1 and 2 AAll,mm are A domain polynomials corresponding to 1 NNll and 2 NNll respectively Taking dd AA ll,mm = 1 mm! ddλλ mm NN ii, uu 1,mm λλ mm mm =, uu 2,mm λλ mm,, uu nn,mm λλ mm mm = mm =, λλ= (11) (1) 4 Numerical Simulation In this section, we apply the RADM described above to find approximate analytical solutions for the three inputs stated earlier to illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the method To simulate the pollution in the lakes, we coded the RADM in Maple 13 41 Periodic (Sinusoidal) Input Model The Sinusoidal input model is used for pollutants that are introduced to the lake periodically As an illustration, we take pp() = cc + aa sin ωωωω, where cc is the average input concentration of pollutant, aa is the amplitude of fluctuations, and ωω = 2ππ TT is the frequency of fluctuations Taking aa = cc = ωω = 1 and the parameter values given in (6), the system (4) becomes; () = zz() () + 1 + sin() 1 29 yy () = () yy() (12) 29 85 zz () = 2 () + () 29 85 1 zz() with initial conditions () =, yy() =, zz() = (13) The system (12) (13), is equivalent to the following system of Volterra integral equations of the second kind; () = zz() () + 1 + sin() dddd 1 29 yy() = () yy() dddd 29 85 zz() = 2 () + yy() zz() dddd 29 85 1 The revised Adomian procedure in (9) would lead to = (1 + sin ) dddd = 1 + cos mm +1 = zz 1 mm () 29 mm () dddd, yy = 29 () dddd = 947368421526 + 7627164468 2 1671428571429 sin yy mm +1 = 29 mm +1() yy 85 () dddd, zz = 2 29 () + yy 85 () dddd = 3233ee 4 + 222 + 36 2 222 sin + 5ee 5 3 +3233ee 4 cos zz mm +1 == 2 29 mm +1() + yy 85 mm +1() zz 1 mm () dddd, mm =,1,2, The first iteration gives 1 = 222923 13115 644678 2 + 74917ee 5 3 +22923 cos + 4334454ee 7 4 + 131158 sin

28 H Ibrahim et al: Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes yy 1 = 444272 137854ee 6 222136 2 671643ee 5 3 +61283ee 8 4 + 137854ee 6 sin + 572ee 1 5 444272 cos zz 1 = 3125619 + 1743536ee 5 156281 2 5498272ee 5 3 7222ee 1 4 1743536ee 5 sin 8525156ee 1 5 3125619 cos + 188971ee 12 6 After the four iterations, we get = 9869 + 131 sin 9996 cos 64 2 + 64823ee 5 3 277ee 7 4 1952ee 9 5 + 4698ee 11 6 6798ee 14 7 12737ee 16 8 + 65378ee 2 9 + 51362ee 23 1 + 9996 yy = 152 152 sin 441ee 4 cos + 74 2 65559ee 5 3 +44776ee 7 4 21923ee 9 5 + 36236ee 13 6 + 65514ee 14 7 62799ee 17 8 1379ee 19 9 + 4579ee 23 1 + 28982ee 26 11 +441ee 4 zz = 69 69 sin + 9793ee 6 cos + 35 2 + 7319ee 7 3 22544ee 7 4 + 63982ee 9 5 12723ee 11 6 2886ee 9 7 +1827ee 17 8 + 15949ee 2 9 9973ee 6 Figure 2 Graphical representation of pollutant dumping periodically in Lake 1, 2 and 3 with RADM and RK45F solutions 42 Linear (Impulse) Input Model This model describes the steady behavior of the pollutant addition into the lake At the time zero, the pollutant concentration is also zero but as the time increases the addition of pollutant starts and remains steady afterwards It can also be understood beer by an example [3] that if a manufacturing plant starts production and dump it s raw wastage on a constant rate, the pp() = 1 In this case, Eqn(9) becomes; () = zz() + 1 1 29 () yy () = () yy() (14) 29 85 zz () = 2 () + () 29 85 1 zz() with initial conditions () =, yy() =, zz() = (15) The system (14) (15), is equivalent to the following system of Volterra integral equations of the second kind; () = 1 zz() () + 1 dddd 29

Applied Mathematics 216, 6(2): 25-35 29 yy() = 29 zz() = 2 29 () yy() dddd 85 () + yy() zz() dddd 85 1 The revised Adomian scheme in (9) would lead to = 1 dddd = 5 2, mm +1 = zz 1 mm () 29 mm () dddd, yy = 29 () dddd = 2542373 3 yy mm +1 = 29 mm +1() yy 85 () dddd, zz = 2 29 () + yy 85 () dddd = 1149425 3 + 1346 4 zz mm +1 == 2 29 mm +1() + yy 85 mm +1() zz 1 mm () dddd, mm =,1,2, The first iteration is 1 = 925ee 4 4 + 86689ee 6 5 24 3 yy 1 = 11488ee 66 5 + 89678ee 9 6 17 4 zz 1 = 14528ee 5 5 + 1419ee 8 6 13 4 + 2713ee 11 3 And so on After the third iteration, the sum of the first three iterations is; = 5 2 + 4441ee 5 4 51563ee 66 5 + 55433ee 8 6 + 39324ee 28 13 62951ee 1 7 + 1ee 12 8 + 25712ee 15 9 47ee 1 2661ee 21 11 + 91424ee 35 11 yy = 2542 3 + 91727ee 28 5 36529ee 8 6 17 4 14252ee 12 7 +82511ee 13 8 68734ee 16 9 1419ee 1 + 366ee 22 11 +24151ee 25 12 zz = 1159 3 + 4441ee 5 4 51563ee 6 5 + 1789 6 17894ee 1 3 35288ee 13 8 + 2142ee 16 9 + 15949ee 19 1 Figure 3 Graphical representation of linear input pollutant in Lake 1, 2 and 3 with RADM and RK45F solutions 43 Exponentially Decaying (Step) Input Model This model is assumed when heavy dumping of pollutant is under consideration, ie, pp() = 2ee 1 For instance, a

3 H Ibrahim et al: Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes industry situated in a city collects and store its wastage and dumps it after a few days period So Eqn(9) takes the form; with initial conditions () = 1 zz() + 2ee 1 29 () yy () = () yy() (16) 29 85 zz () = 2 () + () 29 85 1 zz() () =, yy() =, zz() = (17) The system (16) (17), is equivalent to the following system of Volterra integral equations of the second kind; () = zz() + 1 2ee 1 () dddd 29 yy() = 29 zz() = 2 29 () yy() dddd 85 () + yy() zz() dddd 85 1 The revised Adomian procedure in (9) would lead to = +2ee 1 dddd = 2 +2ee 1, mm +1 = zz 1 mm () 29 mm () dddd, yy = 29 () dddd = 35 + 351 + 35ee 1 yy mm +1 = 29 mm +1() yy 85 () dddd, zz = 2 29 () + yy 85 () dddd = 137 + 1373 + 137ee 1 + 32 2 zz mm +1 == 2 29 mm +1() + yy 85 mm +1() zz 1 mm () dddd, mm =,1,2, The subsequent iteration is 1 = 263 2625 + 22 2 263ee 1 34676ee 5 3 yy 1 = 89ee 5 + 89ee 5 4 2 + 89ee 1 34676ee 5 3 zz 1 = 62143ee 5 + 62143ee 5 4 2 5847ee 5 3 +62143ee 5ee 1 + 83998ee 8 4 + 22789ee 1 5 The sum of the first three iterations is; = 2629 2263ee 1 + 39 2 169ee 5 3 1484ee 7 4 +56986ee 9 5 92361ee 7 6 + 11666ee 17 8 + 1272ee 2 9 +2481ee 14 7 + 2263 yy = 359 + 36ee 1 41 2 + 36778ee 5 3 21917ee 7 4 1752ee 11 5 + 92482ee 12 6 18762ee 17 8 + 8376ee 24 9 98827ee 15 7 + 6376ee 24 1 36 zz = 1379 + 1ee 1 + 11193ee 4 2 2759ee 5 3 + 33524ee 7 4 52966ee 9 5 + 14543ee 11 6 55483ee 17 8 45478ee 2 9 377ee 14 7 + 24122ee 23 1 1 + 12275ee 26 11

Applied Mathematics 216, 6(2): 25-35 31 Figure 4 Graphical representation of exponentially decaying input pollutant in Lake 1, 2 and 3 with RADM and RK45F solutions The time is expressed in years 5 Discussion In this paper, we presented the Revised A domain decomposition method (RADM) as a useful semi- analytical technique for solving a pollution model for a system of lakes Three input models were successfully solved For each of the three cases solved here, the RADM transformed the dynamic model into a system of Volterra integral equations for the coefficients of the series solutions For the purpose of comparison, the Fehlberg fourth order Runge-Kua method with degree four-fifth interpolant (RK45F) [12-13] built in Maple CAS software was used to obtain the exact of the model Figure 1, 2 and 3 depicts the comparison among the exact solutions obtained by RK45F method and the RADM approximations for the three input models; sunoisodal, Impulse and step input We also show in table 1-3, the comparison between the results obtained by the RADM and that of DTM [11] and VIM [7], the results are almost the same The advantage of the RADM over the both method is that, it converges faster and does not generate secular terms like the VIM Other semi-analytical methods like PIA, VIM, HPM and RVIM, among others require an initial approximation for the solutions sought and the computation of one or several adjustment parameters If the initial approximation is properly chosen, the result obtained can be highly accurate Nevertheless, no general methods are available to choose such initial approximation This issue led to the use of Adomian polynomials [2] to solve such nonlinear problems On the other hand, RADM just like DTM or LPDTM does not require any perturbation parameter or initial iteration for starting the iteration process The solution procedure does not involve unnecessary computation and it converges faster to the exact solution of the pollution model The approximation was made possible and easier using Maple 13 6 Conclusions The problem of pollutions of three lakes with interconnecting channels has been considered Different input models have been used for monitoring the pollution in three lakes The Revised Adomian decomposition method has been used to solve the solution of the system of linear differential equations governing the problem The results are compared with those obtained by VIM [7] and DTM [11] This comparison shows that the results are almost the same, but the solution procedure does not generate secular (noise) terms as the case of VIM, and converges faster to the exact solutions obtained by RK45F method ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Authors are grateful to Dr T Aboiyar of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi Nigeria for his useful comments which have improved the quality of this work We also sincerely appreciates Jafar Biazar of the University of Guilan for the light we have received in some of his publications Thank you

32 H Ibrahim et al: Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes Appendix Table 1a Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 1 (sunoisodal input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 14934 1 1 14934 1 1 14934 1 1 2 219736 1 1 219735 1 1 219736 1 1 3 34441 1 1 34441 1 1 34441 1 1 4 478928 1 1 478927 1 1 478928 1 1 5 512331 1 1 512331 1 1 512331 1 1 6 6177542 1 1 6177546 1 1 6177541 1 1 7 7241617 1 1 7241617 1 1 7254161 1 1 8 8315523 1 1 8315528 1 1 8315528 1 1 9 9399266 1 1 9399265 1 1 9399266 1 1 1 149282 149282 149282 Table 1b Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 2 (sunoisodal input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 31134 1 6 3113793 1 6 31134 1 6 2 124931 1 5 124937 1 5 124931 1 5 3 28269 1 5 28267 1 5 28269 1 5 4 529473 1 5 529427 1 5 529427 1 5 5 7883429 1 5 7883429 1 5 7883429 1 5 6 1185 1 4 1185 1 4 1185 1 4 7 1554927 1 4 1554927 1 4 1554927 1 4 8 23735 1 4 23135 1 4 23735 1 4 9 2586535 1 4 2586535 1 4 2586535 1 4 1 323213 1 4 323213 1 4 323213 1 4 Table 1c Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 3 (sunoisodal input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 3459468 1 6 3459777 1 6 3459788 1 6 2 18263 1 5 18263 1 5 1852 1 5 3 3133661 1 5 3133661 1 5 3134529 1 5 4 558885 1 5 558885 1 5 559912 1 5 5 876533 1 5 876533 1 5 8764571 1 5 6 1265541 1 4 1265541 1 4 1266241 1 4 7 1728 1 4 1728 1 4 1729137 1 4 8 2264153 1 4 2264153 1 4 2265819 1 4 9 2874615 1 4 2874615 1 4 2876992 1 4 1 3567 1 4 3567 1 4 3563339 1 4

Applied Mathematics 216, 6(2): 25-35 33 Table 2a Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 1 (Impulse input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 9999345 9989345 9989341 2 199978 1 1 19997 1 1 1999727 1 1 3 2999411 1 1 2999411 1 1 29994 1 1 4 3998952 1 1 3998952 1 1 3998952 1 1 5 4998363 1 1 4998363 1 1 4998363 1 1 6 5997643 1 1 5997643 1 1 5997642 1 1 7 6996791 1 1 6996792 1 1 6996792 1 1 8 799581 1 1 799581 1 1 7995812 1 1 9 8994699 1 1 8994698 1 1 89946335 1 1 1 9993454 1 1 9993455 1 1 9993456 1 1 Table 2b Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 2 (Impulse input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 31394 1 4 313448 1 4 313333 1 4 2 124196 1 3 124195 1 3 124199 1 3 3 2792146 1 3 2792146 1 3 2792144 1 3 4 4963248 1 3 4963248 1 3 4963243 1 3 5 775419 1 3 775419 1 3 775419 1 3 6 1116476 1 2 1116476 1 2 1116455 1 2 7 1519475 1 2 1519474 1 2 1519476 1 2 8 1984392 1 2 1984392 1 2 1984336 1 2 9 251121 1 2 251121 1 2 2511222 1 2 1 39995 1 2 39995 1 2 399943 1 2 Table 2c Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 3 (Impulse input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 3447974 1 4 3447975 1 4 3447974 1 4 2 137969 1 3 137969 1 3 137966 1 3 3 312634 1 3 312634 1 3 312677 1 3 4 5515311 1 3 5515311 1 3 55156 1 3 5 8616919 1 3 8616919 1 3 8616923 1 3 6 124728 1 2 124728 1 2 1247 1 2 7 1688621 1 2 1688621 1 2 1688681 1 2 8 225353 1 2 225353 1 2 225352 1 2 9 27995 1 2 27995 1 2 27993 1 2 1 3445261 1 2 3445261 1 2 3445272 1 2

34 H Ibrahim et al: Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Modelling the Polution of a System of Lakes Table 3a Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 1 (Step input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 4999781 1 2 4999782 1 2 4999781 1 2 2 1999825 1 1 1999825 1 1 1999623 1 1 3 449941 1 1 449941 1 1 449941 1 1 4 799863 1 1 799863 1 1 799863 1 1 5 1249727 1249727 1249727 6 1799528 1799528 1799528 7 2449251 2449251 2449251 8 3198883 3198882 3198883 9 44849 44849 44849 1 49978 49978 49978 Table 3b Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 2 (Step input) ii DTM VIM RADM 1 134394 1 6 134448 1 6 134448 1 6 2 8274444 1 6 8274444 1 6 8274444 1 6 3 27925 1 5 27925 1 5 27925 1 5 4 66421 1 5 66421 1 5 66421 1 5 5 129255 1 4 1292549 1 4 129255 1 4 6 2233334 1 4 2233334 1 4 2233334 1 4 7 3546145 1 4 3546148 1 4 3546148 1 4 8 5292922 1 4 5292922 1 4 5292922 1 4 9 7535566 1 4 7535566 1 4 7535566 1 4 1 133597 1 3 133597 1 3 133597 1 3 Table 3c Comparison between RADM and other methods for pollutant in Lake 3 (Step input) t i DTM VIM RADM 1 114935 1 6 1149425 1 6 114943 1 6 2 9194196 1 6 9194195 1 6 9195473 1 6 3 312837 1 5 312837 1 5 313484 1 5 4 7354391 1 5 7354391 1 5 7356434 1 5 5 143631 1 4 143613 1 4 143689 1 4 6 2481781 1 4 2481781 1 4 2482815 1 4 7 3947 1 4 3947 1 4 3942634 1 4 8 5881969 1 4 5881969 1 4 5885236 1 4 9 8374364 1 4 8374364 1 4 83796 1 4 1 1148667 1 3 1148671 1 3 1149469 1 3 REFERENCES [1] J Biazar, LFarrokhi, and MR Islam, Modelling the pollution of a system of lakes, Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol178, no2, pp 423-43 26 [2] H Jafari and V Dafterdar-Gejji, Revised Adomian Decomposition Method for solving systems of ordinary and fractional differential equations, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 1(26), 598-68 [3] M Merden, He s variational iteration method for solving modeling the pollution of a system of lakes, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol, pp59-7, 29 [4] M Merden, Homotopy perturbation method for solving modeling the pollution of a system of lakes, Fen Dergisi, vol4, no1, pp99-111, 29

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