Photoenergy Volume 2012, Article ID 907290, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/907290 Research Article Synthesis of Hollow CdS- Microspheres with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity Yuning Huo, Jia Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, and Hexing Li The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China Correspondence should be addressed to Yuning Huo, huoyuning@shnu.edu.cn Received 20 January 2012; Accepted 20 February 2012 Academic Editor: Weifeng Yao Copyright 2012 Yuning Huo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. CdS- composite photocatalyst in the shape of hollow microsphere was successfully synthesized via the hard-template preparation with polystyrene microspheres followed by ion-exchange approach. The hollow CdS- microspheres significantly extended the light adsorption into visible light region, comparing to microspheres. It led to much higher photocatalytic activities of hollow CdS- microspheres than that of during the photodegradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiations. Furthermore, the well-remained hollow structure could achieve light multireflection within the interior cavities and the separation of photo-induced electrons and holes is efficient in CdS-, which were facilitated to improving the photoactivity. 1. Introduction Photocatalysis has attracted considerable scientific interest owing to its potential applications in environmental purification and H 2 energy production [1]. is the most promising photocatalyst owing to its various advantages including nontoxicity, low cost, high activity, and strong stability. However, its practical application has been restricted by the wide band gap (3.2 ev) and low quantum efficiency [2]. Up to now, various methods have been developed to extend the light absorbance of into visible light region and thus improve the photocatalytic efficiency, such as doping with other impurities [3], depositing noble metals on [4], and combining with other semiconductors [5]. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) with band gap of 2.4 ev has been widely used to sensitize to realize visible-light absorbance and improve the charge separation efficiency [6]. Meanwhile, it is well known that the design of well-defined structure is a promising way to achieve high photocatalytic activity via increasing specific surface area and promoting light harvesting [2]. Considerable efforts have been devoted to obtain the unique morphology, such as wires, tubes, core-shell microspheres, and hollow microspheres [7 10]. Hollow microspheres have attracted an immense interest for their high surface area, low density, and large light-harvesting efficiency [10]. Various methods have been developed for preparing hollow microspheres, including spray-drying method, photochemical preparation, and hard-template method [11 13]. Among these techniques, hard-template process is a general and effective approach for preparing hollow microspheres via using polymer, carbon, and silica microspheres as templates. As we know, the polymeric polystyrene (PS) microspheres are easy to be removed by calcination. Additionally, it is more convenient to achieve the uniform diameter of polystyrene microspheres than other microspheres. Herein, we report the preparation of hollow CdS- microspheres via the hard-template process with PS microspheres followed by the ion-exchange approach. The ionexchange is a convenient and flexible method to convert CdO into CdS [14, 15]. The introduction of CdS can effectively extend the photoresponse of to visible-light region and improve the photocatalytic activity of decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution. 2. Experimental Details 2.1. Catalyst Preparation. All the chemicals were of analytic purity and used without further purification. The synthetic approach included two steps. (1) hollow CdO- microspheres prepared using polystyrene microspheres as hard
2 Photoenergy template. Monodisperse PS microspheres were synthesized by emulsifier-free batch emulsion polymerization according to the previous report [16]. 0.27 g Cd(Ac) 2 2H 2 O was dissolved in the mixture of 80.0 ml 2-propanol and 5.0 ml ethanol. Then a 5.0 ml prepared PS microspheres latex was dropped into the solution followed by stirring at 55 Cfor 30 min. After the solution was cooled down to room temperature, 4.0 ml 0.2 M aqueous NaOH solution was added. Then, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature after reacting at 55 C for 20 min followed by the centrifugation and wash in ethanol for three times. 0.10 g obtained powder was dispersed into the solution of 1.3 ml water and 5.0 ml ethanol. Another solution was mixed with 76.0 μl Ti(OBu) 4 and 20.0 ml ethanol via being refluxed at 75 C for 2 h. Subsequently, two solutions were mixed together and reacted for 20 h. The obtained composites were washed in ethanol for three times and dried at 40 C. In order to remove the polymer template, the obtained powder was heated at 550 C for 4 h. (2) Converting CdO to CdS at room temperature. 0.3 g above-prepared powder was dispersed in 50.0 ml 0.2 M Na 2 S aqueous solution with stirring for 2 h at room temperature followed by filtration and wash. The collected products were designated as CdS-.For comparison, sample was prepared according to the same process without Cd(Ac) 2 2H 2 O. 2.2. Characterization. The sample composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP, Varian VISTA- MPX). The surface morphologies were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, HITA-CHI S4800). X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded to confirm the composition of crystallite using a Rigaku Dmax-3C with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of the samples over a range of 200 800 nm were collected on a UV-2450 instrument. Photoluminescence measurements were carried out on Varian Cary- Eclipse 500. 2.3. Photocatalytic Test. Liquid-phase photocatalytic degradation of RhB was carried out at 30 Cinan80mLselfdesigned quartz photochemical reactor containing 50.0 mg catalyst and 50.0 ml 10.0 mg/l RhB aqueous solution. The suspension was magnetically stirred continually. After adsorption-desorption equilibrium for 1 h, the photocatalytic degradation of RhB was initiated by irradiating the reaction mixture with a one 500 W xenon lamp (CHF-XM500, light intensity = 600 mw/cm 2 ), a 420 nm glass filter (JB-420) was used to remove the radiation in the UV region. The light source was located at 18 cm away from the reaction solution. Each experiment was lasted for 3 h and the concentration was measured at a time intervals of 30 min. the RhB concentration was determined by measuring absorbance using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-7502PC) at its characteristic wavelength of 553 nm. Preliminary tests demonstrated a good linear relationship between the light absorbance and RhB concentration. The degradation yield can be calculated using the following equation: Degradation yield = C 0 C 100%. (1) C 0 Intensity (a.u.) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2θ (deg) Anatase CdS CdS- Figure 1: XRD patterns of CdS- and samples. Here, C 0 was the initial concentration of RhB and C was the concentration of RhB remained in the solution. Meanwhile, experimental results also confirmed that only less than 6.0% RhB was removed in the absence of catalyst or light irradiation and thus could be neglected in comparison with the photocatalysis process. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization of CdS/ Composites. The ICP result demonstrated that the molar ratio of CdS to was 12.3% in CdS- composites. The crystal phase of calcined CdS- and samples were characterized by wide-angle powder XRD method as shown in Figure 1. The principal peaks of anatase were found (JCPDS 21 1272), indicative of the well crystallization. The diffraction peak of CdS could be corresponded to the hexagonal CdS crystal (JCPDF 41 1049). The peak of CdS was weak possibly due to the package of exterior. No other crystalline impurities including CdO crystal could be detected, indicative of the complete ion exchange converting from CdO to CdS. Meanwhile, no significant shift of principal peaks of either the CdS or the was observed, confirming that the CdS was present in a separated phase rather than in the lattice. FESEM images in Figure 2 displayed the formation process of CdS- composites in the shape of hollow microsphere via the hard template of PS microspheres. All the microspheres covered with precursor revealed uniform size and smooth surface, indicating that both Cd and Ti precursors were successfully coated on PS microspheres. Furthermore, the size of microspheres after coating with Ti precursor was larger than that of microspheres only coated with Cd precursor with the increased diameter from about 300 nm to 340 nm. After calcination and ion exchange from CdO to CdS, CdS- sample showed the slightly decreased size with the diameter of about 300 nm. The hollow structure was formed with the shell thickness of about 30 nm. It is clear that
Photoenergy 3 Figure 2: FESEM micrographs of (a) PS microspheres covered with Cd precursor and (b) further covered with Ti precursor before calcinations and (c) CdS- sample after calcinations. λ ex = 360 nm 720 nm Absorbance (a.u.) CdS- Intensity (a.u.) CdS- 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) Figure 3: UV-vis DRS spectra of CdS- Band samples. 680 700 720 740 760 Wavelength (nm) Figure 4: PL spectra of CdS- and samples with the excitation wavelength of 360 nm. the hollow structure was maintained well after calcination without any destroying and collapse. The decreased diameter of hollow CdS- microspheres was attributed to the shrinkage during the removal of PS microsphere templates. It was suggested that hollow CdS- microspheres could be successfully fabricated by the polymer hard-template method combined with ion-exchange approach. From Figure 3, UV-vis DRS spectra of CdS- and samples indicated that could only absorb UV light with wavelength less than 400 nm for its large energy gap of anatase (3.2 ev). The introduction of CdS in CdS- sample can effectively shift the absorption range of into visible light region of 400 550 nm due to the narrow band gap of CdS (2.4 ev). Therefore, the light-harvesting efficiency of CdS- hollow microspheres was larger than that of in visible light region, beneficial to the photocatalytic activity. The efficiency of charge trapping and recombination of photo-induced electrons and holes in the semiconductor could be verified by PL spectra. According to PL spectra of both CdS- and samples in Figure 4 with the excitation wavelength of 360 nm, CdS- exhibited much weaker intensity of peak at 720 nm than.itcouldbe ascribed to the lower recombination probability of photoinduced electrons and holes [17, 18]. As we know, the efficient charge transfer from CdS to conduction band could CB VB 3.2 ev e 2.4 ev h + CB VB CdS Scheme 1: Illustration of electron transfer between CdS and in the CdS- composite. effectively separate photo-induced electrons from holes in the CdS semiconductor and thus inhibit their recombination, resulting in the enhanced charge density in the conduction (Scheme 1). 3.2. Photocatalytic Performance. The photodegradation of RhB under visible-light irradiations (λ >420 nm) was used as a probe to evaluate the performance of photocatalysts. According to the dependence of photodegradation rate on ha
4 Photoenergy Degradation yield (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Time (h) CdS- Blank Figure 5: Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with CdS- and samples and without catalyst (blank) under visible-light irradiations, respectively. reaction time (Figure 5), the removal of RhB in the absence of photocatalyst could be neglected. After reaction for 3 h, CdS- presented much higher degradation yield than sample, which was up to 90%. The degradation result well demonstrated that the introduction of CdS could significantly extend light absorbance into visible-light region with high intensity and thus promote the photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiations. The well-remained structure of hollow microsphere via polymer hard-template approach followed by ion-exchange could achieve light multireflection within the interior cavities, leading to more efficient light harvesting [19]. Furthermore, the lower recombination of photo-induced electrons and holes in CdS- than that in couldleadtotheimprovedquantumefficiency and facilitate the formation of active radicals which decomposed organic compounds. 4. Conclusions Hollow CdS- microspheres with uniform size were synthesized via hard-template process with PS microspheres followed by ion-exchange. During the photodegradation of RhB under visible light irradiations, CdS- exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than. It was attributed to the introduction of CdS which extended the photoresponse to the visible-light region and improved the separation of photo-induced charges. Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (20937003), Shanghai Government (11JC1409000, S30406, 12YZ091, and 10230711600) and Shanghai Normal University (DZL807). References [1] X. Z. Li and H. S. Liu, Development of an E-H 2 O 2 / photoelectrocatalytic oxidation system for water and wastewater treatment, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 4614 4620, 2005. [2]M.R.Hoffmann, S. T. Martin, W. Choi, and D. W. Bahnemann, Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis, Chemical Reviews, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 69 96, 1995. [3] M.Mrowetz,W.Balcerski,A.J.Colussi,andM.R.Hoffmann, Oxidative power of nitrogen-doped photocatalysts under visible illumination, Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 45, pp. 17269 17273, 2004. [4] H. Li, Z. Bian, J. Zhu, Y. Huo, H. Li, and Y. Lu, Mesoporous Au/ nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activity, the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 15, pp. 4538 4539, 2007. [5] K. Lv, J. Li, X. Qing, W. Li, and Q. Chen, Synthesis and photodegradation application of WO 3 / hollow spheres, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 189, no. 1-2, pp. 329 335, 2011. [6] W.T.Sun,A.Yu,H.Y.Pan,X.F.Gao,Q.Chen,andL.M.Peng, CdS quantum dots sensitized nanotube-array photoelectrodes, the American Chemical Society, vol. 130, no. 4, pp. 1124 1125, 2008. [7]B.Liu,J.E.Boercker,andE.S.Aydil, Orientedsinglecrystalline titanium dioxide nanowires, Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 50, Article ID 505604, 2008. [8] Z. R. Tian, J. A. Voigt, J. Liu, B. McKenzie, and H. Xu, Large oriented arrays and continuous films of -based nanotubes, the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 41, pp. 12384 12385, 2003. [9] N. Ghows and M. H. Entezari, Exceptional catalytic efficiency in mineralization of the reactive textile azo dye (RB5) by a combination of ultrasound and core-shell nanoparticles (CdS/ ), Hazardous Materials, vol. 195, pp. 132 138, 2011. [10] P. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Ao, C. Wang, J. Hou, and J. Qian, Preparation and enhanced photocatalytic performance of Sn ion modified titania hollow spheres, Materials Letters, vol. 65, no. 21-22, pp. 3278 3280, 2011. [11] V. Jokanović, A. M. Spasić, and D. Uskoković, Designing of nanostructured hollow spheres obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 278, no. 2, pp. 342 352, 2004. [12] Y. Huang, F. Sun, T. Wu et al., Photochemical preparation of CdS hollow microspheres at room temperature and their use in visible-light photocatalysis, Solid State Chemistry, vol. 184, no. 3, pp. 644 648, 2011. [13] C. Wang, Y. Ao, P. Wang, J. Hou, and J. Qian, Preparation of cerium and nitrogen co-doped titania hollow spheres with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance, Powder Technology, vol. 210, no. 3, pp. 203 207, 2011. [14] G. S. Li, D. Q. Zhang, and J. C. Yu, A new visible-light photocatalyst: CdS quantum dots embedded mesoporous, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 7079 7085, 2009. [15] N. Biswal, D. P. Das, S. Martha, and K. M. Parida, Efficient hydrogen production by composite photocatalyst CdS- ZnS/Zirconium-titanium phosphate (ZTP) under visible light illumination, Hydrogen Energy, vol. 36, no. 21, pp. 13452 13460, 2011. [16] J. Wang, Y. Wen, X. Feng, Y. Song, and L. Jiang, Control over the wettability of colloidal crystal films by assembly
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