First Semester Exam Review 50 total questions Nature of Science: 5 questions Students will be able to: develop a testable question, form a hypothesis, identify the independent and dependent variables and controlled variables (constants). Establish a control group and an experimental group, create and follow a procedure, interpret and analyze data in tables, graphs, and graphics, predict outcomes, and justify conclusions. TERMS TO KNOW: Conclusion, control group, constants(controlled variables), data, dependent variable, hypothesis, evidence, independent variable, investigation, law, theory, model, observation, predict, valid, skepticism, bias, peer review. 1. Mike and Mary wanted to see whether adding fertilizer to soil would make their plants grow faster. They designed an experiment using pea plants and 3 different fertilizers. They placed 10 pea seeds in each of 4 plant pots that were filled with 200 grams of soil. In pot 1 they used no fertilizer. In pot 2 they placed 10grams of fertilizer A. In pot 3 they placed 10 grams of fertilizer B. In pot 4 they placed 10 g of fertilizer C. Then they watered each plant with the same amount of water and left all pots outside in direct sunlight. a. What is the independent variable and dependent variable? b. What are 2 constants in the above experiment? c. What pot serves as a control in this experiment? d. If the plants in pot 3 grew the fastest over a 3 week period, what would your conclusion be about the fertilizers? e. Four line graphs could be used to show the observations collected over time. What is the term used to describe information gathered from observations. f. What would you label the x-axis if we graphed data from this experiment, the y-axis? 2. A scientist wants to investigate male-guppy behavior in the presence of female guppies. She puts two longtailed guppies in the same fish tank. The male guppies appear to be unaffected by each other s presence. However, when the scientist adds one female guppy to the tank, the male guppies become aggressive towards one another. Throughout the experiment, the scientist gives all three fish enough food so they do not need to compete for it. In the experiment, why does the scientist maintain the abundance of food before and during the presence of the female group? a. the scientist wants to see how the guppies react to various amounts of food. b. the scientist wants to see if the female is more interested in food than the male guppies c. the scientists want the guppies to have enough energy to display their natural behavior d. the scientist wants to ensure that the guppy s behavior change is not due to the need to compete for food now that there is another fish in the tank
3. A botanist publishes his findings after testing the effects of temperature on a brand of herbicide called Nogro. The botanist conducted this experiment in order to evaluate NoGro s effectiveness at eliminating a specific invasive species of plant. After looking into the background of the study, you discover that the botanist performing the experiment is being paid by a company that will make a lot of money if NoGro proves to be successful at eliminating this invasive plant. How might this affect your view of the research experiment? a. you should not consider it an important experiment because it was funded by industry and not a government agency b. you should approach the results of the experiment with skepticism and review the experimental methods and results carefully. c. you should ignore the conflict of interest between the botanist and the company because all scientific work is performed without bias d. you should immediately dismiss the entire experiment because the results were definitely changed to make NoGro look more effective than it actually is UNIT 1: The Chemistry of Life Goal- students will understand how the unique properties of chemical compounds and macromolecules are utilized in living systems. 8 questions A molecule of water is neutral, but atoms have slight positive and negative charges. The oxygen atoms are slightly negative while the hydrogen is slightly positive. This property of polarity makes water an excellent solvent and gives it cohesive properties. Terms to know: catalyst, amino acid, carbohydrate, disaccharide, polysaccharide, fatty acid, phospholipid, triglyceride, lipid, molecule, monosaccharide, enzyme, substrate, enzyme substrate complex, ph, buffer, adhesion, cohesion, polarity, dipole, solution, solvent, surface tension, capillary action, saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, nucleic acid, nucleotide, peptide bond 4. What term describes a molecule in which there is an uneven distribution of charges between atoms? 5. List and describe these properties of water: a. Polarity b. Cohesion c. Adhesion d. High heat capacity e. Low density of ice 6. List the four organic compounds (macromolecules) found in living things. 7. What is the main function of carbohydrates?
8. List 3 polysaccharides 1. 2. 3. 9. Lipids in living organisms form parts of membranes, act as chemical messengers and form waterproof coverings. What is another function of lipids? 10. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. What is the name of the bond that links amino acids together? 11. Enzymes are biological catalysts. What is a catalyst and how do they work. 12. Explain the lock & key hypothesis vs. the induced fit hypothesis. 13. Name three factors that affect enzyme activity. 1. 2. 3. 14. True or false? Enzymes are specific and all are proteins? 15. Two of the four groups of macromolecules are proteins and nucleic acids. What is the relationship between proteins & nucleic acids? a. nucleic acids use proteins for energy b. nucleic acids are a subset of proteins c. proteins are long polymers of nucleic acids d. nucleic acids contain the information to make proteins 16. Many of the proteins in the human body are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy? a. When enzymes catalyze a reaction, it increases the activation energy of the reaction b. When enzymes catalyze a reaction, it increases the activation energy of the product c. When enzymes catalyze a reaction, it decreases the activation energy of the reaction d. When enzymes catalyze a reaction, it does not affect the activation energy of the reaction 17. Water has the ability to store heat longer than any other substance. What benefit does this property of water provide to organisms? a. It provides the ability to dissolve nonpolar compounds b. it provides the appropriate catalyst for chemical reactions c. it enables organisms to function with a higher cellular ph d. it allows organisms to maintain a stable internal temperature
18. The diagram below illustrates the structure of glucose. Which of the following describes how the body uses molecules like glucose? a. sugars from carbohydrates are linked together to form fats that store energy b. carbohydrates are broken down into glucose which is stored in the body c. sugars are broken down into proteins that become the building blocks of the body s tissues d. carbohydrates, such as glucose, are broken down to release chemical energy that is used by the body s cells. UNIT 2: Structure & Function GOAL; Students will understand that cell structure and function play an important role in the growth, maintenance, and homeostasis of living organisms.19 questions Terms to know: active transport, autotroph, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, chromosome, cilia, centriole, cytoplasm, diffusion, DNA, ER, eukaryote, facilitated diffusion,flagella, Golgi body, heterotroph, homeostasis, hypertonic, isotonic, lysosome, membrane, microfilaments, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore, nucleus, nucleolus, organelle, osmosis, phospholipid, prokaryote, bacteria, ribosome, vacuole 19. List the three parts of the cell theory a. b. c. 20. What are the two molecules that make up most of a cell surface membrane (plasma membrane)? 21. What three structures can be found in plant cells but not animal cells? 22. What does selectively permeable mean? 23. Once equilibrium is reached on either side of a membrane, what happens to the molecules? Be specific. 24. Eukaryotic cells have many specialized organelles. Prokaryotic cells are not as complex. List four structures found in all cells. 25. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Give examples of each type of transport. 26. What is facilitated diffusion? 27. What is an aquaporin? 28. What is the name of the cellular energy that is utilized in Active Transport?
29. Compare & contrast light microscopes, electron microscopes, and dissecting microscopes. 30. What is the difference between scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes? 31. Passive transport is when molecules move the concentration : whereas active transport is when molecules across the cell membrane the concentration. 32. The cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigation resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that was removed because of the new scientific knowledge? a. all living things are made of cells b. all cells come from other pre-existing cells c. cells form through spontaneous generation d. cells are the basic unit of structure and function 33. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. Which description represents the effects of osmosis on a plant cell when the concentration of sugar particles is greater inside the cell that outside. a. water diffuses into the cell and the cell swells b. water diffuses out of the cell and the cell shrinks c. water moves into and out of the cell at equal rates, and cell size remains the same d. water is blocked from moving into or out of the cell, and cell size remains the same 34. Cells may have different shapes and different amounts of organelles, depending on their function. Which features do plant cells have that animal cells do not? a. chloroplast, ribosome, and cell wall b. cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole c. central vacuole, chloroplast, and smooth ER d. Golgi body, cytoskeleton, and vesicle 35. Which of the following instruments produces highly magnified images of a cell s internal structure but cannot be used to examine living cells? a. hand lens b. dissecting microscope c. compound light microscope d. transmission electron microscope
Cellular Energy Terms to Know: ADP. ATP, adenine, ribose, phosphate. Reactants. Products, Calvin cycle, light reaction, dark(light independent) reaction, anaerobic,aerobic, fermentation, glycolysis, Krebs, ETC. organic compounds, lactic acid, stomata, guard cells, stem, roots, leaves, chloroplast 36. Label the parts of the ATP molecule to the right 37. Where must the bonds be broken to release energy? 38. In what organelles does photosynthesis occur? 39. Why do plants appear green? 40. Organisms that produce their own food are called: 41. Write out in words and symbols the photosynthesis equation. 42. Label the reactants and the products of the eqation for photosynthesis 43. FILL IN Light reaction reactants products Location in chloroplast Dark reaction
44. The opposite reaction of photosynthesis is. 45. Write out the equation of cellular respiration in words and symbols. 46. In what organelle does most of cellular respiration occur? 47. FILL IN: location products TOTAL NET ATP glycolysis cytoplasm Krebs cycle 2 Electron transport chain 48. Explain aerobic respiration vs. anaerobic respiration. How much ATP is made in each process? 49. Explain lactic acid fermentation vs, alcoholic fermentation 50. How are fermentation and cellular respiration similar? 51. Label the diagram below: Use products and reactants from photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 52. ATP is a cell s main form of energy currency. How is energy released from an ATP molecule? a. adding a phosphate group to ATP produces ADP and releases energy b. adding a phosphate group to ADP produces ATP and releases energy c. ADP breaks down to produce ATP and a phosphate group, releasing energy d. ATP breaks down to produce ATP and a phosphate group, releasing energy
53. What happens to the light absorbed by a plant during photosynthesis? a. It is converted to kinetic energy b. it is converted to chemical energy, which the plant stores c. it powers reactions that produce carbon dioxide and water d. it powers a reaction that produces oxygen and carbon dioxide 54. Running for long periods of time, such as during a marathon, can result in muscle fatigue. Which process is important to a runner at the end of a marathon? a. The electron transport chain to produce ATP b. the Krebs s cycle to produce NADH & FADH b. alcoholic fermentation to release carbon dioxide and water c. lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen 55. Plant cells have mitochondria, which use glucose to produce ATP. Where does glucose originate? a. photosynthesis in the chloroplast b. exocytosis which transports glucose into the cells c. fermentation in the absence of oxygen d. diffusion which transports the glucose from the digestive tract 56. Explain the function of: a. Leaves b. Roots c. Stems d. Flower e. Stomata f. Guard cells UNIT 3 GOAL: Students will understand that reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for growth maintenance and survival. 8 questions UNIT 4 GOAL: Students will understand that genes are sets of instructions encoded in the structure of DNA, which stores and transmits genetic information that is passed from generation to generation. 10 Questions 57. What is stored in DNA? 58. What are genes? 59. Describe the steps of DNA replication. 60. The rules of base pairing, matches A= and C=. 61. During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
62. What do cancer cells lose the ability to control? 63. How can cancer result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle? 64. Define mutation. 65. Define meiosis. 66. During what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? 67. What happens during prophase 1? 68. When do homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis? 69. How many cells are made after meiosis I? after meiosis II? 70. How do gametes go from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) during meiosis? 71. How does meiosis lead to genetic diversity? 72. Compare/contrast mitosis and meiosis. 73. How does meiosis lead to genetic variation? 74. The sequence of bases on one strand of a DNA molecule is AGCCTAG. After replication of the strand of DNA, what is the sequence of nitrogen bases on the complementary strand? a. AGCCTAG b. CTAGGCA c. GATCCGA d. TCGGATC 75. Some genes code for the proteins that regulate cell growth and division. Which of the following are caused by uncontrolled, abnormal cell division? a. cancers b. mutagens c. oncogenes d. transposons 76. During which phase in mitosis do chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell? a. anaphase
b. metaphase c. prophase d. telophase 77. Crossing-over contributes to the recombination of genetic material in offspring. When does crossing-over happen during meiosis? a. when the DNA of the diploid cell is copied b. when homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the dividing cell c. when spindle fibers move the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing cell d. when homologous chromosome pair and portions of the chromatids break off and are exchanged 78. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis? a. two stages of cell division b. replication of cellular genetic material c. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell d. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell 79. Define genotype. Give example. 80. Define phenotype. Give example. 81. Define Replication 82. Define Transcription 83. Define Translation 84. What are the three types of RNA and what is their function? 85. Transcribe this piece of DNA TAC CGA CTT 86. Translate the DNA from #7 using the codon chart