BASD High Schl Frmal Lab Reprt GENERAL INFORMATION 12 pt Times New Rman fnt Duble-spaced, if required by yur teacher 1 inch margins n all sides (tp, bttm, left, and right) Always write in third persn (avid use f I, us, we ) Write in full sentences, except fr the materials list Each class must write at least ne frmal lab reprt Each lab reprt shuld equal 50 100 pints (apprx ne test grade) IMPORTANT REMINDERS Reprts will be graded largely n their ability t clearly cmmunicate results and imprtant cnclusins. Use prper English and spelling Spell-check yur reprt Prfread yur reprt fr style, grammar, and lgic Avid being verly verbse (wrdy) and flwery when attempting t cnvey yur pint; be cncise (get t the pint) Avid vague qualitative phrases such as the results were quite clse. Be as specific and quantitative as pssible. Neatness and rganizatin are imprtant Type yur reprt, if pssible Headings shuld stand ut and each sectin shuld be separated by 1 line Use rulers when needed (especially when using tables and graphs) Attach lab ntes as appendices Use significant figures and units fr all measurements and calculatins Be sure t fllw the frmat described belw D nt use material withut citing the surce. Surces include lab manuals, textbks, yur partner, ld labs, etc. D nt cpy verbatim (wrd fr wrd) frm the lab handut r any ther surce. Plagiarism, t any degree, will nt be accepted; yu will be asked t red the reprt and dcked accrdingly. SECTIONS 1. Title and heading: The title f the lab and heading shuld be left-aligned and include the fllwing infrmatin: Lab title Yur name Name f partner(s) Name f class Name f teacher Due date f lab reprt BASD Lab Reprt 1
THE BOILING POINT OF WATER Jhn Smith Partner: Jane Jnes Curse: Chemistry Teacher: Mr. Mag Date: 26 Nvember 2009 2. Intrductry Paragraph: This sectin shuld cnnect the experiment t cntent cvered in class as well as scientific knwledge n which the experiment is based. Use cmplete sentences Cnnect lab cncepts t class cntent Include an explanatin f any relevant scientific principles, definitins, experimental techniques, theries, and laws Intrductin Kinetic thery states that all mlecules in matter are in cnstant mtin (Kane and Sternheim, 1984). As these mlecules absrb mre energy they have a higher amunt f randm mvement. As energy is absrbed in the frm f heat the average kinetic energy (temperature) f the mlecules will increase except during a phase change. The absrbed energy used in the phase change breaks the attractive frces between the mlecules, thus transfrmatin ccurs in the rientatin f the mlecules. An example f a phase change wuld be the biling pint f water which is a change frm a liquid t a gas. This can be bserved by using a temperature versus time line graph when the slpe becmes zer (plateau). The biling pint f water is expected t be 100.00 ºC at 1 atmsphere air pressure (Merck, 1976). 3. State Prblem / Purpse: The bjective tells the reader the reasn fr perfrming the experiment. Use cmplete sentences Clearly and cncisely state the reasn fr ding the lab Objective The purpse f this experiment is t determine the biling pint f water. 4. Hypthesis: The hypthesis is a ne-line sentence discussing hw the prblem will be slved. Use a cause-effect r if-then statement The independent variable is the cause (what is changed). The dependent variable is the effect prduced by the cause. Generally, the dependent variable will be the prblem mentined in the purpse. The statement after if is the independent variable. The statement after then is the dependent variable, because what happens will depend n what yu changed. BASD Lab Reprt 2
Hypthesis Heating water ver time will cause it t bil at 100 degrees Celsius. OR If water is heated ver time, then the water shuld bil at 100 degrees Celsius. 5. Materials: This sectin lists all equipment, reagents (chemicals), and cmputer prgrams that were used t cmplete the experiment. Use a bulleted list Be sure the list is cmplete Be specific! Indicate hw much / what size / what type will be used Materials List Beaker, 500 ml Distilled water, 300 ml Thermmeter, alchl Ht plate Wrd prcessing sftware 6. Prcedure: The prcedure is a step-by-step statement f hw the experiment was perfrmed. Prvide enugh detail s that the experiment culd be repeated using yur reprt Use either paragraphs r numbered steps State any specific safety precautins Use the impersnal (3rd persn) past tense Use pictures and/r diagrams t illustrate apparatus setup, if needed Number each figure and state the number in the figure heading Figure headings shuld be in bld print and placed belw the figure After each figure heading, include a shrt descriptin f the figure Prcedure 1. The required materials were selected and taken t the wrkstatin. 2. The beaker was filled with apprximately 300 ml f distilled water. 3. The beaker was gently placed n the htplate. 4. The thermmeter was placed in the beaker and the initial temperature was recrded. 5. The htplate was switched n and set t high. 6. The temperature was recrded every 2 minutes until 6 minutes after biling began. 7. The htplate was turned ff and the materials were allwed t cl fr at least 10 minutes befre the equipment was dismantled. BASD Lab Reprt 3
Figure 1. The equipment fr this experiment was set up as shwn in the figure abve. 7. Data / Results / Observatins: This sectin reprts all bservatins, measurements, and trials perfrmed. This sectin may cnsist f quantitative and/r qualitative bservatins. Qualitative data is a written descriptin and/r sketch f what was bserved during the experiment. Quantitative data is any measurement taken during the experiment. Present data in a data table whenever pssible Number each table and state the number in the table heading Table headings shuld be in bld print and placed abve the table After each table heading, include a shrt descriptin f the data in the table Data / Results / Observatins: Quantitative Results Table 1. Table displaying data btained frm the heating f water frm 0 t 16 minutes Qualitative Results During the first minute f heating, a film f water appeared n the uter surface f the beaker. Numerus small bubbles frmed at the bttm f the beaker at 70.63 ºC. The size and rate f bubble frmatin increased as the temperature increased. At 99.51 ºC, the rate and size f bubble frmatin remained cnstant. Als at that temperature, there was cnstant prductin f steam. 8. Analysis / Calculatins: This sectin includes an analysis f the results, yur graphs, equatins with sample calculatins, errr calculatins, and statistics. Detailed analysis f what happened in the lab (explain what the results are telling yu) Pssible surces f errr Suggest specific ways t change the experiment fr imprved results Include nly ne example f each type f calculatin BASD Lab Reprt 4
Place the results f similar calculatins in a table with the prper number f significant figures and crrect units Include % yield and % errr calculatins when pssible When graphs are required, special attentin shuld be paid t the fllwing items: Type f graph expected (straight line r curve) Utilizing the entire graph paper Pltted pint size Axis labels The independent variable (cause) shuld be placed n the x-axis (hrizntal axis) The dependent variable (effect) shuld be placed n the y-axis (vertical axis) Use either cause-effect OR y-versus-x style fr title f each graph Effect f <independent variable> n <dependent variable> <dependent variable> v. <independent variable> Calculatins / Analysis: Pssible surces f errr may be impurities in the water, which may have been present in the water t begin with r intrduced frm incmpletely cleaned glassware. In additin, the thermmeter may nt be cmpletely accurate. Air pressure was nt measured, s sme errr culd be due t the data being cllected at a different air pressure. Imprvements wuld include thrughly cleaning equipment, using mre accurate thermmeters, and measuring air pressure. (+ MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS) Figure 2. A line graph f temperature versus time f the data presented in Table 1 BASD Lab Reprt 5
9. Cnclusin: The cnclusin is a cncise statement that answers the bjective, presents an analysis f scientific errr, and describes what yu have learned frm the lab. Cmpare the percent errr and/r percent yield with expected results Prvide a ne-line sentence that supprts r rejects the hypthesis Discuss what yu learned frm the experiment. Be sure t relate the experiment t phenmena bserved in yur everyday life, if pssible. Use the impersnal past tense Answer any questins psed by the lab r teacher Cnclusin: It was determined frm the data pltted in the temperature versus time graph (Figure 2) that the biling pint f water is 99.51 ºC. This is very clse t the value stated in the hypthesis, therefre the hypthesis was accepted. The percent errr was fund t be 0.49%. Finally, the expected biling pint f 100ºC was reprted at an air pressure f 1 atmsphere. 10. Wrks Cited: Any infrmatin btained frm anther surce and which is nt cmmn knwledge must be cited (listed). List all surces f infrmatin Use MLA frmat Place surces in alphabetical rder Wrks Cited Kane, Jseph W. and Mrtn M. Sternheim. Physics. New Yrk: Jhn Wiley & Sns, 1984. Print. Merck, Jsef. Merck Index f Chemical Cnstants. New Yrk: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Cmpany Inc., 1976. Print. BASD Lab Reprt 6