Nanoparticles and the environment: behaviour, ecotoxicity and fate

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Nanoparticles and the environment: behaviour, ecotoxicity and fate Dept. de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro sloureiro@ua.pt http://www.cesam.ua.pt/susanaloureiro

March 2014 collects information on scientific-technical issues that should be considered when reviewing the current EC nanomaterial definition; to identify where the EC definition diverges from other definitions; how and in which context the EC nanomaterial definition is currently used.

ENVIRONMENT SAFE characteristics of nanomaterials and nanoparticles that can be changed by industry in order to produce SUSTAINABLE NANO

www.choice.com.au nanoall.blogspot.com skincare.allwomenstalk.com www.niveaformen.pt www.nanoparticles-microspheres.com

dangerous or PBT

Some physico-chemical properties requested by REACH Melting Point Boiling Point Relative Density Vapour Pressure Surface Tension Water Solubility Octanol:Water Partition Coefficient (logp) Flash Point Dissociation Constant (pka)

Agglomeration State Concentration Shape Surface Speciation Surface Charge + + + + + Size Surface Functionality Size Distribution Porosity / Surface Area Composition Structure / Crystallinity Hassellöv and Kaegi, 2009

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Dissolution Science of The Total Environment 438, 225 232.

ph Environmental factors Surface charge (aggregation), ligands; Ionic strength Aggregation Dissolved organic matter Soil pore water and surface waters Surface changes Transmit negative charges Can work as natural stabilizer of nanoparticles against aggregation. Oxford Nano Summer School 9/7/10 Claus Svendsen: csv@ceh.ac.uk

Diversity of the aquatic ecosystems in Europe Class 1&2- represent low ionic strength, low divalent ions, low carbonate: (high stability) Class 5&6- represent high ionic strength, high divalent ions, high carbonate: (low stability) Martin Hasselhov

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Ag NP COATING DISSOLUTION CONSIDER THE TOXICITY OF THE COATING ALONE Consider Ag NP, Ag+, Ag complexes AGGLOMERATION AGGREGATION Consider the behaviour in the exposure media

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Soil matrix- more complex matrix Unspiked soil Ag NP clusters Aggregates 20-50 nm single particles 5-8 nm TEM images of unspiked (A) and Ag NP spiked (nominal concentration 800 mg Ag/kg) (B, C and D) Lufa 2.2 soil. It was possible to detect Ag NP clusters (B), aggregates of 20-50 nm (C), and single particles of 5-8 nm (D).

Raphidocelis subcapitata: Media Fractionation 50ml Total Ag (Ag tot ) MBL media with Ag Filtered with 0.45μm: Dissolved Ag (Ag dis ) Ultracentrifuged with 3kDa filters: Ionic Ag (Ag ionic ) Relate effects to exposure Algae cells

Species Endpoint(s) EC 50 (μg/l) Growth Inhibition AgNP AgNO 3 32.4 33.8 Immobilisation Feeding inhibition Reproduction 11.0 1.0 13.7 2.0 1.0 0.4 Mortality 256 78 Ribeiro et al (2014) Science of the Total Environment, 466-467(C), 232 241. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.101

Concentration-response relationship for the combination of Ag-NPs and AgNO 3 showing a dose ratio dependence for the survival of Daphnia magna. with time increase of dissolution increase of toxicity

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Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances Emerging substances EU Water Framework Directive

http://www.nanofate.eu European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme. Theme 4: NMP Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Material and new Production Technologies and Theme 6 Environment (including Climate Change). Grant Agreement no. CP-FP 247739 NanoFATE Financiamento pelo FEDER através do COMPETE- Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, e financiamento nacional através da FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-00008600).

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