Hydraulic and Water-Quality Characterization of Fractured-Rock Aquifers Using Borehole Geophysics John H. Williams Office of Ground Water Troy, New York
Flow in Open Borehole Runkel and others (2003)
Ambient Flow Edwards carbonate-rock aquifer, Texas
Ambient Flow REGIONAL DENSE MEMBER Edwards carbonate-rock aquifer, Texas
Ambient Fluid Log and FW/SW Interface 15000 Fresh Water Saline Water Edwards carbonate-rock aquifer, Texas
Pumped Fluid Logs 15000 Edwards carbonate-rock aquifer, Texas
Pumped Fluid Logs and FW/SW Interface 15000 Fresh Water REGIONAL DENSE MEMBER Saline Water Edwards carbonate-rock aquifer, Texas
Flow and Fluid Logging under Ambient and Pumped Conditions Deep borehole in TCE source area, cased to 155 ft Flow zones at 201 and 312 feet Downward ambient flow Pumped flow 80% 201 feet 20% 312 feet Cretaceous sandstone aquifer, southern California
201 FOOT ZONE Bedding fractures Intermediate angle fractures High angle fractures Bedding fracture 312 FOOT ZONE
Flowmeter Detects Most Transmissive Flow Zones
CORE ANALYSIS MATRIX DIFFUSION - High TCE in the matrix near the 201-foot zone No TCE in the matrix near the 312-foot zone :
CROSS CONTAMINATION - Ambient Pumped TCE point samples :
CROSS CONTAMINATION - TCE Monitoring 100 10 1 Dec Jun Jan : Sterling(1999)
Central New York 7-mile VOC plume in Silurian-Devonian carbonate-rock aquifer RCRA site Surface-water drainage divide Union Springs wells 1988 Detected DCE 1999 6.2 ug/l DCE RCRA site 1990s TCE in shallow bedrock 2000 Vacuum extraction Union Springs wells
RCRA EPA Domestic
Corehole 181 Stratigraphy Bentonite Phosphate clasts Characteristic gamma signature in Silurian-Devonian carbonate rocks Shaley dolomite Gypsiferous
Borehole-Wall Images ATV OTV BERTIE FLOW ZONE
Flowmeter Log Analysis Flow, in gal/min -2.5 0 2.5 ONONDAGA FLOW ZONES BERTIE FLOW ZONE
SC Flow, in gal/min Corehole 219 ATV OTV Temp -5 0 5 ONONDAGA FLOW ZONES RONDOUT FLOW ZONE BERTIE FLOW ZONE
Head, in Feet 560 670 Discrete Zone Heads in Well 181 ONONDAGA FLOW ZONES UPPER MANLIUS CONFINING UNIT RONDOUT FLOW ZONE BERTIE FLOW ZONE
218 219 185 181 186 205
Stratigraphy and Discrete Zone Heads N S 750 218 219 181 185 186 205 ELEVATION, IN FEET 450 560 670 HEAD, IN FEET 0 1000 FT
Recharge and Head Response Well 183- Bertie zone Well 204- Rondout zone
RCRA site 222 182
OTV Head, in Feet 640 650 Discrete Zone Heads in Well 222 ONONDAGA FLOW ZONES UPPER MANLIUS CONFINING UNIT RONDOUT FLOW ZONE BERTIE FLOW ZONE
Advances in Flow Log Analysis
Flow Logging and QW Point Sampling in Production Wells Floridan carbonate-rock aquifer
Specific Ion logging Cal Flow Sp Cond Temp Nitrate Chloride Trans & Head Crystalline-rock aquifer, southeastern New York
FRACTURE GEOMETRY, TRANSMISSIVITY, AND STORAGE
LOCATION OF SITE AND HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK 0 300 FT North L-20 L-19 L-18 L-17 L-21 S-15 S-14 S-13 S-12 L-19 S-12 EXPLANATION Lockatong lithostratigraphic unit Stockton lithostratigraphic unit Mesozoic clastic-rock aquifer, Newark Basin
CROSS-HOLE FLOW TEST IN MUDSTONE 15BR 68BR 0 300 FT North L-20 L-19 L-18 L-17 L-21 S-15 S-14 S-13 S-12 EXPLANATION Extraction well Corehole
GEOPHYSICAL LOG AND HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS 0 Gamma FWS OTV ATV Flow, in gal/min -0.3 0 0.3 Trans, in m 2 /s Head, in ft 10-9 10-4 87 97 80 ft 2 /d 40 Depth, in feet 80 5 ft 2 /d 120 1 ft 2 /d 160 Corehole in Mesozoic mudstone, Newark Basin
CROSS-BOREHOLE FLOW TEST DESIGN 150 Well 15BR Corehole 68BR Altitude, in feet 100 50 0 Carbon Rich Mudstone Laminated Dark Gray Mudstone Massive Red Mudstone Weathered Bedrock Surface Intermediate zone Closed interval Open interval & Identification A Shallow zone B C D E F L-20 L-19 L-18 L-17 Massive Light Gray Mudstone L-16-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Distance, in feet
5 Pump off Pumped 9.2 gal/min 30 Minutes Pump off 68BR <0.05 FT Depth to water level, in feet 7.5 10 12.5 15BR 7 FT 15 WATER-LEVEL RESPONSE
TRANSIENT FLOW RESPONSE IN COREHOLE 68BR 0 Change in flow, in gal/min -0.01-0.02 Measured Simulated Simulated Shallow Zone Isolated and Intermediate Zone Connected -0.03 0 15 30 45 60 Elapsed time, in minutes BETWEEN SHALLOW AND INTERMEDIATE FLOW ZONES
CROSS-BOREHOLE FLOW TEST RESULTS 150 Well 15BR Corehole 68BR Altitude, in feet 100 50 0 Carbon Rich Mudstone Laminated Dark Gray Mudstone Massive Red Mudstone Weathered Bedrock Surface Intermediate zone Closed interval Open interval & Identification A Shallow zone B C D E F L-20 L-19 L-18 L-17 Massive Light Gray Mudstone L-16-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Distance, in feet
SUMMARY Borehole geophysics provides critical hydraulic and water quality information for fractured-rock investigations Borehole-wall images and other logs help define the lithologic, stratigraphic, and structural framework Borehole-flow logs under ambient and stressed conditions are used to estimate zone transmissivity and head Cross-borehole, transient flow tests are used to evaluate the hydraulic connectivity of the zones Borehole-fluid logs and point samples provide insights into zone water quality and cross-contamination Newly developed specific-ion tools for logging dissolved oxygen, chloride, and nitrate